Clinical outcome relative to the dose of dialysis is not what you think: The fallacy of the mean

American Journal of Kidney Diseases

Volumn 30, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 1-15

  Gotch, Frank A ^a   Levin, Nathan W ^a   Port, Friedrich K ^a   Wolfe, Robert A ^a   Uehlinger, Dominik E ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Clinical; Dialysis; Dose; Kt V; Mortality; Outcome

Indexed keywords

DIALYSIS MEMBRANE; FLUID BALANCE; HEMODIALYSIS; HUMAN; KIDNEY FAILURE; MORTALITY; REVIEW; UREMIA;

EID: 0030794297     PISSN: 02726386     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0272-6386(97)90558-8     Document Type: Review

References (32)

1. Teschan PE, Post RS, Smith LH, Abernathy RS, Davis JH, Gray DM, Howard JM, Johnson KE, Klopp E, Munday RL, O'Meara MP, Rush BF: Post traumatic renal insufficiency in military casualties. I. Clinical characteristics. Am J Med 18:172-186, 1955
2. Maher JF, Schreiner GE, Waters TJ: Successful intermittent hemodialysis - Longest reported maintenance of life in true oliguria (181) days. Trans ASAIO 6:123-126, 1961
3. Scribner BH, Bun R, Caner JEZ, Hegstrom R, Burnell JM: The treatment of chronic uremia by means of intermittent dialysis: A preliminary report. Trans ASAIO 6:114-117, 1960
4. Scribner BH: Discussion. Trans ASAIO 11:29, 1965
5. Sargent JA, Gotch FA: The analysis of concentration dependence of uremic lesions in clinical studies. Kidney Int 7:S35-S45, 1975 (suppl 2)
6. Babb AL, Strand MJ, Uvelle DA, Multinovic J, Scribner BH: Quantitative description of dialysis treatment: A dialysis index. Kidney Int 7:S23-S30 (suppl 2)
7. Vanholder R, De Smet R, Vogeleere P, Hsu C, Ringoir S: The uraemic syndrome, in Jacobs C, Kjellstrand C, Koch K, Winchester J (eds): Replacement of Renal Function by Dialysis. Dordrecht, Germany, Kluwer Academic, 1996, pp 1-34
8. Gotch F: Kinetic modeling in hemodialysis, in Nissenson AR, Fine RN, Gentile DE (eds): Clinical Dialysis (ed 3). Norwalk, CT, Appleton & Lange, 1996, pp 156-189
9. Gotch F, Sargent JA: A mechanistic analysis of the National Cooperative Dialysis Study (NCDS). Kidney Int 28:526-536, 1985
10. Parker T, Husni L, Huang W, Lew N, Lowrie E, Dallas Nephrology Associates: Survival of hemodialysis patients in the United States is improved with a greater quantity of dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 23:670-680, 1994
11. Owen W, Lew N, Liu Y, Lowrie E, Lazarus M: The urea reduction ratio and serum albumin concentration as predictors of mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 329:1001-1006, 1993
12. Hakim R, Breyer J, Ismail N, Schulman G: Effects of dose of dialysis on morbidity and mortality. Am J Kidney Dis 23:661-669, 1994
13. Collins A, Ma J, Umen A, Keshaviah P: Urea index and other predictors of hemodialysis patient survival. Am J Kidney Dis 23:272-282, 1994
14. Levin N, Stannard D, Gotch F, Port F: Comparison of mortality risk by Kt/V single pool versus double pool analysis in diabetic and non-diabetic hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 6:606, 1995 (abstr)
15. Haag-Weber M, Mai B, Cahen G, Horl WH: A new view of uraemic toxicity. Nephrol Dial Transplant 9:346-347, 1994
16. Locatelli F, Mastrangelo F, Redaelli B, Ronco C, Marcelli D, La Greca G, Orlandini G, and the Italian Cooperative Dialysis Study Group: Effects of different membranes and dialysis technologies on patient treatment tolerance and nutritional parameters. Kidney Int 50:1293-1302, 1996
17. Bloembergen WE, Stannard DC, Port FK, Wolfe RA, Pugh JA, Jones CA, Greer JW, Golper TA, Held PJ: Relationship of dose of hemodialysis and cause-specific mortality. Kidney Int 20:557-565, 1996
18. Held PH, Port FK, Wolfe RA, Stannard DC, Caitlin EC, Daugirdas JT, Bloembergen WE, Greer JW, Hakim RM: The dose of hemodialysis and patient mortality. Kidney Int 50:550-556, 1996
19. Sargent JA: Control of dialysis by a single pool urea model: The National Cooperative Dialysis Study. Kidney Int 23:S19-S25, 1983 (suppl 13)
20. Sargent JA: Shortfalls in the delivery of dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 15:500-510, 1990
21. Delmez JA, Windus DW: Hemodialysis prescription and delivery in a metropolitan community. Kidney Int 41:1023-1028, 1992
22. Depner TA, Rizwan S, Cheer AY, Wagner JM, Eder LA: High venous urea concentrations in the opposite arm: A consequence of hemodialysis-induced compartment disequilibrium. ASAIO J 37:M141-M143, 1991
23. Daugirdas J, Schneditz D: Overestimation of hemodialysis dose (dKt/V) depends on dialysis efficiency (Kt/V) by regional blood flow and by conventional two-pool urea kinetic analyses. ASAIO J 41:M719-M725, 1995
24. Tattersall JE, DeTakats D, Chamney P, Greenwood RN, Farrington K: The post-hemodialysis rebound: Predicting and quantifying its effect on Kt/V. Kidney Int 50:2094-2102, 1996
25. Daugirdas J: Second generation logarithmic estimates of single-pool variable volume Kt/V: An analysis of error. J Am Soc Nephrol 4:1205-1213, 1992
26. Charra B, Calemard E, Ruffet M, Chazot C, Terrat JC, Variel T, Laurent G: Survival as an index of adequacy of dialysis. Kidney Int 41:1286-1291, 1992
27. Shapiro FL, Umen A: Risk factors in hemodialysis patient survival. ASAIO J 6:176-185, 1983
28. Collins AJ, Kjellstrand CM: Shortening of the hemodialysis procedure and mortality in "healthy" dialysis patients. Trans ASAIO 36:M145-M148, 1990
29. Chan Y, Green GW: Dietary compliance among young hemodialysis patients. Dial Transplant 23:186-189, 1993
30. Eknoyan G, Levey A, Beck G, Agodoa L, Daugirdas J, Kusek J, Levin N, Schulman G: The hemodialysis (HEMO) study: Rationale for selection of interventions. Semin Dial 9:24-26, 1996
31. Morbidity, Mortality of Dialysis, in NIH Consensus Statement. 11:1-23, 1993
32. Parker TF, Laird NM, Lowrie EG: Comparison of the study groups in the National Cooperative Dialysis Study and a description of morbidity, mortality and patient withdrawal. Kidney Int 23:S42-S49, 1983 (suppl 13)