Intravial distribution of moisture during the secondary drying stage of freeze drying

PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology

Volumn 51, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 17-24

  Pikal, Michael J ^a,b   Shah, S ^a  

^a ELI LILLY AND COMPANY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEXTRAN; GROWTH HORMONE; HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN; PROTEIN;

ARTICLE; DRUG FORMULATION; FREEZE DRYING; MOISTURE; STORAGE; WATER CONTENT;

FREEZE DRYING; TEMPERATURE; WATER;

EID: 0030812233     PISSN: 1076397X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (8)

1. M. J. Pikal, "Freeze-drying of proteins: process, formulation, and stability," in "Formulation and delivery of proteins and peptides," ACS Symposium Series 567, J. L. Cleland and R. Langer, Editors, ACS, Washington, D.C., 1994, pp 120-133.
2. M. J. Pikal, S. Shah, M. L. Roy, and R. Putman, "The secondary drying stage of freeze drying: drying kinetics as a function of temperature and chamber pressure." Internatl. J. Pharm., 60, 203-217 (1990).
3. M. J. Millman, A. I. Liapis, and J. M. Marchello, "An analysis of the freeze drying process using a sorption-sublimation model and various operational policies," AIChE J., 33, 1594-1604 (1985).
4. M. J. Pikal, S. Shah, D. Senior, and J. E. Lang. "Physical chemistry of freeze drying: measurement of sublimation rates for frozen aqueous solutions by a micro balance technique," J. Pharm. Sci, 72, 635-650 (1983).
5. M. J. Pikal, M. L. Roy, and S. Shah, "Mass and heat transfer in vial freeze drying of pharmaceuticals: role of the vial," J. Pharm. Sci., 73, 1224-1237 (1984).
6. M. L. Roy and M. J. Pikal, "Process control in freeze drying: determination of the end point of sublimation drying by an electronic moisture sensor," J. Parenter. Sci., Technol., 43, 60-66 (1989).
7. M. J. Pikal, "Use of laboratory data in freeze drying process design: heat and mass transfer coefficients and the computer simulation of freeze drying," J. Parenter. Sci., Technol., 39, 115-138 (1985).
8. R. G. Livesey and T. W. G. Rowe, "A discussion of the effect of chamber pressure on heat and mass transfer in freeze-drying," J. Parenter. Sci., Technol., 41, 169-171 (1987).