The pelvic floor muscles: Muscle thickness in healthy and urinary- incontinent women measured by perineal ultrasonography with reference to the effect of pelvic floor training, estrogen receptor studies

Neurourology and Urodynamics

Volumn 16, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 237-275

  Bernstein, Inge Thomsen ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

^b NONE   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Exercise; Incontinence; Levator ani muscles

Indexed keywords

ESTROGEN RECEPTOR;

ADULT; AGED; CLINICAL ARTICLE; ECHOGRAPHY; ESTROGEN THERAPY; EXERCISE; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN TISSUE; LEVATOR ANI MUSCLE; MEASUREMENT; MUSCLE CONTRACTILITY; PATIENT SATISFACTION; PELVIS; PERINEUM; POSTMENOPAUSE; REVIEW; STRESS INCONTINENCE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; URINE INCONTINENCE;

EXERCISE THERAPY; FEMALE; HUMANS; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; PELVIC FLOOR; PERINEUM; RECEPTORS, ESTROGEN; URINARY INCONTINENCE;

EID: 0030791471     PISSN: 07332467     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6777(1997)16:4<237::AID-NAU2>3.0.CO;2-F     Document Type: Review

References (145)

1. Abrams P, Blaivas JG, Stanton SL, Andersen JT (1988): The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function. Scand J Urol Nephrol [Suppl] 114:5-19.
2. Allan RE, Warrell DW (1992): The role of pregnancy and childbirth in partial denervation of the pelvic floor. Neurourol Urodyn 6:183-184.
3. Andersen J, Thorpe SM, King WJ, Rose C, Christensen I, Rasmussen B, Poulsen HS (1990): The prognostic value of immunohistochemical estrogen value in paraffin embedded and frozen sections versus that of steroid-binding assays. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 26:442-449.
4. Andersen JT, Blaivas JG, Cardozo L, Thüroff J (1992): Lower urinary tract rehabilitation techniques: Seventh report on the standardization of terminology of lower urinary tract function. Int Urogynecol J 3:75-80.
5. Anderson RS, Shepherd AM, Frenely RCL (1983): Microtransducer urethral profile methodology: Variations caused by transducer orientation. J Urol 130:727-728.
6. Ask P, Hök B (1990): Pressure measurement techniques in urodynamic investigations. Neurourol Urodyn 9:1-15.
7. Asmussen E, Hohwü-Christensen (1985): "Idrætsteori. Fysiologi, Kinesiologi. Universitetsforlaget i København." Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, pp 87-109.
8. Batra SC, Iosif CS (1983): Female urethra: A target for estrogen action. J Urol 129:418-420.
9. Beisland HO, Fossberg E, Moer A, Sander S (1984): Urethral sphincteric insufficiency in postmenopausal women: Treatment with phenylpropanolamine and estriol separately and in combination. Urol Int 39:211-216.
10. Benvenuti F, Caputo GM, Bandanelli S, Mayer F, Biagini C, Sommavilla A (1987): Re-educative treatment of female genuine stress incontinence. Am J Phys Med 66:155-168.
11. Bergman A, McCarthy TA, (1987): Role of the Q-tip test in evaluating stress urinary incontinence. J Reprod Med 32:273-275.
12. Bergman A, Koonings P, Ballard CA, Platt L (1988): Ultrasonic prediction of stress urinary incontinence development in surgery for severe pelvic relaxation. Gynecol Obstet Invest 26:66-72.
13. Bernaschek G, Spernol R, Wolf G, Kratochwil A (1981): Vergleichende Bestimmung des Urethra-Blasenwinkels bei Inkontinensfällen mittels Ultraschall und lateralem Urethrozystogramm. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 41:339-342.
14. Bhatia NN, Ostergaard DR, McQuown D (1987): Ultrasonography in urinary incontinence. Urology 29:90-94.
15. Bhatia NN, Bergman A, Karram MM (1989): Effects of estrogen on urethral function in women with urinary incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 160:176-181.
16. Bø K (1990): Pelvic floor muscle exercise for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence. Methodological studies and clinical results. Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Sport and Physical Education.
17. Bø K (1994): Techniques. In "Pelvic Floor Re-education. Principle and Practice." Springer-Verlag, 134-139.
18. Bø K, Larsen S, Oseid S, Kvarstein B, Hagen R, Jørgensen J (1988): Knowledge about and ability to correct pelvic floor muscle exercises in women with urinary stress incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn 7:261-262.
19. Bø K, Mæhlum S, Oseid S, Larsen S (1989): Prevalence of stress urinary incontinence among physically active and sedentary female students. Scand J Sports Sci 11:113-116.
20. Bø K, Kvarstein B, Hagen RR, Larsen S (1990): Pelvic floor muscle exercise for treatment of female stress urinary incontinence: II. Validity of vaginal pressure measurements of pelvic floor muscle strength and the necessity of supplementary methods for control of correct contraction. Neurourol Urodyn 9:479-487.
21. Campbell AJ, Reiken J, McCosh L (1985): Incontinence in the elderly: Prevalence and prognosis. Age Ageing 14:65-70.
22. Cardozo L (1990): Role of estrogens in the treatment of female urinary incontinence. J Am Geriatr Soc 38:326-328.
23. Christensen LL, Djurhus JC, Constantinou CE (1992): Anatomical organization of paraurethral structures and their correlation to pelvic floor contractions. Neurourol Urodyn 11:306.
24. Constantinou CE, Govan DE (1982): Spatial distribution and timing of transmitted and reflexly generated urethral pressure in healthy women. J Urol 127:964-969.
25. Critchley HOD, Dixon JS, Gosling JA (1980): Comparative study of the periurethral and peri-anal parts of the human levator ani muscles. Urol Int 35:226-232.
26. Crystle D, Charme L, Copeland W (1971): Q-tip test in stress urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 38:313-315.
27. Debus-Thiede G, Wagner U, Schuermann R, Christ F (1985): Erste Erfahrungen mit der transvaginalen Sonographie von Urethra und Blasen im Rahmen der Inkontinenz-diagnostik. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 45:891-894.
28. DeLancey JOL (1988a): Structural aspects of the extrinsic continence mechanism. Obstet Gynecol 72: 296-310.
29. DeLancey JOL (1988b): Anatomy and mechanics of structures around the vesical neck: How vesical neck position might affect its closure. Neurourol Urodyn 7:161-162.
30. DeLancey JOL (1992): Three-dimensional analysis of urethral support: "The hammock hypothesis." Neurourol Urodyn 11:306-308.
31. DeLancey JOL (1994): Functional anatomy of the pelvic floor and urinary continence mechanism. In Schüssler B, Laycock J, Norton P, Stanton S (eds): "Pelvic Floor Re-education. Principles and Practice." London: Springer-Verlag, pp 9-21.
32. DiNubile NA (1991): Strength training. Clin Sports Med 10:33-62.
33. Dixon J, Gosling J (1987): Structure and innervation in the human. In Torrens M, Morrison JFB (eds): "The Physiology of the Lower Urinary Tract." Berlin and Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, pp 3-22.
34. Dixon J, Gosling J (1994): Histomorphology of the pelvic floor muscle. In Schüssler B, Laycock J, Norton P, Stanton S (eds): "Pelvic Floor Re-education. Principles and Practice." London: Springer-Verlag, pp 28-33.
35. Donker PJ, van der Sluis C (1976): Action of beta-adrenergic blocking agents on the urethral pressure profile. Urol Int 31:6-12.
36. Elving LB, Foldsprang A, Lam GW, Mommsen S (1989): Descriptive epidemiology of urinary incontinence in 3,100 women age 30-59. Scand J Urol Nephrol [Suppl] 125:37-43.
37. Enhörning G (1961): Simultaneous recording of intravesical and intraurethral pressure. Acta Chir Scand [Suppl] 276:4-68.
38. Faber P, Heidenreich J (1971): Treatment of stress incontinence with estrogen in postmenopausal women. Urol Int 32:221-223.
39. Fall M, Frakenberg S, Frisén M, Larsson B, Petrén M (1985): 456,000 Svenskar kan ha urininkontinens, endast var färde søker hjälp för besvären. (456,000 Swedish people may have urinary incontinence, even so only one fourth seeks help.) Lakartidningen 82:2054-2056.
40. Fantl JA, Hurt G, Beackley MC, Bosch HA, Konerding KF, Smith PJ (1981): Bead-cain cystourethrography: An evaluation. Obstet Gynecol 58:237-240.
41. Fantl JA, Cardozo L, McClish D, Hormones and Urogenital Therapy Committee (1994): Estrogen therapy in the management of urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women: A meta-analysis. First report of the Hormones and Urogenital Therapy Committee. Obstet Gynecol 83:12-18.
42. Fischer-Rasmussen W (1990): Treatment of stress urinary incontinence. Ann Med 22:455-465.
43. Fischer-Rasmussen W, Hansen RI, Stage P (1986): Predictive values of diagnostic tests in the evaluation of female urinary stress incontinence. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 65:291-294.
44. Gilpin SA, Gosling JA, Smith ARB, Warrell DW (1989): The pathogenesis of genito-urinary prolapse and stress incontinence of urine. A histological and histochemical study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 96:15-23.
45. Gordon D, Pearce M, Norton P, Stanton SL (1989): Comparison of ultrasound and lateral chain urethrocystography in determination of bladder neck descent. Am J Obstet Gynecol 160:182-185.
46. Gosling JA (1985): The structure of the female lower urinary tract and pelvic floor. Urol Clin North Am 12:207-214.
47. Gosling JA, Dixon JS, Critchley HOD, Thompson SA (1981): A comparative study of the human external sphincter and periurethral levator ani muscle. Br J Urol 53:35-41.
48. Greene GL, Nolan C, Engler JP, Jensen EV (1980): Monoclonal antibodies to human estrogen receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77:5115-5119.
49. Hahn I (1993): Pelvic floor training for genuine stress urinary incontinence. Evaluation and long-term results. Doctoral thesis, University of Gothenburg.
50. Hahn J, Ohlsson B, Lindström S (1991): Pelvic elevation force: A new technique to assess pelvic floor function. Neurourol Urodyn 10:396-397.
51. Heidler H, Casper F, Thüroff JW (1987): Role of striated sphincter muscle in urethral closure under stress conditions: An experimental study. Urol Int 42:195-200.
52. Hesse U, Schüssler B, Frimberger J, Obernitz N, Senn E (1990): Effectiveness of a three-step pelvic floor re-education in the treatment of urinary stress incontinence: A clinical assessment. Neurourol Urodyn 9:397-398.
53. Hickey DS, Phillips JI, Hukins DWL (1982): Arrangements of collagen fibrils and muscle fibers in the female urethra and their implications for the control of micturition. Br J Urol 54:556-561.
54. Hilton P, Stanton SL (1983): The use of intra-vaginal oestrogen cream in genuine stress incontinence. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 90:940-944.
55. Hodgkinson PC (1953): Relationships of the female urethra and bladder in urinary incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 65:560-573.
56. Hørding U, Pedersen KH, Sidenius K, Hedegaard L (1986): Urinary incontinence in 45-year-old women. Scand J Urol Nephrol 20:183-186.
57. Huisman AB (1983): Aspects on the anatomy of the female urethra with special relation to urinary continence. Contrib Gynecol Obstet 10:1-31.
58. Ingelman-Sundberg A, Rosén J, Gustafsson SA, Carlström K (1981): Cytosol estrogen receptors in the urogenital tissue in stress incontinent women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 60:585-586.
59. Iosif CS, Becassy Z (1984): Prevalence of genito-urinary symptoms in late menopause. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 63:257-260.
60. Iosif CS, Batra S, Ek A, Åstedt B (1981): Estrogen receptors in the human lower urinary tract. Am J Obstet Gynecol 141:817-820.
61. Iosif S (1981): Stress incontinence during pregnancy and in puerperium. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 19:13-20.
62. Iosif S, Ingemarsson I (1982): Prevalence of stress incontinence among women delivered by elective cesarian section. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 20:87-89.
63. Jacobsen H, Kromann-Andersen B, Nielsen KK, Maegaard E (1993): Pad weighing tests with 50% or 75% bladder filling. Does it matter? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 72:377-381.
64. James ED, Niblett PG, MacNaughton JA, Shaldon C (1987): The vagina as an alternative to rectum in measuring the abdominal pressure during urodynamic investigations. Br J Urol 60:212-216.
65. Jeffcoate TNA, Roberts H (1952): Observations on stress incontinence of urine. Am J Obstet Gynecol 64:721-738.
66. Jolleys JV (1988): Reported prevalence of urinary incontinence in women in general practice. Br Med J [Clin Res] 296:1300-1302.
67. Jordan VC, Jacobson HI, Keenan EJ (1986): Determination of estrogen receptor in breast cancer using monoclonal antibody technology: Results of a multicenter study in the United States. Cancer Res [Suppl] 46:4233.
68. Karram MM, Bhatia NN (1988): The Q-tip test: Standardization of the technique and its interpretation in women with urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 71:807-811.
69. Kegel AH (1948): Progressive resistance exercise in the functional restoration of the pelvic muscles. Am J Obstet Gynecol 56:238-248.
70. Kegel AH (1951): Physiologic therapy for urinary stress incontinence. JAMA 146:915-917.
71. King WJ, Greene GL (1984): Monoclonal antibodies localize oestrogen receptor in the nuclei of target cells. Nature 307:745-747.
72. Kirschner-Hermanns R, Wein B, Niehaus, S, Schäefer W, Jakse G (1993): The contribution of magnetic resonance imaging of the pelvic floor to understanding of urinary incontinence. Br J Urol 72:715-718.
73. Klarskov P, Belving D, Bischoff N, Dorph S, Gerstenberg T, Okholm B, Pedersen PH, Tikjøb G (1986): Pelvic floor exercise versus surgery for female urinary stress incontinence. Urol Int 41:129-132.
74. Klarskov P, Jensen PV, Dorph S (1988): Reliability of voiding colpocysto-urethrography in female urinary stress incontinence before and after treatment. Acta Radiol 29:685-688.
75. Klarskov P, Nielsen KK, Kromann-Andersen B, Maegaard EM (1991): Long-term results of pelvic floor training and surgery for female genuine stress incontinence. Int Urogynecol J 2:132-135.
76. Klutke K, Golomb J, Barbaric Z, Raz S (1990): The anatomy of stress incontinence magnetic resonance imaging of the female bladder neck and urethra. J Urol 143:563-566.
77. Kohorn EI, Scioscia AL, Jeanty P, Hobbins JC (1986): Ultrasound cystourethrography by perineal scanning for the assessment of female stress urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 68:269-272.
78. Kölbl H, Bernaschek G, Wolf G (1988): A comparative study of perineal ultrasound scanning and urethrocystography in patients with genuine stress incontinence. Arch Gynecol Obstet 244:39-45.
79. Kölbl H, Hanzal E, Bernaschek G (1991): Sonographic urethrocystography-methods and application in patients with genuine stress incontinence. Int Urogynecol J 2:25-31.
80. Kölbl H, Strassegger H, Riis PA, Gruber H (1989): Morphologic and functional aspects of pelvic floor muscles in patients with pelvic relaxation and genuine stress incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 74:789-795.
81. Komi PV (1992): "Strength and Power in Sport." Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
82. Kujansuu E (1983): The effect of pelvic floor exercises on urethral function in female stress urinary incontinence: An urodynamic study. Ann Chir Gynaecol 72:28-32.
83. Kulseng-Hansen S (1988): Urethral pressure variations in women with and without neurological symptoms. Doctoral thesis, University of Oslo.
84. Landon CR, Crofts CE, Smith ARB, Towbridge EA (1990): Mechanical properties of fascia during pregnancy: A possible factor in the development of stress incontinence of urine. Contemp Rev Obstet Gynecol 2:40-46.
85. Lose G, Colstrup H (1991): Pathophysiological subdivision of genuine stress incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn 10:247-256.
86. Lose G, Rosenkilde P, Gammelgaard J, Scrøder T (1988): Pad weighing test performed with standardized bladder volume. Urology 32:78-80.
87. Malcow-Møller A, Rasmussen SN, Jensen AM, Keiding N, Skovgaard LT, Juhl E (1981): Clinical estimation of liver size. Dan Med Bull 31:63-67.
88. Massey JA, Anderson RS, Abrams P (1987): Mechanisms of continence during raised intra-abdominal pressure. Br J Urol 60:529-531.
89. McCarthy KS Jr, Miller LS, Cox EB, Konrater MA (1985): Estrogen receptor analysis. Correlation of biochemical and immunohistochemical methods using monoclonal antireceptor antibodies. Arch Pathol Lab Med 109:716-721.
90. Molander U, Milsom I, Ekelund P, Mellström D (1990): An epidemiological study of urinary incontinence and related urogenital symptoms in elderly women. Maturitas 12:51-60.
91. Montz FJ, Stanton SL (1986): Q-tip-test in female urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 67:258-260.
92. Mouritsen L (1995): Vaginal ultralydundersøgelse af blærehalsen. Metodologiske aspekter. Ph.D.-afhandling, Københavns Universitet.
93. Mouritsen L, Frimodt-Møller, Møller M (1991): Long-term effect of pelvic floor exercises on female urinary incontinence. Br J Urol 68:32-37.
94. Mouritsen L, Strandberg C, Jensen AR, Berget A, Frimodt-Møller C, Folke K (1993): Inter- and intraobserver variability of colpo-cysto-urethrography diagnosis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 69:55-59.
95. Nelder JA (1977): A reformulation of linear models (with discussion). J R Statist Soc [A] 140:48-77.
96. Nygaard IE, Thompson FL, Svengalis AL, Albright JP (1994): Urinary incontinence in elite nulliparous athletes. Obstet Gynecol 84:183-187.
97. Oelrich TM (1983): The striated urogenital sphincter muscle in the female. Anat Rec 205:223-232.
98. Olesen KP (1982): Descent of the female urinary bladder. Disputats, Københavns Universitet.
99. Petros PEP, Ulmsten U (1993): An integral theory and its method for the diagnosis and management of female urinary incontinence. Scand J Urol Nephrol [Suppl] 153:1-93.
100. Plevnik S, Janez J, Vrtacnik P, Brown M (1985): Directional differences in urethral pressure recordings: Contribution from the stiffness and weight of recording catheter. Neurourol Urodyn 4:117-128.
101. Press MF, Greene GL (1984): Methods in laboratory investigation. An immunocytochemical method for demonstrating estrogen receptor in human monoclonal antibodies to human estrophilin. Lab Invest 408:480-488.
102. Press MF, Nousek-Gobi NA, Bur M, Greene GL (1986): Estrogen receptor localization in the female genital tract. Am J Pathol 123:280-292.
103. Quinn MJ, Beynon J, Mortensen NM, Smith PJB (1987): Transvaginal endosonography in the assessment of urinary stress incontinence Neurourol Urodyn 6:180-181.
104. Raz S, Caine M, Zeigler M (1972): The vascular component in the production of intraurethral pressure. J Urol 108:93-96.
105. Richardson AC, Edmonds PB, Williams BS (1981): Treatment of stress urinary incontinence due to paravaginal fascial defect. Obstet Gynecol 57:357-362.
106. Richmond DH, Sutherst JR, Brown MC (1986): Screening the bladder base and the urethra using linear array transrectal ultrasound scanning. JCU 14:647-651.
107. Röckner G, Jonasson A, Olund A (1991): The effect of mediolateral episiotomy at delivery on pelvic floor muscle strength evaluated with vaginal cones. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 70:51-54.
108. Rud T (1980): The effects of estrogens and gestagens on the urethral pressure profile in urinary continent and stress incontinent women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 59:265-270.
109. Rud T, Andersson KE, Asmussen M, Hunting A, Ulmsten U (1980): Factors maintaining the intraurethral pressure in women. Invest Urol 17:343-347.
110. Saez S, Martin PM (1981): Evidence of estrogen receptors in the trigone area of human urinary bladder. J Steroid Biochem 15:317-320.
111. Samsioe G, Jansson I, Mellstrom D, Svanborg A (1985): Occurrence, nature and treatment of urinary incontinence in a 70-year-old female population. Maturitas 7:335-342.
112. Schäfer W (1989): Biomechanical critique of current anatomical and functional concepts of urethral sphincter function. Neurourol Urodyn 8:368-369.
113. Schrøder HD, Reske-Nielsen E (1983): Fiber types in the striated urethral and anal sphincters. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 60:278-282.
114. Schüssler B, Anthuber, Warrell D (1994): The pelvic floor before and after delivery. In Schüssler B, Laycock J, Norton P, Stanton S (eds): "Pelvic Floor Re-education: Principles and Practice." London: Springer-Verlag, pp 105-110.
115. Simeonova Z, Bengtsson C (1990): Prevalence of urinary incontinence among women at a Swedish primary health care centre. Scand J Prim Health Care 8:203-206.
116. Smith ARB, Hosker GL, Warrell DW (1989): The role of partial denervation of the pelvic floor in the aetiology of genito-urinary prolapse and stress incontinence of urine. A neurophysiological study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 96:24-28.
117. Smith P (1972): Age changes in the female urethra. Br J Urol 42:667-676.
118. Smith P (1993): Estrogens and the urogenital tract. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand [Suppl] 72:1-26.
119. Smith P, Heimer G, Norgren A, Ulmsten U (1990): Steroid hormone receptors in pelvic muscles and ligaments in women. Gynecol Obstet Invest 30:27-30.
120. Snooks SJ, Setchell M, Swash M, Henry MM (1984): Injury to innervation of the pelvic floor sphincter musculature in incontinence. Lancet 8:546-550.
121. Sommer P, Bauer T, Nielsen KK, Kristensen ES, Herman GG, Steven K, Nordling J (1990): Voiding patterns and prevalence of incontinence in women. A questionnaire survey. Br J Urol 66:12-15.
122. Sørensen S (1992): Urethral pressure variations in healthy and incontinent women. Neurourol Urodyn 11:549-591.
123. Tanagho EA, Meyers FH, Smith DR (1969a): Urethral resistance: Its components and implications. II. Striated muscle component. Invest Urol 7:195-205.
124. Tanagho EA, Meyers FH, Smith DR (1969b): Urethral resistance: Its components and implications. I. Smooth muscle component. Invest Urol 7:136-149.
125. Thind P (1995): The significance of smooth and striated muscles in sphincter function of the urethra in healthy women. Neurourol Urodyn 6:585-618.
126. Thind P, Lose G (1992): The effect of bilateral pudendal blockade on the static urethral closure function in healthy females. Obstet Gynecol 80:906-911.
127. Thind P, Lose G, Falkenløve P, Egeblad M (1991): Vurdering af miktionscystourethrografi. Ugeskr Laeger 153:338-340.
128. Thomas TM, Plymat KT, Blannin J, Meade TW (1980): Prevalence of urinary incontinence. Br Med J [Clin Res] 281:1243-1245.
129. Thüroff JW, Bazeed MA, Schmidt RA, Tanagho EA (1982): Mechanisms of urinary continence: An animal model to study urethral responses to stress conditions. J Urol 127:1202-1206.
130. Thüroff JW, Casper E, Heidler H (1987): Pelvic floor stress response: Reflex contraction with pressure transmission to the urethra. Urol Int 42:185-189.
131. Ulmsten U, Stormby N (1987): Evaluation of the urethral mucosa before and after oestrogen treatment in postmenopausal women with a new sampling technique. Gynecol Obstet 24:208-211.
132. Urinary Incontinence Consensus Conference (1989): JAMA 261:2685-2690.
133. Viktrup L, Lose G, Rolf M, Barfoed K (1993): The frequency of unirary symptoms during pregnancy and puerperium in the primipara. Int Urogynecol J 4:27-30.
134. Versi E, Cardozo L, Studd J, Cooper D (1986): Evaluation of urethral pressure profilometry for the diagnosis of genuine stress incontinence. World J Urol 4:6-9.
135. Vodüsek D (1994): Electrophysiology. In Schüssler B, Laycock J, Norton P, Stanton S (eds): "Pelvic Floor Re-education. Principles and Practice." London: Springer-Verlag, pp 83-97.
136. Walter S, Wolf H, Barlebo H, Jensen HK (1978): Urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women treated with estrogens. Urol Int 33:135-143.
137. Walter S, Kjaergaard B, Lose G, Andersen JT, Heisterberg L, Jakobsen H (1990): Stress urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women treated with oral estrogen (estriol) and a β-adrenoceptorstimulating agent (phenylpropanolamine): A randomized double blind placebo-controlled study. Int Urogynecol J 1:74-79.
138. Welshon WV, Lieberman ME, Gorski J (1984): Nuclear localization of unoccupied oestrogen receptor. Nature 307:747-749.
139. Wiegerink MA, Poortman J, Agema AR, Tijssen JHH (1980): Estrogen receptors in human vaginal tissue. Maturitas 2:59-67.
140. Wilson PD, Barker G, Barnard RJ, Siddle NC (1984): Steroid hormone receptors in female lower urinary tract. Urol Int 39:5-8.
141. Wilson PD, Faragher B, Butler B, Bu'lock D (1987): Treatment with oral piperazine oestrone sulphate for genuine stress incontinence in postmenopausal women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 94:568-574.
142. Wolin LH (1969): Stress incontinence in young, healthy nulliparous female subjects. J Urol 101:545-549.
143. Yarnell JWG, Voyle GJ, Richards CJ, Stephenson TP (1981): The prevalence and severity of urinary incontinence in women. J Epidemiol Community Health 35:71-75.
144. Zinner NR, Sterling AM, Ritter RC (1980): Role of inner softness in urinary continence. Urology 16:115-117.
145. Zinner NR, Sterling Am, Ritter RC (1983): Evaluation of inner urethral softness. Part II. Clinical study using new grooved probe device. Urology 22:446-448.