Current knowledge of Bartonella species

European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

Volumn 16, Issue 7, 1997, Pages 487-506

  Maurin, M ^a   Birtles, R ^a   Raoult, D ^a  

^a AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITY   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMINOGLYCOSIDE; AMOXICILLIN; BACTERIUM ANTIBODY; CEFALEXIN; CHLORAMPHENICOL; CIPROFLOXACIN; COTRIMOXAZOLE; DICLOXACILLIN; DOXYCYCLINE; GENTAMICIN; NAFCILLIN; NETILMICIN; OFLOXACIN; PRISTINAMYCIN; RIFAMPICIN; TETRACYCLINE; VANCOMYCIN;

ANTIBODY DETECTION; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BACTERIUM CULTURE; BACTERIUM IDENTIFICATION; BARTONELLA HENSELAE; BARTONELLA QUINTANA; BARTONELLACEAE; CAT; CAT SCRATCH DISEASE; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; ENDOCARDITIS; FLEA; HISTOLOGY; HOMELESSNESS; HUMAN; IMMUNOASSAY; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; LOUSE; MICROBIOLOGY; NONHUMAN; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RELAPSE; REVIEW; RICKETTSIOSIS;

AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS; ANIMALS; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; BARTONELLA; BARTONELLA INFECTIONS; CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE; CATS; ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL; HUMANS; INSECT VECTORS;

EID: 0030811769     PISSN: 09349723     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF01708232     Document Type: Review

References (159)

1. Vinson JW: In vitro cultivation of the rickettsial agent of trench fever. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1966, 35: 155-164.
2. Strong RP, Swift HF, Opie EL, McNeal WJ, Baetjer W, Pappenheimer AM, Peacock AD: Report on progress of trench fever investigations. Journal of the American Medical Association 1918, 70: 1597-1599.
3. Kostrzewski J: The epidemiology of trench fever. Bulletin de l'Académie Polonaise des Sciences et des Lettres Classe de Médicine 1949, 7: 233-263.
4. Logan JS: Trench fever in Belfast, and thé nature of the 'relapsing fevers' in the United Kingdom in the nineteenth century. Ulster Medical Journal 1989, 58: 83-88.
5. Randhawa AS, Kelly VP, Baker EF Jr: Agglutinins to Cox-iella burnetii and Brucella spp., with particular reference to Brucella canis, in wild animals of southern Texas. Jour-nal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1977, 171: 939-942.
6. Breitschwerdt EB, Kordick DL, Malarkey DE, Keene B, Hadfield TL, Wilson K: Endocarditis in a dog due to infection with a novel Bartonella subspecies. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1995, 33: 154-160.
7. Debré R, Lamy M, Jammet ML, Costil L, Mozziconacci P: La maladie des griffes du chat. Société Médicale des Hôpitaux de Paris 1950, 66: 76-79.
8. Stoler MH, Bonfiglio TA, Staigbigel MT, Pereira M: An atypical subcutaneous infection associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 1983, 80: 714-718.
9. Cockerell CJ, Webster GF, Whitlow MA, Friedman-Kien AE: Epithelioid angiomatosis: a distinct vascular disorder in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and AIDS-related complex. Lancet 1987, ii: 654-656.
10. Relman DA, Loutit JS, Schmith TM, Falkow S, Tompkins LS: The agent of bacillary angiomatosis. An approach to the identification of uncultured pathogens. New England Journal of Medicine 1990, 323: 1573-1580.
11. Perkocha LA, Geaghan SM, Yen TSB, Nishimura SL, Chan SP, Garcia-Kennedy R, Honda G, Stoloff AC, Klein HZ, Goldman RL, van Meter S, Ferrel LD, Leboit PE: Clinical and pathological features of bacillary peliosis hepatitis in association with human immunodeficiency virus infection. New England Journal of Medicine 1990, 323: 1581-1586.
12. Slater L, Welch DF, Hensel D, Coody DW: A newly recognized fastidious gram-negative pathogen as a cause of fever and bacteremia. New England Journal of Medicine 1990, 323: 1587-1593.
13. Welch DF, Pickett DA, Slater LN, Steigerwalt AG, Brenner DJ: Rochalimaea henselae sp. nov., a cause of septicemia, bacillary angiomatosis, and parenchymal bacillary peliosis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1992, 30: 275-280.
14. Koehler JE, Quinn FD, Berger TG, Leboit PE, Tappero JW: Isolation of Rochalimaea species from cutaneous and osseous lesions of bacillary angiomatosis. New England Journal of Medicine 1992, 327: 1625-1631.
15. Regnery RL, Anderson BE, Clarridge JE, Rodriguez-Barradas MC, Jones DC, Carr JH: Characterization of a novel Rochalimaea species, R. henselae sp. nov., isolated from blood of a febrile, human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1992, 30: 265-274.
16. Maurin M, Raoult D: Bartonella (Rochalimaea) quintana infections current knowledge. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 1996, 9: 273-292.
17. Daly JS, Worthington MG, Brenner DJ, Moss WC, Hollis DG, Weyant RS, Steigerwalt AG, Weaver RE, Daneshvar MI, O'Connor SP: Rochalimaea elizabethae sp. nov. isolated from a patient with endocarditis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1993, 872-881.
18. Birtles RJ, Harrison TG, Saunders NA, Molyneux DH: Proposals to unify the genera Grahamella and Bartonella, with descriptions of Bartonella talpae comb, nov., Bartonella peromysci comb, nov., and three new species, Bartonella grahamii sp. nov., Bartonella taylorii sp. nov., and Bartonella doshiae sp. nov. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 1995, 45: 1-8.
19. Lawson PA, Collins MD: Description of Bartonella clarridgeiae sp. nov. isolated from the cat of a patient with Bartonella henselae septicemia. Medical Microbiological Letters 1996, 5: 64-73.
20. Brenner DJ, O'Connor S, Winkler HH, Steigerwalt AG: Proposals to unify the genera Bartonella and Rochalimaea, with descriptions of Bartonella quintana comb, nov., Bartonella vinsonii comb, nov., and to remove the family Bartonellaceae from the order Rickettsiales. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 1993, 43: 777-786.
21. Drancourt M, Birtles R, Chaumentin G, Vandenesch F, Etienne J, Raoult D: A new serotype of Bartonella henselae causes endocarditis and cat-scratch disease. Lancet 1996, 347: 441-443.
22. Kordick DL, Swaminathan B, Greene GE, Wilson KH, Withney AM, O'Connor S, Hollis DG, Matar GM, Steigerwalt AG, Malcolm GB, Hayes PS, Hadfield TL, Breitschwerdt EB, Brenner DJ: Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii subsp. nov., isolated from dogs; Bartonella vinsonii subsp. vinsonii; and emended description of Bartonella vinsonii. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 1996, 46: 704-709.
23. Clarridge JE, Raich TJ, Pirwani D, Simon B, Tsai L, Rodriguez-Barradas MC, Regnery R, Zollo A, Jones DC, Rambo C: Strategy to detect and identify Bartonella species in routine clinical laboratory yields Bartonella henselae from human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient and unique Bartonella strain from his cat. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1995, 33: 2107-2113.
24. Kordick DL, Wilson KH, Sexton DJ, Hadfield TL, Berkhoff HA, Breitschwerdt EB: Prolonged Bartonella bacteremia in cats associated with cat-scratch disease patients. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1995, 33: 3245-3251.
25. Birtles R, Raoult D: Comparison of partial citrate synthase gene (gltA) sequences for phylogenetic analysis of Bartonella species. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 1996, 46: 891-897.
26. Weisburg WG, Dobson ME, Samuel JE, Dasch GA, Mallavia LP, Baca OG, Ma D, Sechrest JE, Weiss E, Woese CR: Phylogenetic diversity of the rickettsiae. Journal of Bacteriology 1989, 171: 4202-4206.
27. Relman DA, Falkow S, Leboit PE, Perkocha LA, Min KW, Welch DF, Slater LN: The organism causing bacillary angiomatosis, peliosis hepatitis, and fever and bacteremia in immunocompromised patients. New England Journal of Medicine 1991, 324: 1514.
28. O'Connor SP, Dorsch M, Steigerwalt AG, Brenner DJ, Stackebrandt E: 16S rRNA sequences of Bartonella bacilliformis and cat scratch disease bacillus reveal phylogenetic relationships with the alpha-2 subgroup of the class proteobacteria. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1991, 29: 2144-2150.
29. Mason RA: Propagation and growth of Rickettsia quintana in a new liquid medium. Journal of Bacteriology 1970, 103: 184-190.
30. Wong MT, Thornton DC, Kennedy RC, Dolan MJ: A chemically defined liquid medium that supports primary isolation of Rochalimaea (Bartonella) henselae from blood and tissue specimens. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1995, 33: 742-744.
31. Weiss E, Dasch GA, Woodman DR, Williams JC: Vole agent identified as a strain of the trench fever rickettsia, Rochalimaea quintans. Infection and Immunity 1978, 19: 1013-1020.
32. Myers WF, Cutler LD, Wisseman CL: Role of erythrocytes and serum in the nutrition of Rickettsia quintana. Journal of Bacteriology 1969, 97: 663-666.
33. Myers WF, Osterman JV, Wisseman CL: Nutritional studies of Rickettsia quintana. Journal of Bacteriology 1972, 109: 89-95.
34. Maurin M, Roux V, Stein A, Ferrier F, Viraben R, Raoult D: Isolation and characterization by immunofluorescence, SDS-PAGE, Western blot, RFLP-PCR, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of Rochalimaea quintana from a French patient with bacillary angiomatosis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1994, 33: 1166-1171.
35. Benson LA, McLaughlin G, Ihler GM: Entry of Bartonella into erythrocytes. Infection and Immunity 1986, 54: 347-353.
36. McGinnis Hill E, Raji A, Valenzuela MS, Garcia F, Hoover R: Adhesion to and invasion of cultured human cells by Bartonella bacilliformis. Infection and Immunity 1992, 60: 4051-4058.
37. Zbinden R, Höchli M, Nadal D: Intracellular location of Bartonella henselae cocultivated with Vero cells and used for an indirect fluorescent-antibody test. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 1995, 2: 693-695.
38. Kordick DL, Breitschwerdt EB: Intraerythrocytic presence of Bartonella henselae. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1995, 33: 1655-1656.
39. Roux V, Raoult D: Inter- and intraspecies identification of Bartonella (Rochalimaea) species. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1995, 33: 1573-1579.
40. Mooser H, Weyer F: Experimental infection of Macacus rhesus with Rickettsia quintana (trench fever). Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 1953, 83: 699-701.
41. Noguchi H: Etiology of Oroya fever. III. The behavior of Bartonella bacilliformis in Macacus rhesus. Journal of Experimental Medicine 1926, 44: 697-714.
42. Noguchi H: Etiology of Oroya fever. IV. The effect of inoculation of anthropoid apes with Bartonella bacilliformis. Journal of Experimental Medicine 1926, 44: 715-728.
43. Caceres AG: Distribucion geografica de Lutztomyia verrucarum (Townsen, 1913) (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae), vector de la bartonellosis humana en el Peru. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo 1993, 35: 485-490.
44. Drancourt M, Mainardi J, Brouqui P, Vandenesch F, Carta A, Lehnert F, Etienne J, Goldstein F, Acar J, Raoult D: Bartonella (Rochalimaea) quintana endocarditis in three homeless men. New England Journal of Medicine 1995, 332: 419-423.
45. Spach DH, Kanter AS, Dougherty MJ, Larson AM, Coyle MB, Brenner DJ, Swaminathan B, Matar GM, Welch DF, Root RK, Stamm WE: Bartonella (Rochalimaea) quintana bacteremia in inner-city patients with chronic alcoholism. New England Journal of Medicine 1995, 332: 424-428.
46. Byam W, Caroll JH, Churchill JH, Dimond L, Sorapure VE, Wilson RM, Lloyd LL: Trench fever, a louse-borne disease. Oxford University Press, London, 1919, p. 1-27.
47. Jackson LA, Spach DH, Kippen DA, Sugg NK, Regnery RL, Sayers MH, Stamm WE: Seroprevalence to Bartonella quintana among patients at a community clinic in downtown Seattle. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1996, 173: 1023-1026.
48. Raoult D, Fournier PE, Drancourt M, Marrie TJ, Etienne J, Cosserat J, Cacoub P, Poinsignon Y, Leclercq P, Sefton AM: Diagnosis of 22 new cases of Bartonella endocarditis. Annals of Internal Medicine 1996, 125: 646-652.
49. Koehler JE, Glaser CA, Tappero JW: Rochalimaea henselae infection: a new zoonosis with the domestic cat as a reservoir. Journal of the American Medical Association 1994, 271: 531-535.
50. Tappero JW, Koehler JE, Berger TG, Cockerell CJ, Lee TH, Busch MP, Stiles DP, Mohle-Boetani J, Reingold AL, Leboit PE: Bacillary angiomatosis and bacillary splenitis in immunocompetent adults. Annales de Médecine Interne de Paris 1993, 118: 363-365.
51. Tompkins LS: Rochalimaea infections: are they zoonoses? Journal of the American Medical Association 1994, 271: 553-554.
52. Zangwill KM, Hamilton DH, Perkins BA: Cat-scratch disease in Connecticut - epidemiology, risk factors, and evaluation of a new diagnostic test. New England Journal of Medicine 1993, 329: 8-13.
53. Tappero JW, Mohle-Boetani J, Koehler JE, Swaminathan B, Berger TG, Leboit PE, Smith LL, Wenger JD, Pinner RW, Kemper CA, Reingold AL: The epidemiology of bacillary angiomatosis and bacillary peliosis. Journal of the American Medical Association 1993, 269: 770-775.
54. Childs JE, Rooney JA, Cooper JL, Olson JG, Regnery RL: Epidemiologic observations on infection with Rochalimaea species among cats living in Baltimore. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1994, 11: 1775-1778.
55. Kirkpatrick CE, Whiteley HE: Argyrophilic, intracellular bacteria in the lymph node of a cat: cat scratch disease bacilli? Journal of Infectious Diseases 1987, 156: 690-691.
56. Kirkpatrick CE, Glickman LT: Cat-scratch disease and the role of the domestic cat: vector, reservoir, and victim? Medical Hypotheses 1989, 28: 145-149.
57. Regnery R, Martin M, Olson J: Naturally occurring "Rochalimaea henselae" infection in domestic cat. Lancet 1992, 340: 557-558.
58. Chomel BB, Kasten RW, Floyd-Hawkins K, Chi B, Yamamoto K, Roberts-Wilson J, Gurfield AN, Abbott RC, Pedersen NC, Koehler JE: Experimental transmission of Bartonella henselae by the cat flea. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1996, 34: 1952-1956.
59. Raoult D, Drancourt M, Carta A, Gastaut JA: Bartonella (Rochalimaea) quintana isolation in patient with chronic adenopathy, lymphopenia, and a cat. Lancet 1994, 343: 977.
60. Turner CMR: Seasonal and age distributions of Babesia, Hepatozoon, Trypanosoma and Grahamella species in Clethrionomys glareolus and Apodemus sylvaticus populations. Parasitology 1986, 93: 279-289.
61. Birtles RJ, Harrison TG, Saunders NA, Molyneux DH: Grahamella in small woodland mammals in the UK: isolation, prevalence and host specificity. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 1994, 88: 317-327.
62. Lucey D, Dolan MJ, Moss CW, Garcia M, Hollis DG, Weigner S: Relapsing illness due to Rochalimaea henselae in immunocompetent hosts: implication for therapy and new epidemiological associations. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1992, 14: 683-688.
63. Regnery RL, Olson TG, Perkins BA, Bibb W: Serological response to Rochalimaea henselae antigen in suspected cat-scratch disease. Lancet 1992, 339: 1443-1445.
64. Chomel BB, Abbott RC, Kasten RW, Floydhawkins KA, Kass PH, Glaser CA, Pedersen NC, Koehler JE: Bartonella henselae prevalence in domestic cats in California: risk factors and association between bacteremia and antibody titers. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1995, 33: 2445-2450.
65. Jameson P, Greene C, Regnery R, Dryden M, Marks A, Brown J, Cooper J, Glaus B, Greene R: Prevalence of Bartonella henselae antibodies in pet cats throughout regions of North America. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1995, 172: 1145-1149.
66. Greene CE, McDermott M, Jameson PH, Atkins CL, Marks AM: Bartonella henselae infection in cats: evaluation during primary infection, treatment, and rechallenge infection. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1996, 34: 1682-1685.
67. Herrer A: Epidemiologia de la verruga peruana. Gonzales-Magabun, Lima, Peru, 1990.
68. Leboit PE, Berger TG, Egbert BM, Beckstead JH, Yen BTS, Stoler MH: Bacillary angiomatosis. The histopathology and differential diagnosis of a pseudoneoplastic infection in patients with human immunodeficiency virus disease. American Journal of Surgical Pathology 1989, 13: 909-920.
69. Arias-Stella J, Lieberman PH, Erlandson RA: Histology, immunochemistry, and ultrastructure of the verruga in Carrion's disease. American Journal of Surgical Pathology 1986, 10: 595-610.
70. van Rhijn P, Vanderleyden J: The Rhizobium-plant symbiosis. Microbiological Reviews 1995, 59: 124-142.
71. Winans SC: Two-way chemical signaling in Agrobacterium-plant interactions. Microbiological Reviews 1995, 56: 12-31.
72. Fullner KJ, Lara JC, Nester EW: Pilus assembly by Agrobacterium T-DNA transfer genes. Science 1996, 273: 1107-1109.
73. Mernaugh G, Ihler GM: Deformation factor: an extracellular protein synthesized by Bartonella bacilliformis that deforms erythrocyte membranes. Infection and Immunity 1992, 60: 937-943.
74. Scherer DC, DeBuron-Connors I, Minnick MF: Characterization of Bartonella bacilliformis flagella and effect of antiflagellin antibodies on invasion of human erythrocytes. Infection and Immunity 1993, 61: 4962-4971.
75. Mitchell SJ, Minnick MF: Characterization of a two-gene locus from Bartonella bacilliformis associated with the ability to invade human erythrocytes. Infection and Immunity 1995, 63: 1552-1562.
76. Merell BR, Weiss E, Dasch GA: Morphological and cell association characteristics of Rochalimaea quintana: comparison of the Vole and Fuller strains. Journal of Bacteriology 1978, 135: 633-640.
77. Brouqui P, Raoult D: Bartonella quintana invades and multiplies within endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo and forms intracellular blebs. Research in Microbiology 1996, 147: 719-731.
78. Garcia FU, Wojta J, Hoover RL: Interactions between live Bartonella bacilliformis and endothelial cells. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1992, 165: 1138-1141.
79. Garcia FU, Wojta J, Broadley KN, Davidson JM, Hoover RL: Bartonella bacilliformis stimulates endothelial cells in vitro and is angiogenic in vivo. American Journal of Pathology 1990, 136: 1125-1135.
80. Conley T, Slater L, Hamilton K: Rochalimaea species stimulate human endothelial cell proliferation and migration in vitro. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 1994, 124: 521-528.
81. Palmari J, Teysseire N, Dussert C, Raoult D: Image cytometry and topographical analysis of proliferation of endothelial cells in vitro during Bartonella (Rochalimaea) infection. Annals of Cell Pathology 1996, 11: 13-30.
82. Anderson B, Goldsmith C, Johnson A, Padmalayam I, Baumstark B: Bacteriophage-like particle of Rochalimaea henselae. Molecular Microbiology 1994, 13: 67-73.
83. Umemori E, Sasaki Y, Amano K, Amano Y: A phage in Bartonella bacilliformis. Microbiology and Immunology 1992, 36: 731-736.
84. McNee JW, Renshaw A, Brunt EH: "Trench fever": a relapsing fever occurring with the British forces in France. British Medical Journal 1916, 12: 225-234.
85. Brouqui P, Lecam C, Olson J, Raoult D: Serologic diagnosis of human monocytic ehrlichiosis by immunoblot analysis. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 1994, 1: 645-649.
86. Relman DA: Has trench fever returned? New England Journal of Medicine 1995, 332: 463-464.
87. Cockerell CJ, Leboit PE: Bacillary angiomatosis: a newly characterized, pseudoneoplastic, infectious cutaneous vascular disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1990, 22: 501-512.
88. Regnery RL, Childs JE, Koehler JE: Infections associated with Bartonella species in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1995, 21, Supplement 1: 94-98.
89. Cockerell CJ, Berghstresser PR, Myrie-Williams C, Tierno PM: Bacillary epithelioid angiomatosis occurring in an immunocompetent individual. Archives of Dermatology 1990, 126: 787-790.
90. Cotell S, Noskin G: Bacillary angiomatosis. Clinical and histologic features, diagnosis, and treatment. Archives of Internal Medicine 1994, 154: 524-528.
91. Levell NJ, Bewley AP, Chopra S, Churchill D, French P, Miller R, Gilkes JJH: Bacillary angiomatosis with cutaneous and oral lesions in an HIV-infected patient from the U.K. British Journal of Dermatology 1995, 132: 113-115.
92. Fagan WA, Skinner SM, Ondo A, Williams JT, Anthony K, De Villez RL, Pulitzer DR: Bacillary angiomatosis of the skin and bone marrow in a patient with HIV infection. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1995, 32: 510-512.
93. Koehler JE, Cederberg L: Intra-abdominal mass associated with gastrointestinal hemorrhage: a new manifestation of bacillary angiomatosis. Gastroenterology 1995, 109: 2011-2014.
94. Milam MW, Balerdi JF, Toney JF, Foulis PR, Milam CP: Epithelioid angiomatosis secondary to disseminated cat scratch disease involving the bone marrow and skin in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome: a case report. American Journal of Medicine 1990, 88: 180-183.
95. Haught WH, Steinbach J, Zander DS, Wingo CS: Case report: bacillary angiomatosis with massive visceral lymphadenopathy. American Journal of Medical Sciences 1993, 306: 236-240.
96. Shinella RA, Alba Greco M: Bacillary angiomatosis presenting as a soft-tissue tumor without skin involvement. Human Pathology 1990, 21: 567-569.
97. Mohle-Boetani JC, Koehler JE, Berger TG, Leboit PE, Kemper CA, Reingold AL, Plikaytis BD, Wenger JD, Tappero JW: Bacillary angiomatosis and bacillary peliosis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: clinical characteristics in a case-control study. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1996, 22: 794-800.
98. Czapar CA, Weldon-Linne M, Moore DM, Rhone DP: Peliosis hepatitis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine 1986, 110: 611-613.
99. Young JM: Peliosis hepatitis: report of two cases. American Review of Tuberculosis 1953, 67: 385-390.
100. Leong SS, Cazen RA, Yu GS, LeFevre L, Carson JW: Abdominal visceral peliosis associated with bacillary angiomatosis. Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine 1992, 116: 866-871.
101. Steeper TA, Rosenstein H, Weiser J, Inampudi S, Snover DC: Bacillary epithelioid angiomatosis involving the liver, spleen, and skin in an AIDS patient with concurrent Kaposi's sarcoma. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 1992, 97: 713-718.
102. Spach DH, Callis KP, Paauw DS, Houze YB, Schoenknecht FD, Welch DF, Rosen H, Brenner DJ: Endocarditis caused by Rochalimaea quintana in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1993, 31: 692-694.
103. Spach DH, Kanter AS, Daniels NA, Nowowiejski DJ, Larson AM, Schmidt RA, Swaminathan B, Brenner DJ: Bartonella (Rochalimaea) species as a cause of apparent "culture-negative" endocarditis. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1995, 20: 1044-1047.
104. Mainardi JL, Drancourt M, Roland JM, Gestin JL, Raoult D, Acar JF, Goldstein FW: Bartonella (Rochalimaea) quintana endocarditis in an Algerian farmer. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 1996, 1: 275-276.
105. Hadfield TL, Warren R, Kass M, Brun E, Levy C: Endocarditis caused by Rochalimaea henselae. Human Pathology 1993, 24: 1140-1141.
106. Holmes AH, Greenough TC, Balady GJ, Regnery RL, Anderson BE, Okeane JC, Fonger JD, Mccrone EL: Bartonella henselae endocarditis in an immunocompetent adult. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1995, 21: 1004-1007.
107. Carithers HA: Cat-scratch disease. An overview based on a study of 1,200 patients. American Journal of Diseases of Children 1985, 139: 1124-1133.
108. Carithers HA: Oculoglandular disease of Parinaud. American Journal of Diseases of Children 1978, 132: 1195-1200.
109. Zhao X, Ge B: Treatment of papillo-retinitis and uveitis associated with cat-scratch disease by combination of TCM and modern drugs. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1991, 11: 184-186.
110. Margileth AM, Wear DJ, English CK: Systemic cat scratch disease: report of 23 patients with prolonged or recurrent severe bacterial infection. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1987, 155: 390-404.
111. Tan TQ, Wagner ML, Kaplan SL: Bartonella (Rochalimaea) henselae hepatosplenic infection occurring simultaneously in two siblings. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1996, 22: 721-722.
112. Zinzindohoue F, Guiard-Schmid JB, La Scola B, Frottier J, Parc R: Portal triad involvement in cat-scratch disease. Lancet 1996, 348: 1178-1179.
113. Wear DJ, Margileth AM, Hadfield TL, Fischer GW, Schagel CJ, King FM: Cat-scratch disease: a bacterial infection, Science 1983, 221: 1403-1405.
114. Margileth AW, Wear DJ, Hadfield TL, Schlagel CJ, Spigel T, Muhlbauer JE: Cat-scratch disease: bacteria in skin at the primary inoculation site. Journal of the American Medical Association 1984, 252: 928-931.
115. English CK, Wear DJ, Margileth AM, Lissner CR, Walsh GP: Cat scratch disease: isolation and culture of the bacterial agent. Journal of the American Medical Association 1988, 259: 1347-1351.
116. Brenner DJ, Hollis DG, Moss CW, English CK, et al.: Proposal of Afipia gen. nov., with Afipia felis sp. nov. (formerly the cat scratch disease bacillus), Afipia clevelandensis sp. nov. (formerly the Cleveland Clinic Foundation Strain), Afipia broomeae sp. nov. and three unnamed genospecies. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1991, 29: 2450-2460.
117. Dolan MJ, Wong MT, Regnery RL, Jorgensen JH, Garcia M, Peters J, Drehner D: Syndrome of Rochalimaea henselae adenitis suggesting cat scratch disease. Annals of Internal Medicine 1993, 118: 331-336.
118. Waldvogel K, Regnery RL, Anderson BE, Caduff R, Caduff J, Nadal D: Disseminated cat-scratch disease: detection of Rochalimaea henselae in affected tissue. European Journal of Pediatrics 1994, 153: 23-27.
119. Gradon JD, Stein DS: Association between Rochalimaea infection and cat-scratch disease. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1993, 17: 287-288.
120. Perkins BA, Swaminathan B, Jackson LA, Brenner DJ, Wenger JD, Regnery RL, Wear DJ: Case 22-1992. Pathogenesis of cat scratch disease. New England Journal of Medicine 1992, 327: 1599-1601.
121. Alkan S, Morgan M, Sandin R, Moscinski L, Ross C: Dual role for Afipia felis and Rochalimaea henselae in cat-scratch disease. Lancet 1995, 345: 385.
122. Bergmans AMC, Shellekens JFP, Vanembden JDA, Schouls LM: Predominance of two Bartonella henselae variants among cat-scratch disease patients in the Netherlands. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1996, 34: 254-260.
123. Drancourt M, Moal V, Brunet P, Dussol B, Berland Y, Raoult D: Bartonella (Rochalimaea) quintana infection in a seronegative hemodialyzed patient. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1996, 34: 1158-1160.
124. Caniza MA, Granger DL, Wilson KH, Washington MK, Kordick DL, Frush DP, Blitchington RB: Bartonella henselae: etiology of pulmonary nodules in a patient with depressed cell-mediated immunity. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1995, 20: 1505-1511.
125. Carrascosa JM, Ribera M, Bielsa I, Raventos A, Vaquera M, Ferrandiz C: Bacillary angiomatosis presenting as a malleolar ulcer. Archives of Dermatology 1995, 131: 963-964.
126. Wong MT, Dolan MJ, Lattuada CP, Regnery RL, Garcia ML, Mokulis EC, Labarre RC, Ascher DP, Delmar JA, Kelly JW, Leigh DR, Mcrae AC, Reed JB, Smith RE, Melcher GP: Neuroretinitis, aseptic meningitis, and lymphadenitis associated with BartonelLa (Rochalimaea) henseLae infection in immunocompetent patients and patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1995, 21: 352-360.
127. Schwartzman WA, Patnaik M, Angulo FJ, Visscher BR, Miller EN, Peter JB: Bartonella (Rochalimaea) antibodies, dementia, and cat ownership among men infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1995, 21: 954-959.
128. Spach DH, Panther LA, Thorning DR, Dunn JE, Plorde JJ, Miller RA: Intracerebral bacillary angiomatosis in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Annales de Médecine Interne Paris 1992, 116: 740-742.
129. Larson AM, Dougherty MJ, Nowowiejski DJ, Welch DF, Matar GM, Swaminathan B, Coyle MB: Detection of Bartonella (Rochalimaea) quintana by routine acridine orange staining of broth blood cultures. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1994, 32: 1492-1496.
130. Drancourt M, Raoult D: Proposed tests for the routine identification of Rochalimaea species. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 1993, 12: 710-713.
131. Rodriguez-Barradas MC, Hamill RJ, Houston ED, Georgiou PR, Clarridge JE, Regnery RL, Koehler JE: Genomic fingerprinting of Bartonella species by repetitive element PCR for distinguishing species and isolates. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1995, 33: 1089-1093.
132. Relman DA, Lepp PW, Sadler KN, Schmidt TM: Phylogenetic relationships among the agent of bacillary angiomatosis, Bartonella bacilliformis, and other alphaproteobacteria. Molecular Microbiology 1992, 6: 1801-1807.
133. Birtles RJ: Differentiation of Bartonella species using restriction endonuclease analysis of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes. FEMS Microbiology Letters 1995, 129: 261-266.
134. Birtles RJ, Harrison TG, Fry NK, Saunders NA, Taylor AG: Taxonomic considerations of Bartonella bacilliformis based on phylogenetic and phenotypic characteristics. FEMS Microbiology Letters 1991, 83: 187-192.
135. Joblet C, Roux C, Drancourt M, Gouvernet J, Raoult D: Identification of Bartonella (Rochalimaea) species among fastidious gram-negative bacteria based on the partial sequence of the citrate-synthase gene. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1995, 33: 1879-1883.
136. Norman AF, Regnery R, Jameson P, Greene C, Krause DC: Differentiation of Bartonella-like isolates at the species level by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism in the citrate synthase gene. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1995, 33: 1797-1803.
137. Matar GM, Swaminathan B, Hunter SB, Slater LN, Welch DF: Polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of a fragment of the ribosomal operon from Rochalimaea species for subtyping. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1993, 31: 1730-1734.
138. Cooper M, Hollingdale M, Vinson J, Costa J: A passive hemagglutination test for diagnosis of trench fever due to Rochalimaea quintana. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1976, 134: 605-609.
139. Dalton MJ, Robinson LE, Cooper J, Regnery RL, Olson JG, Childs JE: Use of Bartonella antigens for serologic diagnosis of cat-scratch disease at a national referral center. Archives of Internal Medicine 1995, 155: 1670-1676.
140. Patnaik M, Peter JB: Cat-scratch disease, Bartonella henselae, and the usefulness of routine serological testing of Afipia felis. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1995, 21: 1064.
141. Barka NE, Hadfield T, Patnaik M, Schartzman WA, Peter JB: EIA for detection of Rochalimaea henselae-reactive IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies in patients with suspected cat-scratch disease. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1993, 167: 1503-1504.
142. Amerein MP, De Briel D, Jaulhac B, Meyer P, Monteil H, Piemont Y: Diagnostic value of the indirect immunofluorescence assay in cat scratch disease with Bartonella henselae and Afipia felis antigens. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 1996, 3: 200-204.
143. Emmons RW, Riggs JL, Schachter J: Continuing search for the etiology of cat scratch disease. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1976, 4: 112-114.
144. Knobloch J, Bialek R, Müller G, Asmus P: Common surface epitope of Bartonella bacilliformis and Chlamydia psittaci. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1988, 39: 427-433.
145. La Scola B, Raoult D: Serological cross reactions between Bartonella quintana, Bartonella henselae and Coxiella burnetii. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1996, 34: 2270-2274.
146. Jalava J, Kotilainen P, Nikkari S, Skurnik M, Vanttinen E, Lehtonen OP, Eerola E, Toivanen P: Use of the polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing for detection of Bartonella quintana in the aortic valve of a patient with culture-negative infective endocarditis. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1995, 21: 891-896.
147. Anderson B, Sims K, Regnery R, Robinson L, Schmidt J, Goral C, Hager C, Adwards K: Detection of Rochalimaea henselae DNA in specimens from cat scratch disease patients by PCR. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1994, 32: 942-948.
148. Bergmans AMC, Groothedde JW, Schellekens JFP, Van Embden JDA, Ossewaarde JM, Schouls LM: Etiology of cat scratch disease: comparison of polymerase chain reaction detection of Bartonella (formerly Rochalimaea) and Afipia felis DNA with serology and skin tests. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1995, 171: 916-923.
149. Regnery RL, Spruill CE, Plikaytis BD: Genotypic identification of rickettsiae and estimation of intraspecies sequence divergence for portions of two rickettsial genes. Journal of Bacteriology 1991, 173: 1576-1589.
150. Myers WF, Grossman DM, Wisseman CL Jr: Antibiotic susceptibility patterns in Rochalimaea quintana, the agent of trench fever. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 1984, 25: 690-693.
151. Maurin M, Gasquet S, Ducco C, Raoult D: MICs of 28 antibiotic compounds for 14 Bartonella (formerly Rochalimaea) isolates. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 1995, 39: 2387-2391.
152. Musso D, Drancourt M, Raoult D: Lack of bactericidal effect of antibiotics except aminoglycosides on Bartonella (Rochalimaea) henselae. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 1995, 36: 101-108.
153. Maurin M, Lepocher H, Mallet D, Raoult D: Antibiotics susceptibility of Afipia felis in axenic medium and in cells. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 1993, 37: 1410-1413.
154. Rudikoff D, Phelps RG, Gordon RE, Bottone EJ: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related bacillary vascular proliferation (epithelioid angiomatosis): rapid response to erythromycin therapy. Archives of Dermatology 1989, 125: 706-707.
155. Lewis DE, Wallace MR: Treatment of adult systemic cat scratch disease
156. Rappaport DC, Cumming WA, Ros PR: Treatment of adult systemic cat scratch disease with gentamicin sulfate. Western Journal of Medicine 1991, 154: 330-331.
157. Collipp PJ: Cat-scratch disease: therapy with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. American Journal of Diseases of Children 1992, 146: 397-399.
158. Holley HPJ: Successful treatment of cat scratch disease with ciprofloxacin (see comments). Journal of the American Medical Association 1991, 265: 1563-1565.
159. Bogue CW, Wise JD, Gray GF, Edwards KM: Antibiotic therapy for cat-scratch disease. Journal of the American Medical Association 1989, 262: 813-816.