Methodological considerations of intracerebral microdialysis in pharmacokinetic studies on drug transport across the blood-brain barrier

Brain Research Reviews

Volumn 25, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 27-49

  De Lange, Elizabeth C M ^a   Danhof, Meindert ^a   De Boer, Albertus G ^a   Breimer, Douwe D ^a  

^a LEIDEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Blood brain barrier; Drug; Methodology; Microdialysis; Transport

Indexed keywords

ATENOLOL; PARACETAMOL;

AUTORADIOGRAPHY; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; BRAIN INJURY; DRUG DIFFUSION; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG TRANSPORT; EXTRACELLULAR FLUID; MICRODIALYSIS; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; POTENTIOMETRY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SURGICAL INJURY;

ANIMALS; AUTORADIOGRAPHY; BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER; BRAIN; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; MICRODIALYSIS; PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS; PHARMACOKINETICS; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; TOMOGRAPHY, EMISSION-COMPUTED;

EID: 0030806636     PISSN: 01650173     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0165-0173(97)00014-3     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. 31P NMR using surface coils. Nature. 283:1990;167-170.
2. 11C-labelled drugs in the dog, in: C. Beckers (Ed.), Positron Emission Tomography in Clinical Research and Clinical Diagnosis: Tracer Modelling and Radioreceptors, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1989, pp. 1087-117.
3. Agon P., Goethals P., van Haver D.K., Kaufman J.M. Permeability of BBB for atenolol studies by PET. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 43:1991;597-600.
4. Aird R.B. A study of inthathecal, cerebrospinal fluid-to-brain exchange. Exp. Neurol. 86:1984;342-358.
5. Allen D., Crooks P.A., Yokel R.A. 4-Trimethylantipyrine: a quaternary ammonium nonradionucleide marker for BBB integrity during in vivo microdialysis. J.P.M. 28:1992;129-135.
6. Armberg G., Lindefors N. Intracerebral microdialysis. II. Mathematical studies of diffusion kinetics. J. Pharm. Meth. 22:1989;157-183.
7. Aukland K., Nicolaysen G. Interstitial fluid volume: Local regulatory mechanisms. Physiol. Rev. 61:1981;556-643.
8. 19F Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of neuroleptics: The first in vivo pharmacokinetics of trifluoperazine in the rat brain and the first in vivo spectrum of fluphenazine in the human brain. Biol. Psychiatry. 30:1991;656-662.
9. Benveniste H., Drejer J., Schoesboe A., Diemer N.H. Regional cerebral glucose phosphorylation and blood flow after insertion of a microdialysis fiber through the dorsal hippocampus in the rat. J. Neurochem. 49:1987;729-734.
10. Benveniste H., Diemer N.H. Cellular reactions to implantation of a microdialysis tube in the rat hippocampus. Acta Neuropath. (Berl.). 74:1987;234-238.
11. Benveniste H., Huttemeier P.C. Microdialysis - Theory and Application. Progress Neurobiol. 35:1990;195-215.
12. Benveniste H., Hansen A.J., Ottosen N.S. Determination of brain interstitial concentrations by microdialysis. J. Neurochem. 52:1989;1741-1750.
13. Benveniste H., Drejer J., Schoesboe A., Diemer N.H. Elevation of the extracellular concentrations of glutamate and aspartate in rat hippocampus during transient cerebral ischemia monitored by intracerebral microdialysis. J. Neurochem. 43:1984;1369-1374.
14. Bungay P.M., Morrison P.F., Dedrick R.L. Steady-state theory for quantitative microdialysis of solutes and water in vivo and in vitro. Life Sci. 46:1990;105-119.
15. Carneheim C., Stahle L. Microdialysis of lipophilic compounds: A methodological study. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 69:1991;378-380.
16. Cheng H.-Y., Liu T., Feuerstein G., Barone F.C. Distribution of spin-trapping compounds in rat blood and brain: in vivo microdialysis determination. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 14:1993;243-250.
17. V. Claassen: Anaesthesia, in: J.P. Huston (Ed.), Techniques in the Behavioral and Neural Sciences, vol. 12: Neglected Factors in Pharmacology and Neuroscience Research, Elsevier, 1994.
18. Coleman D.L., King R.N., Anrade J.D. The foreign body reaction: A chronic inflammatory response. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 8:1974;199-211.
19. Cordon-Cardo C., O'Brien J.P., Casals D., Rittman-Grauer L., Biedler J.L., Melamed M.R., Bertino J.R. Multidrug resistance gene (P-glycoprotein) is expressed by endothelial cells at the blood-brain barrier. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 86:1987;695-698.
20. Covell D.G., Narang P.K., Poplack D.G. Kinetic model for disposition of 6-mercaptopurine in monkey plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. Am. J. Physiol. 248:1985;R147-156.
21. Danhof M., Levy G. Kinetics of drug action in disease states. I. Effect of infusion rate on phenobarbital concentrations in serum, brain and cerebrospinal fluid of normal rats at onset of loss of righting reflex. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 229:1984;44-50.
22. De Lange E.C.M., Danhof M., De Boer A.G., Breimer D.D. Critical factors of intracerebral microdialysis as a technique to determine the pharmacokinetics of drugs in rat brain. Brain Res. 666:1994;1-8.
23. De Lange E.C.M., Bouw M.R., Danhof M., De Boer A.G., Breimer D.D. Application of intracerebral microdialysis to study regional distribution kinetics of drugs in rat brain. Br. J. Pharmacol. 116:1995;2538-2544.
24. De Lange E.C.M., Hesselink M.B., Danhof M., De Boer A.G., Breimer D.D. The use of intracerebral microdialysis to determine changes in blood-brain barrier transport characteristics. Pharm. Res. 12:1995;129-133.
25. De Lange E.C.M., De Vries J.D., Zurcher C., Danhof M., De Boer A.G., Breimer D.D. The use of intracerebral microdialysis for the determination of pharmacokinetic profiles of anticancer drugs in tumor-bearing rat brain. Pharm. Res. 12:1995;1924-1931.
26. De Lange E.C.M., Zurcher C., Danhof M., De Boer A.G., Breimer D.D. Repeated microdialysis perfusions: periprobe tissue reactions and BBB permeability. Brain Res. 702:1995;261-265.
27. Drijfhout W.J., Kemper R.H.A., Meerlo P., Koolhaas J.M., Grol C.J., Westerink B.H.C. Chronic effects of microdialysis probe implantation on the activity pattern and temperature rhythm of the rat. J. Neurosci. Meth. 61:1995;191-196.
28. Dubey R.K., Mcallister C.B., Inoue M., Wilkinson G.R. Plasma binding and transport of diazepam across the blood-brain barrier. J. Clin. Invest. 84:1989;1155-1159.
29. Ekblom M., Hammarlund-Udenaes M., Lundqvist T., Sjoberg P. Potential use of microdialysis in pharmacokinetics: A protein binding study. Pharm. Res. 9:1992;155-158.
30. J.D. Fenstermacher, D.P. Rall, C.S. Patlak, V.A. Levin: Ventricular perfusion as a technique for analysis of brain capillary permeability and extracellular transport, in: C. Crone, N. Lassen (Eds.), Capillary Permeability, Munkgard, Copenhagen, 1970, pp. 483-490.
31. Fenstermacher J.D., Patlak C.S., Blasberg R.G. Transport of material between brain extracellular fluid, brain cells and blood. Fed. Proc. 33:1974;2070-2074.
32. Fenstermacher J.D., Blasberg R.G., Patlak C.S. Methods of quantifying the transport of drugs across brain barrier systems. Pharmac. Ther. 14:1981;217-248.
33. B. Fumero, T. Guadalupe, J.L. Gonzalez-Mora, R.D. O'Neill, M. Mas: Different dynamics of brain metabolites as assessed by fixed and removable microdialysis probes, in: H. Rollema, B. Westerink, W.J. Drijfhout (Eds.), Monitoring Molecules in Neuroscience. Proceedings 5th International Conference on In Vivo Methods, Krips Repro, Meppel, The Netherlands, 1991, pp. 68-70.
34. R.P.A. Gaykema, H. Koning, J. Korf: Kinetics of blood brain distribution of drugs in relation to their lipophilicity as monitored with intracerebral dialysis and HPLC, in: H. Rollema, B. Westerink, W.J. Drijfhout (Eds.), Monitoring Molecules in Neuroscience. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on In Vivo Methods, Krips Repro, Meppel, The Netherlands, 1991, pp. 71-73.
35. Gengo F.M., Fagan S.C., Hopkins L.N., Wagner D., Schutster D.P. Non-linear distribution of atenolol between plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. Pharm. Res. 6:1989;248-251.
36. Greenblatt D.J., Arendt R.M., Abernethy D.R., Giles H.G., Sellers E.M., Shader R.I. In vitro quantitation of benzodiazepine lipophilicity: relation to in vivo distribution. Br. J. Anaest. 55:1983;985-989.
37. Hamilton M.E., Mele A., Pert A. Striatal extracellular dopamine in conscious vs. anesthetized rats: effects of chloral hydrate anesthetic on responses to drugs of different classes. Brain Res. 579:1992;1-7.
38. Hernandez L., Stanley B.G., Hoebel B.G. A small removable microdialysis probe. Life Sci. 39:1986;2629-2637.
39. Herrera A.M., Scott D.O., Lunte C.E. Microdialysis sampling for determination of plasma protein binding of drugs. Pharmaceut. Res. 7:1990;1077-1081.
40. Hertz M.M., Paulson O. Heterogeneity of cerebral capillary flow in man and its consequences for estimation of blood-brain barrier permeability. J. Clin. Invest. 65:1980;1145-1151.
41. Hsiao J.K., Ball B.A., Morrison P.F., Mefford I.N., Bungay P.M. Effects of different semipermeable membranes on in vitro and in vivo performance of microdialysis probes. J. Neurochem. 54:1990;1449-1452.
42. Hurd Y.L., Ungerstedt U. Cocaine: An in vivo microdialysis evaluation of its acute action on dopamine transmission in rat striatum. Synapse. 3:1989;48-54.
43. Imperato A., Di Chiara G. Trans-striatal dialysis coupled to reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection: a new method for the study of in vivo release of endogenous dopamine and metabolites. J. Neurosci. 4:1984;966-977.
44. Imperato A., Di Chiara G. Dopamine release and metabolism in awake rats after systemic neuroleptics as studied by trans-striatal dialysis. J. Neurosci. 5:1985;297-306.
45. Iwakama T., Yamada H., Era S., Sogami M., Andoh T., Sakai N., Kato K., Kuwata K., Watari H. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance studies on water structure in peritumoral edematous brain tissue. Magn. Res. Med. 24:1994;53-63.
46. Johnson R.D., Justice J.B. Model studies for brain dialysis. Brain Res. Bull. 10:1983;567-571.
47. Jacobson J., Hamberger A. Kanaic acid-induced changs of extracellular amino acid levels, evoked potentials and EEG activity in the rabbit olfactory bulb. Brain Res. 348:1985;289-296.
48. Jacobson I., Sandberg M., Hamberger A. Mass transfer in brain dialysis devices - a new method for the estimation of extracellular amino acids concentration. J. Neurosci. Meth. 15:1985;263-268.
49. Kendrick M. Use of microdialysis in neuroendocrinology. Meth. Enzymol. 168:1989;183-205.
50. L'Heureux R., Dennis T., Curet O., Scatton B. Measurement of endogenous noradrenaline release in the rat cerebral cortex in vivo by transcortical dialysis: Effects of drugs affecting noradrenergic transmission. J. Neurochem. 46:1986;1794-1801.
51. J. Landolt, H. Langemann, Th. Lutz, O. Gratzl: Non-linear recovery of cysteine and gluthathione in microdialysis, in: H. Rollema, B.H.C. Westerink, W.-J. Drijfhout (Eds.), Monitoring Molecules in Neuroscience, Krips Repro, Meppel, The Netherlands, 1991, pp. 63-65.
52. C.I. Larsson, The use of an internal 'standard' for control of the recovery in microdialysis, Life Sci. 49 (1991) 173-178.
53. J. Lerma, A.S. Herranz, O. Herreras, V. Abraira, R. Del Rio, In vivo determination of extracellular concentrations of amino acids in the rat hippocampus. A method based on brain dialysis and computerized analysis, Brain Res. 384 (1986) 145-155.
54. V.A. Levin, Relationship of octanol/water partition coefficient and molecular weight to rat brain capillary permeability, J. Med. Chem. 23 (1980) 682-684.
55. J.E. Levine, K.D. Powell, Microdialysis for measurement of neuroendocrine peptides, Meth. Enzymol. 168 (1989) 166-210.
56. A. LeQuelle, S. Dupin, P. Genissel, S. Saivin, B. Marchand, G. Houin, Microdialysis probes calibration: gradient and tissue dependent changes in no net flux and reverse dialysis methods, J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Meth. 33 (1989) 11-16.
57. N. Lindefors, G. Amberg, U. Ungerstedt, Intracerebral microdialysis: I. Experimental studies of diffusion kinetics. II. Mathematical studies of diffusion kinetics, J. Pharmacol. Meth. 22 (1989) 141-183.
58. Ljungdahl-Stahle E., Guzenda E., Bottinger D., Wahren B., Oberg B., Stahle L. Penetration of zidovudine and 3′-fluoro-3′-deoxythymidine into the brain, muscle tissue and veins in cynomolgus monkeys: relation with antiviral action. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36:1992;2418-2422.
59. Lonnroth P., Jansson P.A., Smith U. A microdialysis method allowing characterization of intercellular water space in humans. Am. J. Physiol. 253:1987;E228-E231. Endocrinol. Metab. 16.
60. Ludvig N., Mishra P.K., Yan Q.S., Lasley S.M., Burger R.I., Jobe P.C. The combined EEG-intracerebral microdialysis technique: a new tool for neuropharmacological studies on freely behaving animals. J. Neurosci. Meth. 43:1992;129-137.
61. 51-EDTA by microdialysis following probe injury. Acta Neurochir. S51:1990;46-48.
62. Matlaga B.F., Yasenchak L.P., Salthouse T.H. Tissue response to implanted polymers: The significance of sample shape. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 10:1976;391-397.
63. Matos F.F., Rollema H., Basbaum A.I. Simultaneous measurement of extracellular morphine and serotonine in brain tissue and CSF by microdialysis in awake rats. J. Neurochem. 58:1992;1773-1781.
64. Moghaddam B., Bunney B.S. Ionic composition of microdialysis perfusing solution alters the pharmacological responsiveness and basal outflow of striatal dopamine. J. Neurochem. 53:1989;652-654.
65. Morrison P.F., Bungay P.M., Hsiao J.K., Ball B.A., Mefford I.N., Dedrick R.L. Quantitative microdialysis: analysis of transients and application to pharmacokinetics in brain. J. Neurochem. 57:1991;103-119.
66. P.F. Morrison, P.M. Bungay, J.K. Hsiao, I.N. Mefford, K.H. Dykstra, R.L. Dedrick, Quantitative microdialysis, in: T.E. Robinson, J.B. Justice (Eds.), Microdialysis in Neuroscience, Techniques in the Behavioural and Neural Sciences, vol. 7, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1991, pp. 47-79.
67. Nakashima M., Nakano M., Matsuyama K., Ichikawa M. An application of the microdialysis system to the pharmacokinetic study on striatal distribution of L-DOPA with or without carbidopa in rats. Int. J. Pharmaceut. 72:1992;R5-R8.
68. Neuwelt E.A., Barnett P.A., McCormick C.I., Frenkel E.P., Minna J.D. Osmotic blood-brain barrier modification: monoclonal antibody, albumin and methotrexate delivery to cerebrospinal fluid and brain. Neurosurgery. 17:1985;419-423.
69. Nicolaysen L.C., Pan H.T., Justice J.B. jr. Extracellular cocaine and dopamine concentrations are linearly realted in rat striatum. Brain Res. 456:1988;317-323.
70. Nitsch C., Klatzo I. Regional patterns of blood-brain barrier breakdown during epileptiform seizures induced by various convulsive agents. J. Neurol. Sci. 59:1983;305-322.
71. Obrenovitch T.P., Zilka E., Urenjak J. Intracerebral microdialysis: Electrophysiological evidene of a critical pitfall. J. Neurochem. 64:1995;1884-1887.
72. Oldendorf W.H. Lipid solubility and drug penetration of the blood-brain barrier. Proc. Exp. Biol. Med. 147:1974;813-816.
73. Olson R.J., Justice J.B. Quantitative microdialysis under transient conditions. Anal. Chem. 65:1993;1017-1022.
74. Pantano P., Kuhr W.G. Enzyme modified microelectrode with millesecond response time. Curr. Sep. 10:1991;81.
75. A. Phillippure: Use of push-pull cannulae to determine the release of endogenous neurotransmitters in distinct brain areas of anaesthetized and freely moving animals, in: C.A. Marsden (Ed.), Measurements of Neurotransmitter Release In Vivo, Wiley, New York, 1984, pp. 3-39.
76. Ponto-Boles L.L., Ponto J.A. Uses and limitations of positron Emission tomography in clinical pharmacokinetics/dynamics. Part I. Clin. Pharmacokin. 22:1992;211-222.
77. Ponto-Boles L.L., Ponto J.A. Uses and limitations of positron Emission tomography in clinical pharmacokinetics/dynamics. Part II Clin. Pharmacokin. 22:1992;274-283.
78. 31P NMR. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 80:1983;2748-2751.
79. S.I. Rapoport (Ed.), Blood-brain Barrier in Physiology and Medicine, Raven Press, New York, 1976.
80. Robinson T.E., Camp D.M. Does amphetamine preferentially increase the extracellular concentration of dopamine in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats. Neuropsychopharmacol. 3:1990;163-173.
81. L.P. Rowland: Brain fluids and their disorders, in: E.R. Kandel, J.H. Schwartz (Eds.), Principles of Neural Sciences, Elsevier, 1985, pp. 845-851.
82. Ruggeri M., Zoli M., Grimaldi R., Ungerstedt U., Eliasson A., Agnati L.F., Fuxe K. Aspects of neural plasticity in the central nervous system. III: Methodological studies on the microdialysis technique. Neurochem. Int. 16:1990;427-443.
83. Sabol K.E., Freed C.R. Brain acetaminophen measurement by in vivo dialysis, in vivo electrochemistry and tissue assay: a study of the dialysis technique in the rat. J. Neurosci. Meth. 24:1988;163-168.
84. Sandberg M., Lindstrom S. Amino acids in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat - collection in vivo. J. Neurosci. Meth. 9:1983;65-74.
85. Saisho Y., Umeda T. Continuous monitoring of unbound floxomef levels in rat blood using microdialysis and its new pharmacokinetic analysis. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 36:1991;808-810.
86. Santiago M., Westerink B.H.C. Characterization of the in vivo release of dopamine as recorded by different types of intracerebral microdialysis probes. N.S. Arch. Pharmacol. 342:1990;407-414.
87. Scheller D., Kolb J. The internal reference technique in microdialysis: a practical approach to monitoring dialysis efficiency and to calculating tissue concentration from dialysate samples. J. Neurosci. Meth. 40:1991;31-38.
88. Schinkel A.H., Smit J.J.M., Van Tellingen O., Beijnen J.H., Wagenaar E., Van Deemter L., Mol C.A.A.M., Van der Valk M.A., Robanus-Maandag E.C., Te Riele H.P.J., Berns A.J.M., Borst P. Disruption of the mouse mdrla P-glycoprotein gene leads to a deficiency in the blood-brain barrier and to increased sensitivity to drugs. Cell. 77:1994;491-502.
89. Schinkel A.H., Wagenaar E., Van Deemter L., Mol C.A.A.M., Borst P. Absence of the mdr1a P-glycoprotein in mice affects tissue distribution and pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone, digoxine, and cyclosporin A. J. Clin. Invest. 96:1995;1698-1705.
90. Scott D.O., Sorenson L.R., Steele K.L., Puckett D.L., Lunte C.E. In vivo microdialysis sampling for pharmacokinetic investigations. Pharmaceut. Res. 8:1991;389-392.
91. Sendelbeck S.L., Urquhart J. Spatial distribution of dopamine, methotrexate and antipyrine during continuous intracerebral microperfusion. Brain Res. 328:1985;251-258.
92. 14C-methotrexate after intracarotid administration without and with hyperosmotic opening of the blood-brain and blood-tumor barriers in rat brain tumors: A quantitative autoradiographic study. Cancer Res. 48:1985;694-701.
93. Shuaib A.X., Crain B., Siren A.-L., Feuerstein G., Hallenbeck J., Davis J.N. Assessment of damage from implantation of microdialysis probes in the rat hippocampus with silver degeneration staining. Neurosci. Lett. 112:1990;149-154.
94. Stahle L. Drug distribution studies with microdialysis. I. Tissue dependent difference in recovery between caffein and theophylline. Life Sci. 49:1991;1835-1842.
95. Stahle L. Pharmacokinetic estimations from microdialysis data. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 43:1992;289-294.
96. Stahle L. Microdialysis in pharmacokinetics. Eur. J. Pharmacokin. 18:1993;89-96.
97. Stahle L., Segersvard S., Ungerstedt U. A comparision between three methods for estimation of extracellular concentrations of exogenous and endogenous compounds by microdialysis. J. Pharmacol. Meth. 25:1991;41-52.
98. Stain F., Barjavel M.J., Sandouk P., Plotkine M., Sherrmann J.-M., Bhargava H.N. Analgesic response and plasma and brain extracellular fluid pharmacokinetics of morphine and morpine-6-β-D-glucuronide in the rat. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 274:1995;852-857.
99. Stamford J.A. In vivo voltammetry: some methodological considerations. J. Neurosci. Meth. 17:1986;1-29.
100. Street J.A., Hemsworth B.A., Roach A.G., Day M.D. Tissue levels of several labelled β-adrenoceptor antagonists after intravenous administration in rats. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 237:1979;180-190.
101. Tao R., Hjorth S. Differences in the in vitro and in vivo 5-hydroxytryptamine extraction performance among three common microdialysis membranes. J. Neurochem. 59:1992;1778-1785.
102. Telting-Diaz M., Scott D.O., Lunte C.E. Intravenous microdialysis sampling in awake, freely moving rats. Anal. Chem. 64:1992;806-810.
103. Tossman U., Ungerstedt U. Microdialysis in the study of extracellular levels of amino acids in the rat brain. Acta Physiol. Scand. 128:1986;9-14.
104. Tossman U., Erikson S., Delin A., Hagenfeldt L., Law D., Ungerstedt U. Brain amino acids as measured by intracerebral dialysis in portacaval shunted animals. J. Neurochem. 41:1983;1046-1051.
105. U. Ungerstedt, Measurement of neurotransmitter release by intracranial dialysis, in: C.A. Marsden (Ed.): Measurement of Neurotransmitter Release In Vivo, Whiley, 1984.
106. Van Bree J.B.M.M., Baljet A.V., Geyt A., De Boer A.G., Danhof M., Breimer D.D. The unit impulse response procedure for the pharmacokinetic evaluation of drug entry into the central nervous system. J. Pharmacokin. Biopharm. 17:1989;441-462.
107. Wala E.P., Martin W.R., Sloan J.W. Distribution of diazepam, nordiazepam, and oxazepam between brain extraneuronal space, brain tissue, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid in diazepam and nordiazepam dependent dogs. Psychopharmacology. 105:1991;535-540.
108. 3H-MK-801 (dizocilpine) in vivo uptake and in vitro binding after focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. J. Neurosurg. 76:1992;127-133.
109. Wang Y., Wong S.L., Sawchuck R.J. Comparison of in vitro and in vivo calibration of microdialysis probes using retrodialysis. Curr. Sep. 10:1991;87.
110. Wang Y., Wong S.L., Sawchuck R.J. Microdialysis calibration using retrodialysis and zero-net-flux: Application to a study of the distribution of zidovudine to rabbit cerebrospinal fluid and thalamus. Pharm. Res. 10:1993;1411-1419.
111. Webb S., Ott R.J., Cherry S.R. Quantitation of blood-brain barrier permeability by positron emmission tomography. Phys. Med. Biol. 34:1989;1767-1771.
112. Welty D.F., Schielke G.P., Vartanian M.G., Taylor C.P. Gabapentin anticonvulsant action in rats: disequilibrium with peak drug concentrations in plasma and brain dialysate. Epilepsy Res. 16:1993;175-181.
113. Westergren I., Nystrom B., Hamberger A., Johansson B.B. Intracerebral microdialysis and the blood-brain barrier. J. Neurochem. 64:1995;229-234.
114. Westerink B.H.C., Damsma G., Rollema H., De Vries J.B., Horn A.S. Scope and limitations of in vivo brain dialysis: a comparison of its application to various neurotransmitter systems. Life Sci. 41:1987;1763-1776.
115. Westerink B.H.C., De Vries J.B. Characterization of in vivo dopamine release as determined by brain microdialysis after acute and subchronic implantations: methodological aspects. J. Neurosci. 51:1988;683-687.
116. Westerink B.H.C., Hofsteede H.M., Damsma G., De Vries J.B. The significance of extracellular calcium for the release of dopamine, acetylcholine and amino acids in conscious rats, evaluated by brain microdialysis. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 337:1988;373-378.
117. Westerink B.H.C., Tuinte M.H.J. Chronic use of intracerebral microdialysis for the in vivo measurements of 3,4, dihydroxyphenylethylamine and its metabolite 3,4, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. J. Neurochem. 46:1986;181-189.
118. Wong S.L., Van Belle K., Sawchuck R.J. Distributional transport kinetics of zidovudine between plasma and brain extracellular fluid and cerebrospinal fluid blood-barriers in the rabbit: investigation on the inhibitory effect of probenecid utilizing microdialysis. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 264:1993;899-909.
119. Yokel R.A., Allen D.D., Burgio D.E., McNamara P.J. Antipyrine as a dialyzable reference to correct differences in efficiency among and within sampling devices during in vivo microdialysis. J.P.M. 27:1992;135-142.
120. Yu D.-W., Gatley S.J., Wolf A.P., MacGregor R.R., Dewey S.L., Fowler J.S., Schlyer D.J. Synthesis of carbon-11 labeled ionidated cocaine derivatives and their distribution in baboon brain measured using positron emission tomography. J. Med. Chem. 35:1992;2178-2183.