Mortality related to sexually transmitted diseases in US women, 1973 through 1992

American Journal of Public Health

Volumn 87, Issue 6, 1997, Pages 938-944

  Ebrahim, Shahul H ^a,b   Peterman, Thomas A ^a   Zaidi, Akbar A ^a   Kamb, Mary L ^a  

^a CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (United States)

^b CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ARTICLE; CAUSE OF DEATH; ECTOPIC PREGNANCY; FEMALE; GONORRHEA; GRANULOMA INGUINALE; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; LYMPHOGRANULOMA VENEREUM; MORTALITY; NONSPECIFIC URETHRITIS; PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE; SEXUAL TRANSMISSION; SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE; SYPHILIS; ULCUS MOLLE; UTERINE CERVIX CANCER; VIRUS HEPATITIS;

EID: 0030793375     PISSN: 00900036     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.87.6.938     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Annual Report, Division of STD/HIV Prevention. Atlanta, Ga: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 1992:29.
2. Sachs B, Layde PM, Rubin GL, Rochat RW. Reproductive mortality in the United States. JAMA. 1982;247:2789-2792.
3. Grimes DA. Deaths due to sexually transmitted diseases, the forgotten component of reproductive mortality. JAMA. 1986;255: 1727-1729.
4. McGinnes JM, Foege WH. Actual causes of death in the United States, review. JAMA. 1993;270:2207-2212.
5. Schiffman MH, Baur HM, Hoover RN, et al. Epidemiologic evidence showing that human papilloma virus infection causes most cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. JNCI. 1993;85:958-964.
6. Koutsky LA, Holmes KK, Critchlow CW, et al. A short cohort study of the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or 3 in relation to papilloma virus infection. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:1272-1278.
7. Reeves WC, Rawls WE, Brinton LA. Epidemiology of genital papilloma viruses and cervical cancer. Rev Infect Dis. 1989;2: 426-439.
8. Brinton LA, Hamman RF, Huggins GR, et al. Sexual and reproductive risk factors for invasive squamous cell cervical cancer. JNCI. 1987;79:23-30.
9. La Vecchia CL, Franceschi S, Decarli A, et al. Sexual factors, venereal diseases, and the risk of intraepithelial and invasive cervical neoplasia. Cancer. 1986;58:935-941.
10. Consensus Development Conference Statement, Cervical Cancer. Bethesda, Md: National Institutes of Health; 1996.
11. Chu SY, Buehler JW, Berkelman RL. Impact of the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic on mortality in women of reproductive age, United States. JAMA. 1990;264:225-229.
12. Alter AJ, Margolis HS. The emergence of hepatitis B as a sexually transmitted disease. Med Clin North Am. 1990;74: 1529-1540.
13. Alter MJ, Hadler SC, Margolis HS, et al. The changing epidemiology of hepatitis B in the US: need for alternative vaccination strategies. JAMA. 1990;263:1218-1222.
14. Margolis S, Alter MJ, Hadler SC. Hepatitis B: evolving epidemiology and implications for control. Semin Liver Dis. 1991;11:84-92.
15. Alter MJ, Coleman PJ, Alexander WJ, et al. Importance of heterosexual activity in the transmission of hepatitis B and non-A, non-B hepatitis. JAMA. 1989;262:1201-1205.
16. Hess G, Massing A, Rossol S, et al. Hepatitis C virus and sexual transmission. Lancet. 1989;2:987.
17. Alter MJ, Hadler SC, Judson NF, et al. Risk factors for acute non-A, non-B hepatitis in the United States and association with hepatitis C virus infection. JAMA. 1990; 264:2231-2235.
18. Alter MJ. The detection, transmission, and outcome of hepatitis C virus infection. Infect Agents Dis. 1993;2:155-166.
19. Alter AJ, Mast EE. The epidemiology of viral hepatitis in the United States. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1994;23:437-455.
20. Johnson PJ, Williams R. Hepatitis C antibodies and hepatocellular carcinoma: new clues or a false trail? JNCI. 1990;82: 986-987. Editorial.
21. Kaklamani E, Trichopoulos D, Tzonou A, et al. Hepatitis B and C viruses and their interaction in the origin of hepatocellular carcinoma. JAMA. 1991;265:1974-1976.
22. Goeser T, Muller HM, Solbach C, et al. Hepatitis C virus, alcoholic cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Can Epidemiol Biomed Prev. 1994;3:311-315.
23. Beaseley RP. Hepatitis B virus, the major etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 1988;61:1942-1956.
24. Neal JJ, Margolis SC, Hadler MJ, Alter JA. Viral hepatitis as the leading cause of chronic liver disease in the United States: a population based study. In: International Symposium on Viral Hepatitis and Liver Diseases, 8th Triennial Congress. May 1993, Tokyo, Japan. Abstract 750.
25. Yu MC, Tong MJ, Coursaget P, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis B and C viral markers in black and white patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the US. JNCI. 1990;82:1038-1041.
26. DiBisceglie AM, Order SE, Klien JL, et al. The role of chronic viral hepatitis in hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. Am J Gastroenterol. 1991;86:335-338.
27. Hepatitis Surveillance. Atlanta, Ga: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 1994;55:31.
28. Bennet W, Holmberg SD, Rogers MF, Solomon SL. Infectious and parasitic diseases. In: Amler RW, Dull HB, eds. Closing the Gap: The Burden of Unnecessary Illness. New York, NY: Oxford University Press: 1987:102-114.
29. Pinner RW, Teutsch SM, Somonsen L, et al. Trends in infectious diseases mortality in the United States. JAMA. 1996;275:189-193.
30. Vital Statistics Mortality Data, Multiple Cause Detail, 1969-1992. Hyattsville, Md: National Center for Health Statistics; 1992.
31. Eighth Revision, International Classification of Diseases. Washington, DC: US Dept of Health, Education and Welfare; 1968. Publication PHS 1693.
32. International Classification of Diseases. Ninth Revision. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1977.
33. Jossens MOR, Schachter J, Sweet RL. Risk factors associated with pelvic inflammatory disease of differing microbial etiologies. Obstet Gynecol. 1994;83:989-997.
34. Hemsell DL, Nobles BJ, Heard MC, Hemsell PG. Upper and lower reproductive tract bacteria in 126 women with acute pelvic inflammatory disease. J Reprod Med. 1988;33:799-804.
35. Eshenbach DA. Epidemiology and diagnosis of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. Obstet Gynecol. 1980;55(suppl):142-152.
36. Chow JM, Yonekura L, Richwald GA, et al. The association between Chlamydia trachomatis and ectopic pregnancy. A matched case control study. JAMA. 1990; 263:3164-3167.
37. Sherman KJ, Daling JR, Stergachis A, et al. Sexually transmitted diseases and tubal pregnancy. Sex Transm Dis. 1990;17:115-121.
38. Marchbanks PA, Annegers JF, Coulam CB, Strathy JH, Kurland LT. Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy. A population based study. JAMA. 1988;259:1823-1827.
39. Miettinen A, Heinonen PK, Teisala K, et al. Serologic evidence of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhea, and Mycoplasma hominis in the etiology of tubal factor infertility and ectopic pregnancy. Sex Transm Dis. 1990;17:10-14.
40. Buehler JW, De Cock KM, Brunet J-B. Surveillance definitions for AIDS. AIDS. 1993;7(suppl 1):S73-S81.
41. Laara E, Day NE, Hakama M. Trends in mortality from cervical cancer in the Nordic countries: association with organized screening programmes. Lancet. 1987; 1:1247-1249.
42. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Chronic disease reports: deaths from cervical cancer - United States, 1984-1986. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1989;38:650-659.
43. Kleinman JC, Kopstein A. Who is being screened for cervical cancer? Am J Public Health. 1981;71:73-76.
44. Atrash HK, Rowley D, Hogue CJR. Maternal and perinatal mortality. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 1992;4:61-71.
45. Barber JB. Improving accuracy of death certificates. J Natl Med Assoc. 1992;84: 1007-1008. Editorial.
46. Hanzlik R. Improving accuracy of death certificates. JAMA. 1993;269:2850.
47. Jacobson L, Westrom L. Objectivized diagnosis of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1969;105: 1088-1098.
48. Crews DE, Stamler J, Dyer A. Conditions other than underlying cause of death listed on death certificates provide additional useful information for epidemiologic research. Epidemiology. 1991;2:271-275.
49. Buehler JW, Berkelman RL, Stehr-Green J. The completeness of AIDS surveillance. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1992;5:257-264.
50. Selik RM, Chu SY, Buehler JW. HIV infection as leading cause of death among young adults in US cities and states. JAMA. 1993;269:2991-2994.