Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus: Detection, epidemiology, and control measures

Infectious Disease Clinics of North America

Volumn 11, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 367-384

  Boyce, J M ^a  

^a MIRIAM HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

VANCOMYCIN;

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; BACTERIUM DETECTION; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; ENTEROCOCCUS; HOSPITAL INFECTION; HUMAN; INFECTION CONTROL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; STREPTOCOCCUS INFECTION;

EID: 0030805782     PISSN: 08915520     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0891-5520(05)70361-5     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. F.M. Aarestrup Occurrence of glycopeptide resistance among Enterococcus faecium isolates from conventional and ecological poultry farms Microb Drug Resist 1 1995 255
2. M. Arthur P. Courvalin Genetics and mechanisms of glycopeptide resistance in enterococci Antimicrob Agents Chemother 37 1993 1563
3. M. Arthur C. Molinas F. Depardieu Characterization of Tn1546, a Tn3-related transposon conferring glycopeptide resistance by synthesis of depsipeptide peptidoglycan precursors in Enterococcus faecium BM4147 J Bacteriol 175 1993 117
4. M.J. Bale P.M. Bennett J.E. Beringer The survival of bacteria exposed to desiccation on surfaces associated with farm buildings J Appl Bacteriol 75 1993 519
5. N. Barbier P. Saulnier E. Chachaty Random amplified polymorphic DNA typing versus pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for epidemiological typing of vancomycin-resistant enterococci J Clin Microbiol 34 1996 1096
6. J. Bates J.Z. Jordens D.T. Griffiths Farm animals as a putative reservoir for vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infection in man J Antimicrob Chemother 34 1994 507
7. J. Bates Z. Jordens J.B. Selkon Evidence for an animal origin of vancomycin-resistant enterococci [letter; comment] Lancet 342 1993 490
8. Bonten M, Slaughter S, Hayden M, et al: Interaction among infection control compliance, prevalence of colonized patients, and risk of spread of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Presented at the 36th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy [Abstract J9]. New Orleans, LA, September 16, 1996.
9. J.M. Boyce Vancomycin-resistant enterococci: Pervasive and persistent pathogens Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 16 1995 676
10. J.M. Boyce L.A. Mermel M.J. Zervos Controlling vancomycin-resistant enterococci Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 16 1995 634 637
11. J.M. Boyce S.M. Opal J.W. Chow Outbreak of multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium with transferable vanB class vancomycin resistance J Clin Microbiol 32 1994 1148
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Assessment of testing for and completeness of reporting of vancomycin-resistant enterococci—Connecticut, 1994 MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 45 1996 289
13. Garner J.S. Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Guideline for isolation precautions in hospitals Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 17 1996 53 80
14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Nosocomial enterococci resistant to vancomycin—United States, 1989–1993 MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 42 1993 597
15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Preventing the spread of vancomycin resistance Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 16 1995 105 113
16. E. Cercenado S. Unal C.T. Eliopoulos Characterization of vancomycin resistance in Enterococcus durans. J Antimicrob Chemother 36 1995 821
17. J.K.S. Chia M.M. Nakata S.S. Park Use of bacitracin therapy for infection due to vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Clin Infect Dis 21 1995 1520
18. J.W. Chow A. Kuritza D.M. Shlaes Clonal spread of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium between patients in three hospitals in two states J Clin Microbiol 31 1993 1609
19. N.C. Clark R.C. Cooksey B.C. Hill Characterization of glycopeptide-resistant enterococci from US hospitals Antimicrob Agents Chemother 37 1993 2311
20. P.E. Coudron C.G. Mayhall R.R. Facklam Streptococcus faecium outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit J Clin Microbiol 20 1984 1044
21. L.M. Dembry K. Uzokwe M.J. Zervos Control of endemic glycopeptide-resistant enterococci Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 17 1996 286
22. L.L. Dever S.M. Smith S. Handwerger Vancomycin-dependent Enterococcus faecium isolated from stool following oral vancomycin therapy J Clin Microbiol 33 1995 2770
23. B.N. Doebbeling G.L. Stanley C.T. Sheetz Comparative efficacy of alternative handwashing agents in reducing nosocomial infections in intensive care units N Engl J Med 327 1992 88
24. S. Dutka-Malen B. Blaimont G. Wauters Emergence of high-level resistance to glycopeptides in Enterococcus gallinarum and Enterococcus casseliflavus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 38 1994 1675
25. S. Dutka-Malen S. Evers P. Courvalin Detection of glycopeptide resistance genotypes and identification to the species level of clinically relevant enterococci by PCR J Clin Microbiol 33 1995 24
26. M.B. Edmond J.F. Ober D.L. Weinbaum Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium bacteremia: Risk factors for infection Clin Infect Dis 20 1995 1126
27. Elizaga ML, Beezhold D, Hayden MK, et al: The prevalence of colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococci among hospitalized residents of long-term care facilities. Presented at the 34th Infectious Diseases Society of America annual meeting [Abstract 352]. New Orleans, LA, September 20, 1996.
28. J. Ena R.W. Dick R.N. Jones The epidemiology of intravenous vancomycin usage in a university hospital JAMA 269 1993 598
29. S. Evers P.E. Reynolds P. Courvalin Sequence of the vanB and ddl genes encoding D-alanine; D-lactate and D-alanine; D-alanine ligases in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faeclis V583 Gene 140 1994 97
30. L. Free D.F. Sahm Investigation of the reformulated remel synergy quad plate for detection of high-level aminoglycoside and vancomycin resistance among enterococci J Clin Microbiol 33 1995 1643
31. R. Freeman A.M. Kearns N.F. Lightfoot Heat resistance of nosocomial enterococci Lancet 344 1994 64
32. T.R. Frieden S.S. Munsiff D.E. Low Emergence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in New York City Lancet 342 1993 76
33. J.S. Garner B.P. Simmons CDC guideline for isolation precautions in hospitals Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 4 1983 245
34. B. Gordts H. VanLanduyt M. Ieven Vancomycin-resistant enterococci colonizing the intestinal tracts of hospitalized patients J Clin Microbiol 33 1995 2842
35. F.K. Gould R. Freeman Nosocomial infection with microsphere beds Lancet 342 1993 241
36. M. Green K. Barbadora M. Michaels Recovery of vancomycin-resistant gram-positive cocci from pediatric liver transplant recipients J Clin Microbiol 29 1991 2503
37. S. Handwerger B. Raucher D. Altarac Nosocomial outbreak due to Enterococcus faecium highly resistant to vancomycin, penicillin, and gentamicin Clin Infect Dis 16 1993 750
38. S. Handwerger J. Skoble L.F. Discotto Heterogeneity of the vanA gene cluster in clinical isolates of enterococci from the northeastern United States Antimicrob Agents Chemother 39 1995 362
39. Harrison TS, Qaiyumi S, Morris Jr, JG et al: Incidence of multiply resistant enterococci in poultry. Program and Abstracts of the 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy [Abstract J78). San Francisco, September 19, 1995.
40. M.K. Hayden G.M. Trenholme J.E. Schultz In vivo development of teicoplanin resistance in a vanB Enterococcus faecium isolate J Infect Dis 167 1993 1224
41. M.P. Heaton L.F. Discotto M.J. Pucci Mobilization of vancomycin resistance by transposon-mediated fusion of a vanA plasmid with an Enterococcus faecium sex pheromone-response plasmid Gene 171 1996 9
42. P.C. Iwen K.M. Kelly J. Linder Revised approach for identification and detection of ampicillin and vancomycin resistance in enterococcus species by using MicroScan panels J Clin Microbiol 34 1996 1779
43. B. Jett L. Free D.F. Sahm Factors influencing the Vitek gram-positive susceptibility system's detection of vanB- encoded vancomycin resistance among enterococci J Clin Microbiol 34 1996 701
44. R.N. Jones M.E. Erwin S.C. Anderson Emerging multiply resistant enterococci among clinical isolates: Validation of the E test to recognize glycopeptide-resistant strains Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 21 1995 95
45. J.Z. Jordens J. Bates D.T. Griffiths Faecal carriage and nosocomial spread of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. J Antimicrob Chemother 34 1994 515
46. L.V. Karanfil M. Murphy A. Josephson A cluster of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in an intensive care unit Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 13 1992 195
47. A.M. Kearns R. Freeman N.F. Lightfoot Nosocomial enterococci: Resistance to heat and sodium hypochlorite J Hosp Infect 30 1995 193
48. I. Klare H. Heier H. Claus vanA- mediated high-level glycopeptide resistance in Enterococcus faecium from animal husbandry FEMS Microbiol Lett 125 1995 165
49. M.H. Lai D.R. Kirsch Induction signals for vancomycin resistance encoded by the vanA gene cluster in Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 40 1996 1645
50. D. Landman J.M. Quale E. Oydna Comparison of five selective media for identifying fecal carriage of vancomycin-resistant enterococci J Clin Microbiol 34 1996 751
51. E. Larson Compliance with isolation technique Am J Infect Control 11 1983 221
52. R. Leclercq E. Derlot J. Duval Plasmid-mediated resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin in Enterococcus faecium. N Engl J Med 319 1988 157
53. P.K. Linden A.W. Pasculle R. Manez Differences in outcomes for patients with bacteremia due to vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium or vancomycin-susceptible E. faecium. Clin Infect Dis 22 1996 663
54. L.L. Livornese S. Dias C. Samel Hospital-acquired infection with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium transmitted by electronic thermometers Ann Intern Med 117 1992 112
55. A.D. Luber R.A. Jacobs M. Jordan Relative importance of oral versus intravenous vancomycin exposure in the development of vancomycin-resistant enterococci J Infect Dis 173 1996 1292
56. P. Lynch M.M. Jackson J. Cummings Rethinking the role of isolation practices in the prevention of nosocomial infections Ann Intern Med 107 1987 243
57. Maki DG, Zilz MA, McCormick R, The effectiveness of using preemptive barrier precautions routinely (protective isolation) in all high-risk patients to prevent nosocomial infection with resistant organisms, especially MRSA, VRE, and C. difficile. Presented at the IDSA 34th Annual Meeting [Abstract 43]. New Orleans, LA, September 20, 1996.
58. Mato R. deLencastre H. R.B. Roberts Multiplicity of genetic backgrounds among vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolates recovered from an outbreak in a New York City Hospital Microb Drug Resist 2 1996 309
59. Montecalvo M.A. deLencastre H. M. Carraher Natural history of colonization with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 16 1995 680 685
60. M.A. Montecalvo H. Horowitz C. Gedris Outbreak of vancomycin-, ampicillin-, and aminoglycoside-resistant Enterococcus faecium bacteremia in an adult oncology unit Antimicrob Agents Chemother 38 1994 1363
61. M.A. Montecalvo H. Horowitz G.P. Wormser Effect of novobiocin-containing antimicrobial regimens on infection and colonization with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 39 1995 794
62. M.A. Montecalvo D.K. Shay P. Patel Bloodstream infections with vancomycin-resistant enterococci Arch Intern Med 156 1996 1458
63. F. Moreno P. Grota C. Crisp Clinical and molecular epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium during its emergence in a city in southern Texas Clin Infect Dis 21 1995 1234
64. J.G. Morris Jr D.K. Shay J.N. Hebden Enterococci resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents, including vancomycin: Establishment of endemicity in a university medical center Ann Intern Med 123 1995 250
65. B.E. Murray What can we do about vancomycin-resistant enterococci? Clin Infect Dis 20 1995 1134
66. G.A. Noskin V. Stosor I. Cooper Recovery of vancomycin-resistant enterococci on fingertips and environmental surfaces Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 16 1995 577
67. C.A. O'Donovan P. Fan-Havard F.T. Tecson-Tumang Enteric eradication of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium with oral bacitracin Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 18 1994 105
68. R.J. Olsen P. Lynch M.B. Coyle Examination gloves as barriers to hand contamination in clinical practice JAMA 270 1993 350
69. A. Pettinger M.D. Nettleman Epidemiology of isolation precautions Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 12 1991 303
70. Quintiliani R. Jr P. Courvalin Characterization of Tn1547, a composite transposon flanked by the IS16 and IS256-like elements, that confers vancomycin resistance in Enterococcus faecalis BM4281 Gene 172 1996 1
71. Quintiliani R. Jr S. Evers P. Courvalin The vanB gene confers various levels of self-transferable resistance to vancomycin in enterococci J Infect Dis 167 1993 1220
72. E. Rhinehart N.E. Smith C. Wennersten Rapid dissemination of beta-lactamase–producing, aminoglycoside-resistant Enterococcus faecalis among patients and staff on an infant-toddler surgical ward N Engl J Med 323 1990 1814
73. L.G. Rubin V. Tucci E. Cercenado Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in hospitalized children Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 13 1992 700
74. Ruoff K.L. de la Maza L. M.J. Murtagh Species identities of enterococci isolated from clinical specimens J Clin Microbiol 28 1990 435
75. H.S. Sader M.A. Pfaller F.C. Tenover Evaluation and characterization of multiresistant Enterococcus faecium from 12 US medical centers J Clin Microbiol 32 1994 2840
76. D.F. Sahm L. Olsen In vitro detection of enterococcal vancomycin resistance Antimicrob Agents Chemother 34 1990 1846
77. J.E. Schulz D.F. Sahm Reliability of the E test for detection of ampicillin, vancomycin, and high-level aminoglycoside resistance in Enterococcus spp J Clin Microbiol 31 1993 3336
78. D.K. Shay S.A. Maloney M. Montecalvo Epidemiology and mortality risk of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bloodstream infections J Infect Dis 172 1995 993
79. S. Slaughter M.K. Hayden C. Nathan A comparison of the effect of universal use of gloves and gowns with that of glove use alone on acquisition of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in a medical intensive care unit Ann Intern Med 125 1996 448
80. J.M. Swenson N.C. Clark M.J. Ferraro Development of a standardized screening method for detection of vancomycin-resistant enterococci J Clin Microbiol 32 1994 1700
81. J.M. Swenson M.J. Ferraro D.F. Sahm New vancomycin disk diffusion breakpoints for enterococci J Clin Microbiol 30 1992 2525
82. F.C. Tenover J.M. Swenson C.M. O'Hara Ability of commercial and reference antimicrobiol susceptibility testing methods to detect vancomycin resistance in enterococci J Clin Microbiol 33 1995 1524
83. F.C. Tenover J. Tokars J. Swenson Ability of clinical laboratories to detect antimicrobial agent-resistant enterococci J Clin Microbiol 31 1993 1695
84. L.A. Thal J.W. Chow R. Mahayni Characterization of antimicrobial resistance in enterococci of animal origin Antimicrob Agents Chemother 39 1995 2112
85. A.S. Thorisdottir L.L. Carias S.H. Marshall IS6770, an enterococcal insertion-like sequence useful for determining the clonal relationship of clinical enterococcal isolates J Infect Dis 170 1994 1539
86. A.H.C. Uttley C.H. Collins J. Naidoo Vancomycin-resistant enterococci Lancet 1 1988 57
87. Van der Auwera P. N. Pensart V. Korten Influence of oral glycopeptides on the fecal flora of human volunteers: Selection of highly glycopeptide-resistant enterococci J Infect Dis 173 1996 1129
88. K.G. VanHorn C.A. Gedris K.M. Rodney Selective isolation of vancomycin-resistant enterococci J Clin Microbiol 34 1996 924
89. J.J. Wade N. Desai M.W. Casewell Hygienic hand disinfection for the removal of epidemic vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium and gentamicin-resistant Enterobacter cloacae. J Hosp Infect 18 1991 211
90. J.W. Weinstein S. Tallapragada P. Farrel Comparison of rectal and perirectal swabs for detection of colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococci J Clin Microbiol 34 1996 210
91. C.L. Wells B.A. Juni S.B. Cameron Stool carriage, clinical isolation, and mortality during an outbreak of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in hospitalized medical and/or surgical patients Clin Infect Dis 21 1995 45
92. B.M. Willey B.N. Kreiswirth A.E. Simor Identification and characterization of multiple species of vancomycin-resistant enterococci, including an evaluation of Vitek software version 7.1 J Clin Microbiol 31 1993 2777
93. W. Witte I. Klare Glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus faecium outside hospitals: A commentary Microb Drug Resist 1 1995 259
94. N. Woodford A.P. Johnson D. Morrison Current perspectives on glycopeptide resistance Clin Microbiol Rev 8 1995 585
95. M.J. Zervos C.A. Kauffman P.M. Therasse Nosocomial infection by gentamicin-resistant Streptococcus faecalis. An epidemiologic study Ann Intern Med 106 1987 687