The nature and extent of body-image disturbances in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: A meta-analysis

International Journal of Eating Disorders

Volumn 22, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 107-126

  Cash, Thomas F ^a   Deagle III, Edwin A ^b  

^a OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON   (United States)

Author keywords

Body image disturbance; Meta analysis; Size distortion

Indexed keywords

ANOREXIA NERVOSA; ARTICLE; ATTITUDE; BODY IMAGE; BULIMIA; HUMAN; META ANALYSIS; PERCEPTION DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SATISFACTION; SELF CONCEPT;

EID: 0030791324     PISSN: 02763478     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199709)22:2<107::AID-EAT1>3.0.CO;2-J     Document Type: Article

References (181)

1. Allebeck, P., Hallberg, D., & Espmark, S. (1976). Body image: An apparatus for measuring disturbances in estimation of size and shape. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 20, 583-589.
2. Altabe, M., & Thompson, J. K. (1996). Cognitive aspects of body image: Is there evidence of a body-image schema? Cognitive Therapy and Research, 20, 173-195.
3. American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
4. American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd Rev. ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
5. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
6. Andersen, A. E., & DiDomenico, L. (1992). Diet vs. shape content of popular male and female magazines: A dose-response relationship to the incidence of eating disorders? International Journal of Eating Disorders, 22, 283-287.
7. Askevold, F. (1975). Measuring body image: Preliminary report on a new method. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 26, 71-77.
8. Attie, I., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (1989). Development of eating problems in adolescent girls. Developmental Psychology, 25, 70-79.
9. Ben-Tovim, D. I., & Walker, M. K. (1991a). Further evidence for the Stroop Test as a quantitative measure of psychopathology in eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 10, 609-613.
10. Ben-Tovim, D. I., & Walker, M. K. (1991b). Women's body attitudes: A review of measurement techniques. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 10, 155-167.
11. Ben-Tovim, D. I., Walker, M. K., Fok, D., & Yap, E. (1989). An adaptation of the Stroop Test for measuring shape and food concerns in eating disorders: A quantitative measure of psychopathology? International Journal of Eating Disorders, 8, 681-687.
12. Ben-Tovim, D. I., Walker, M. K., Murray, H., & Chin, G. (1990). Body size estimates: Body image or body attitude measures? International Journal of Eating Disorders, 9, 57-67.
13. Ben-Tovim, D. I., Whitehead, J., & Crisp, A. H. (1979). A controlled study of the perception of body width in anorexia nervosa. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 23, 267-272.
14. Birtchnell, S. A., Lacey, J. H., & Harte, A. (1985). Body image distortion in bulimia nervosa. British Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 408-412.
15. Bowden, P. K., Touyz, S. W., Rodriguez, P. J., Hensley, R., & Beaumont, P. J. V. (1989). Distorting patient or distorting instrument? British Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 196-201.
16. Brinded, P. M. J., Bushnell, J. A., McKenzie, J. M., & Wells, J. E. (1990). Body-image distortion revisited: Temporal instability of body image distortion in anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 9, 695-701.
17. Brown, T. A., Cash, T. F., & Lewis, R. J. (1989). Body-image disturbances in adolescent female binge-purgers: A brief report of the results of a national survey in the U.S.A. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, 605-613.
18. Brown, T. A., Cash, T. F., & Mikulka, P. J. (1990). Attitudinal body-image assessment: Factor analysis of the Body-Self Relations Questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55, 135-144.
19. Brown, T. A., Johnson, W. G., Cranston, K. A., Cash, T. F., & Keeton, W. P. (1988, April). Body image in bulimic, overweight, and normal females: A controlled, multimethod comparison. Paper presented at the Society of Behavioral Medicine, Boston, MA.
20. Bruch, H. (1962). Perceptual and conceptual disturbances in anorexia nervosa. Psychosomatic Medicine, 24, 187-194.
21. Bunnell, D. W., Cooper, P. J., Hertz, S., & Shenker, I. R. (1992). Body shape concerns among adolescents. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 22, 79-83.
22. Buss, A. H. (1980). Self-consciousness and social anxiety. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
23. Butters, J. W., & Cash, T. F. (1987). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of women's body-image dissatisfaction. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 889-897.
24. Button, E. J., Fransella, F., & Slade, P. D. (1977). A reappraisal of body perception disturbance in anorexia nervosa. Psychological Medicine, 7, 235-243.
25. Cash, T. F. (1989). Body-image affect: Gestalt versus summing the parts. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 69, 17-18.
26. Cash, T. F. (1991). Binge-eating and body images among the obese: A further evaluation. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 6, 367-376.
27. Cash, T. F. (1992). Body-image therapy and the treatment of eating disorders. Eating Disorders Review, 3(1), 1-3.
28. Cash, T. F. (1994a). Body-image attitudes: Evaluation, investment, and affect. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 78, 1168-1170.
29. Cash, T. F. (1994b). The Situational Inventory of Body-Image Dysphoria: Contextual assessment of a negative body image. The Behavior Therapist, 17, 133-134.
30. Cash, T. F. (1994c). Users' manual for the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire. Available from the author, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA.
31. Cash, T. F. (1995). What do you see when you look in the mirror? New York: Bantam Books.
32. Cash, T. F. (1996). The treatment of body-image disturbances. In J. K. Thompson (Ed.), Body image, eating disorders, and obesity: An integrative guide for assessment and treatment (pp. 83-107). Washington, DC: APA Books.
33. Cash, T. F. (1997). The body image workbook, Oakland, CA: New Harbinger.
34. Cash, T. F., & Brown, T. A. (1987). Body image in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: A review of the literature. Behavior Modification, 11, 487-521.
35. Cash, T. F., & Grant, J. R. (1996). The cognitive-behavioral treatment of body-image disturbances. In V. Van Hasselt & M. Hersen (Eds.), Sourcebook of psychological treatment manuals for adult disorders (pp. 567-614). New York: Plenum.
36. Cash, T. F., & Green, G. K. (1986). Body weight and body image among college women: Perception, cognition, and affect. Journal of Personality Assessment, 50, 290-301.
37. Cash, T. F., & Henry, P. E. (1995). Women's body images: The results of a national survey in the U.S.A. Sex Roles, 33, 19-28.
38. Cash, T. F., & Labarge, A. S. (1996). Development of the Appearance Schemas Inventory: A new cognitive body-image assessment. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 20, 37-50.
39. Cash, T. F., & Lavallee, D. M. (1996). Cognitive-behavioral body-image therapy: Extended evidence of the efficacy of a self-directed program. Manuscript submitted for publication.
40. Cash, T. F., Lewis, R. J., & Keeton, P. (1987, March). Development and validation of the Body-Image Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire: A measure of body-related cognitions. Paper presented at the Southeastern Psychological Association, Atlanta.
41. Cash, T. F., & Pruzinsky, T. (1990). Body images: Development, deviation, and change. New York: Guilford.
42. Cash, T. F., & Szymanski, M. L. (1995). The development and validation of the Body-Image Ideals Questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment, 64, 466-477.
43. Casper, R. C., Halmi, K. A., Goldberg, S. C., Eckert, E. D., & Davis, J. M. (1979). Disturbances in body image estimation as related to other characteristics and outcome in anorexia nervosa. British Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 60-66.
44. Cohen, J. (1977). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (rev. ed.). New York: Academic Press.
45. Collins, J. K. (1987). Methodology for the objective measurement of body image. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 6, 393-399.
46. Collins, J. K., Beumont, P. J., Touyz, S. W., Krass, J. L., Thompson, P., & Philips, T. (1987a). Accuracy of body image with varying degrees of information about the face and body contours. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 6, 67-73.
47. Collins, J. K., Beumont, P. J. V., Touyz, S. W., Krass, J., Thompson, P., & Philips, T. (1987b). Variability in body shape perception in anorexic, bulimic, obese, and control subjects. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 6, 633-638.
48. Cooper, H., & Hedges, L. V. (1994). Handbook for research synthesis. New York: Russell-Sage.
49. Cooper, P. J., & Taylor, M. J. (1988). Body image disturbance in bulimia nervosa. British Journal of Psychiatry, 153 (Suppl. 2), 32-36.
50. Cooper, P. J., Taylor, M. J., Cooper, Z., & Fairburn, C. G. (1987). The development and validation of the Body Shape Questionnaire. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 6, 485-494.
51. Cooper, Z., Cooper, P. J., & Fairburn, C. G. (1989). The validity of the Eating Disorder Examination and its subscales. British Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 807-812.
52. Coovert, D. L., Thompson, J. K., & Kinder, B. N. (1988). Interrelationships among multiple aspects of body image and eating disturbance. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 7, 495-502.
53. Dacey, C. M., Nelson, W. M., Clark, V. F., & Aikman, K. G. (1991). Bulimia and body image dissatisfaction. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 21, 179-184.
54. Denniston, C., Roth, D., & Gilroy, F. (1992). Dysphoria and body image among college women. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 12, 449-452.
55. Dolan, B. M., Birtchnell, S. A., & Lacey, J. H. (1987). Body image distortion in non-eating disordered women and men. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 31, 513-520.
56. Fabian, L. J., & Thompson, J. K. (1989). Body image and eating disorders in young females. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 8, 63-74.
57. Fairburn, C. G. (1987). The definition of bulimia nervosa: Guidelines for clinicians and research workers. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 9, 3-7.
58. Fairburn, C. G., Peveler, R. C., Jones, R., Hope, R. A., & Doll, H. A. (1993). Predictors of 12-month outcome in bulimia nervosa and the influence of attitudes to shape and weight. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 696-698.
59. Fallen, A. E. (1990). Culture in the mirror: Sociocultural determinants of body image. In T. F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky (Eds.), Body images: Development, deviance, and change (pp. 80-109). New York: Guilford.
60. Fallen, P., Katzman, M. A., & Wooley, S. C. (Eds.). (1994). Feminist perspectives on eating disorders, New York: Guilford.
61. Fichter, M. M., Meister, I., & Koch, H. J. (1986). The measurement of body image disturbances in anorexia nervosa: Experimental comparison of different methods. British Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 453-461.
62. Forston, M. T., & Stanton, A. L. (1992). Self-discrepancy theory as a framework for understanding bulimic symptomatology and associated distress. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 11, 103-118.
63. Franzen, U., Florin, I., Schneider, S., & Meier, M. (1988). Distorted body image in bulimic women. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 32, 445-450.
64. Franzoi, S. L., & Shields, S. A. (1984). The Body Esteem Scale: Multidimensional structure and sex differences in a college population. Journal of Personality Assessment, 48, 173-178.
65. Freedman, R. (1990). Cognitive-behavioral perspectives on body-image change. In T. F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky (Eds.), Body images: Development, deviance, and change (pp. 272-295). New York: Guilford.
66. Freeman, R. J., Beach, B., Davis, R., & Solyom, L. (1985). The prediction of relapse in bulimia nervosa. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 19, 349-353.
67. Freeman, R. J., Thomas, C. D., Solyom, L., & Hunter, M. A. (1984). A modified video camera for measuring body image distortion: Technical description and reliability. Psychological Medicine, 14, 411-416.
68. Freeman, R. J., Thomas, C. D., Solyom, L., & Koopman, R. F. (1985). Clinical and personality correlates of body size overestimation in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 4, 439-456.
69. Freeman, R. J., Thomas, C. D., Solyom, L., & Miles, J. E. (1983). Body image disturbances in anorexia nervosa: A reexamination and a new technique. In P. L. Darby, P. E. Garfinkel, D. M. Garner, & D. V. Coscina (Eds.), Anorexia nervosa: Recent developments in research (pp. 117-127). New York: Alan R. Liss.
70. Friess, H. (1977). Studies on secondary amenorrhea, anorectic behavior, and body image perception. In R. A. Vigersky (Ed.), Anorexia nervosa (pp. 163-176). New York: Raven Press.
71. Gardner, R. M., & Moncrieff, C. (1988). Body image distortion in anorexies as a non-sensory phenomenon: A signal detection approach. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44, 101-107.
72. Garfinkel, P. E. (1992). Evidence in support of attitudes to shape and weight as a diagnostic criterion of bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 11, 321-325.
73. Garfinkel, P. E., Garner, D. M., Rose, J., Darby, P. L., Brandes, J. S., O'Hanlon, J., & Walsh, N. (1983). A comparison of characteristics in the families of patients with anorexia nervosa and controls. Psychological Medicine, 13, 821-828.
74. Garfinkel, P. E., Moldofsky, H., Garner, D. M., Stancer, H. C., & Coscina, D. V. (1978). Body awareness in anorexia nervosa: Disturbances in "body image" and "satiety." Psychosomatic Medicine, 40, 487-498.
75. Garner, D. M., & Garfinkel, P. E. (1981). Body image in anorexia nervosa: Measurement, theory, and clinical applications. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 11, 263-284.
76. Garner, D. M., Garfinkel, P. E., Stancer, H. C., & Moldofsky, H. (1976). Body image disturbances in anorexia nervosa and obesity. Psychosomatic Medicine, 38, 327-336.
77. Garner, D. M., Garner, M. V., & Van Egeren, L. F. (1992). Body dissatisfaction adjusted for weight: The body illusion index. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 11, 263-271.
78. Garner, D. M., Olmsted, M. P., & Polivy, J. (1983a). Comparison between weight-preoccupied women and anorexia nervosa. Psychosomatic Medicine, 46, 255-266.
79. Garner, D. M., Olmsted, M. P., & Polivy, J. (1983b). Development and validation of a multidimensional eating disorder inventory for anorexia nervosa and bulimia. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 2, 15-34.
80. Glass, G. V., McGaw, B., & Smith, M. L. (1981). Meta-analysis in social research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
81. Gleghorn, A. A., Penner, L. A., Powers, P. S., & Schulman, R. (1987). The psychometric properties of several measures of body image. Journal of Psychopathology & Behavioral Assessment, 9, 203-218.
82. Gluckman, M. L., & Hirsch, J. (1969). The response of obese patients to weight reduction: III. The perception of body size. Psychosomatic Medicine, 31, 1-7.
83. Grant, J. R., & Cash, T. F. (1995). Cognitive-behavioral body-image therapy: Comparative efficacy of group and modest-contact treatments. Behavior Therapy, 26, 69-84.
84. Gross, J., Rosen, J. C., Leitenberg, H., & Willmuth, M. E. (1986). Validity of the Eating Attitudes Test and the Eating Disorders Inventory for bulimia nervosa. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 875-876.
85. Gustavson, C. R., Gustavson, J. C., Pumariega, A. J. Reinarz, D. E., Dameron, R., Gustavson, A. R., Pappas, T., & McCaul, K. (1990). Body-image distortion among male and female college and high school students, and eating-disordered patients. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 71, 1003-1010.
86. Hadigan, C. M., & Walsh, B. T. (1991). Body shape concerns in bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 10, 323-331.
87. Haimovitz, D., Lansky, L. M., & O'Reilly, P. (1993). Fluctuations in body satisfaction across situations. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 13, 77-84.
88. Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1985). Statistical methods for meta-analysis. San Diego: Academic Press.
89. Heinberg, L. J., & Thompson, J. K. (1995). Body image and televised images of thinness and attractiveness: A controlled laboratory investigation. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 14, 325-338.
90. Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94, 319-340.
91. Home, R. L., Van Vactor, J. C., & Emerson, S. (1991). Disturbed body image in patients with eating disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 211-215.
92. Hsu, L. K. (1982). Is there a disturbance in body image in anorexia nervosa? Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 170, 305-307.
93. Hsu, L. K., & Sobkiewicz, T. A. (1991). Body image disturbance: Time to abandon the concept for eating disorders? International Journal of Eating Disorders, 10, 15-30.
94. Humphrey, L. L. (1986). Structural analysis of parent-child relationship in eating disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 395-402.
95. Hundleby, J. D., & Bourgouin, N. C. (1993). Generality in the errors of estimation of body image. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 13, 85-92.
96. Huon, G. F., & Brown, L. B. (1986). Body images in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 5, 421-439.
97. Huon, G. F., & Brown, L. B. (1989). Assessing bulimics' dissatisfaction with their body. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 28, 283-284.
98. Jacobi, L., & Cash, T. F. (1994). In pursuit of the perfect appearance: Discrepancies among self- and ideal-percepts of multiple physical attributes. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 4, 379-396.
99. Johnson, B. T. (1989), DSTAT: Software for the meta-analytic review of research literatures. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
100. Keeton, W. P., Cash, T. F., & Brown, T. A. (1990). Body image or body images?: Comparative, multidimensional assessment among college students. Journal of Personality Assessment, 54, 213-230.
101. Labarge, A. S., Cash, T. F., & Brown, T. A. (in press). Use of a modified Stroop task to examine appearance-schematic information processing in college women. Cognitive Therapy and Research.
102. Laessle, R. G., Tuschl, R. J., Waadt, S., & Pirke, K. M. (1989). The specific psychopathology of bulimia nervosa: A comparison with restrained and unrestrained (normal) eaters. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 772-775.
103. Lautenbacher, S., Roscher, S., Strain, F., Pirke, K. M., & Krieg, J. C. (1993). Theoretical and empirical considerations on the relation between body image, body scheme and somatosensation. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 37, 447-454.
104. Leon, G. R., Fulkerson, J. A., Perry, C. L., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Personality and behavioral vulnerabilities associated with risk status for eating disorders in adolescent girls. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 438-444.
105. Leon, G. R., Lucas, A. R., Colligan, R. C., Ferdinande, R. J., & Kamp, J. (1985). Body image, sexual attitudes, and family interaction patterns in anorexia nervosa. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 13, 245-258.
106. Lindholm, L., & Wilson, G. T. (1988). Body image assessment in patients with bulimia nervosa and normal controls. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 1, 527-639.
107. McCrea, C. W., Summerfield, A. B., & Rosen, B. (1982). Body image: A selective review of existing measurement techniques. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 55, 225-233.
108. McKenzie, S. J., Williamson, D. A., & Cubic, B. A. (1993). Stable and reactive body image disturbances in bulimia nervosa. Behavior Therapy, 24, 195-207.
109. Meerman, R. (1983). Experimental investigation of disturbances in body image estimation in anorexia nervosa patients, and ballet and gymnastics pupils. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 2, 91-100.
110. Mizes, J. S. (1988). Personality characteristics of bulimic and non-eating disordered female controls: A cognitive behavioral perspective. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 7, 541-550.
111. Mizes, J. S. (1991). Validity of the Body Image Detection Device. Addictive Behaviors, 16, 411-417.
112. Mizes, J. S. (1992). The Body Image Detection Device versus subjective measures of weight dissatisfaction: A validity comparison. Addictive Behaviors, 17, 125-136.
113. Mizes, J. S., Christiano, B. A., Madison, J., Post, G., Seime, R., & Varnado, P. (1993, November). Validity of subjective measures of body-image disturbance. Paper presented at the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Atlanta, GA.
114. Muth, J. L., & Cash, T. F. (in press). Body-image attitudes: What differences does gender make? Journal of Applied Social Psychology.
115. Nelson, C. L., & Gidycz, C. A. (1993). A comparison of body image perception in bulimics, restrainers, and normal women: An extension of previous findings. Addictive Behaviors, 18, 503-509.
116. Norris, D. L. (1984). The effects of mirror confrontation on self-estimation of body dimensions in anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and two control groups. Psychological Medicine, 14, 835-842.
117. Nudelman, S., Rosen, J. C., & Leitenberg, H. (1988). Dissimilarities in eating attitudes, body image distortion, depression, and self-esteem between high-intensity male runners and women with bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 7, 625-634.
118. Pasman, L., & Thompson, J. K. (1988). Body image and eating disturbance in obligatory runners, obligatory weight lifters, and sedentary individuals. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 7, 759-769.
119. Penner, L. A., Thompson, J. K., & Coovert, D. L. (1991). Size overestimation among anorexies: Much ado about very little? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 90-93.
120. Pierloot, R. A., & Houben, M. F. (1978). Estimation of body dimensions in anorexia nervosa. Psychological Medicine, 8, 317-324.
121. Polivy, J., Herman, C. P., & Pliner, P. (1990). Perception and evaluation of body image: The meaning of body shape and size. In J. M. Olson & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), Self-inference processes: The Ontario symposium, Vol. 6 (pp. 87-114). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
122. Powers, P. S., Schulman, R. G., Gleghorn, A. A., & Prange, M. E. (1987). Perceptual and cognitive abnormalities in bulimia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 1456-1460.
123. Proctor, L., & Morley, S. (1986). ''Demand characteristics" in body-size estimation in anorexia nervosa. British Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 113-118.
124. Pruzinsky, T., & Cash, T. F. (1990). Integrative themes in body-image development, deviance, and change. In T. F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky (Eds.), Body images: Development, deviance, and change (pp. 337-349). New York: Guilford.
125. Pumariega, A. J., Black, S. A., Gustavson, C. R., Gustavson, J. C., Gustavson, A. R., Reinarz, D., Probe, L., & Pappas, T. (1993). Clinical correlates of body-size distortion. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 76, 1311-1319.
126. Reed, D. L., Thompson, J. K., Brannick, M. T., & Sacco, W. P. (1991). Development and validation of the Physical Appearance State and Trait Anxiety Scale (PASTAS). Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 5, 323-332.
127. Rodin, J., Silberstein, L. R., & Striegel-Moore, R. H. (1985). Women and weight: A normative discontent. In T. B. Sonderegger (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: Psychology and gender (pp. 267-307). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
128. Rosen, J. C. (1990). Body image and eating disorders. In T. F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky (Eds.), Body images: Development, deviance, and change (pp. 190-214). New York; Guilford.
129. Rosen, J. C. (1992). Body-image disorder: Definition, development, and contribution to eating disorders. In J. H. Crowther, D. L. Tennenbaum, S. E. Hobfoll, & M. A. P. Stephens (Eds.), The etiology of bulimia: The individual ana family context (pp. 157-177). Washington, DC: Hemisphere.
130. Rosen, J. C. (1995). The nature of body dysmorphic disorder and treatment with cognitive behavior therapy. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 2, 143-166.
131. Rosen, J. C., Cado, S., Silberg, N. T., Srebnik, D., & Wendt, S. (1990). Cognitive behavior therapy with and without size perception training for women with body image disturbance. Behavior Therapy, 21, 481-498.
132. Rosen, J. C., & Cash, T. F. (1995). Learning to have a better body image. Weight Control Digest, 5, 409, 412-416.
133. Rosen, J. C., Orosan, P., & Reiter, J. (1995). Cognitive behavior therapy for negative body image in obese women, Behavior Therapy, 26, 25-42.
134. Rosen, J. C., Reiter, J., & Orosan, P. (1995). Cognitive behavioral body-image therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 263-269.
135. Rosen, J. C., Srebnik, D., Saltzberg, E., & Wendt, S. (1991). Development of a Body Image Avoidance Questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 3, 32-37.
136. Rucker, C. E., & Cash, T. F. (1992). Body images, body-size perceptions, and eating behaviors among African-American and White college women. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 12, 291-300.
137. Ruff, G. A., & Barrios, B. A. (1986). Realistic assessment of body image. Behavioral Assessment, 8, 237-251.
138. Schlundt, D. G., & Johnson, W. G. (1990). Eating disorders: Assessment and treatment. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
139. Schulman, R. G., Kinder, B. N., Powers, P. S., & Gleghorn, A. (1986). The development of a scale to measure cognitive distortions in bulimia. Journal of Personality Assessment, 50, 630-639.
140. Secord, P. F., & Jourard, S. (1953). The appraisal of body cathexsis: Body cathexsis and the self. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 17, 343-347.
141. Seime, R. J., Weiner, A. L., & Fremouw, W. (1988). Body image distortion and dissatisfaction in bulimic patients and women at high and low risk for bulimia. Paper presented at the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, New York, November.
142. Slade, P. D. (1985). A review of body-image studies in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 39, 255-265.
143. Slade, P. D. (1988). Body image in anorexia nervosa. British Journal of Psychiatry, 153(Suppl. 2), 20-22.
144. Slade, P. D. (1994). What is body image? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, 497-504.
145. Slade, P. D., Dewey, M. E., Newton, T., & Brodie, D. A. (1990). Development and preliminary validation of the Body Satisfaction Scale (BSS). Psychology and Health, 4, 213-220.
146. Slade, P. D., & Russell, G. F. M. (1973a). Awareness of body dimensions in anorexia nervosa: Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Psychological Medicine, 3, 188-199.
147. Slade, P. D., & Russell, G. F. (1973b). Experimental investigations of bodily perception in anorexia nervosa and obesity. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 22, 359-363.
148. Strauman, T. J., & Glenberg, A. M. (1994). Self-concept and body-image disturbance: Which self-beliefs predict body size overestimation? Cognitive Research and Therapy, 18, 105-125.
149. Strauman, T. J., Vookles, J., Berenstein, V., Chaiken, S., & Higgins, E. T. (1991). Self-discrepancies and vulnerability to body dissatisfaction and disordered eating. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 946-956.
150. Striegel-Moore, R. H., Silberstein, L. R., Frensch, P., & Rodin, J. (1989). A prospective study of disordered eating among college students. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 8, 499-509.
151. Striegel-Moore, R. H., Silberstein, L. R., & Rodin, J. (1986). Toward an understanding of risk factors for bulimia. American Psychologist, 41, 246-263.
152. Striegel-Moore, R. H., Silberstein, L. R., & Rodin, J. (1993). The social self in bulimia nervosa: Public self-consciousness, social anxiety, and perceived fraudulence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 297-303.
153. Strober, M., Goldenburg, I., Green, J., & Saxon, J. (1979). Body image disturbance in anorexia nervosa during the acute and recuperative phase. Psychological Medicine, 9, 201-204.
154. Sunday, S. R., Halmi, K. A., Werdann, L., & Levey, C. (1992). Comparison of body size estimation and eating disorder inventory scores in anorexia and bulimia patients with obese, and restrained and unrestrained controls. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 11, 133-149.
155. Szymanski, L. A., & Seime, R. J. (1995). A re-examination of body-image distortion: Evidence against a sensory explanation. Unpublished manuscript, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV.
156. Szymanski, M. L., & Cash, T. F. (1995). Body-image disturbances and self-discrepancy theory: Expansion of the Body-Image Ideals Questionnaire. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 14, 134-146.
157. Taylor, M. J., & Cooper, P. J. (1986). Body size overestimation and depressed mood. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 25, 153-154.
158. Thompson, J. K. (1990). Body image disturbance; Assessment and treatment. New York: Pergamon.
159. Thompson, J. K. (1992). Body image: Extent of disturbance, associated features, theoretical models, assessment methodologies, intervention strategies, and a proposal for a new DSM-IV category - Body Image Disorder. In M. Hersen, R. M. Eisler, & P. M. Miller (Eds.), Progress in behavior modification (Vol. 28, pp. 3-54). Sycamore, IL: Sycamore Press.
160. Thompson, J. K. (Ed.) (1996). Body image, eating disorders, and obesity: An integrative guide for assessment and treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
161. Thompson, J. K., Coovert, M. D., Richards, K. J., Johnson, S., & Cattarin, J. (1993). Development of body image, eating disturbance, and general psychological functioning in female adolescents: Covariance structure modeling and longitudinal investigations. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 18, 221-236.
162. Thompson, J. K., Penner, L. A., & Altabe, M. (1990). Procedures, problems, and progress in the assessment of body images. In T. F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky (Eds.), Body images; Development, deviance, and change (pp. 21-48). New York: Guilford.
163. Thompson, J. K., & Spana, R. E. (1988). The adjustable light beam method for the assessment of size estimation accuracy: Description, psychometric, and normative data. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 7, 521-526.
164. Touyz, S. W., Beumont, P. J. V., Collins, J. K., McCabe, M., & Jupp, J. (1984). Body shape perception and its disturbance in anorexia nervosa. British Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 167-171.
165. Traub, A. C., & Orbach, J. (1964). Psychophysical studies of body image: I. The adjustable body-distorting mirror. Archives of General Psychiatry, 11, 53-66.
166. Vitousek, K. B., & Ewald, L. S. (1993). Self-representation in eating disorders: A cognitive perspective. In Z. V. Segal & S. J. Blatt (Eds.), The self in emotional distress; Cognitive and psychdynamic perspectives (pp. 221-257). New York: Guilford.
167. Vitousek, K. B., & Hollon, S. D. (1990). The investigation of schematic content and processing in eating disorders. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14, 191-214.
168. Whitehouse, A. M., Freeman, C. P. L., & Annandale, A. (1986). Body size estimation in bulimia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 98-103.
169. Whitehouse, A. M., Freeman, C. P. L., & Annandale, A. (1988). Body size estimation in anorexia nervosa. British Journal of Psychiatry, 153(Suppl. 2), 23-26.
170. Wiener, A., Seime, R., & Goetsch, V. (1989, March). A multimethod assessment of fear of weight gain in bulimic and low risk females. Paper presented at the Southeastern Psychological Association, Washington, DC.
171. Williamson, D. A. (1990). Assessment of eating disorders: Obesity, anorexia, and bulimia nervosa. New York: Pergamon.
172. Williamson, D. A. (in press). Body image disturbances in eating disorders: A form of cognitive bias? Eating Disorders: The Journal of Treatment and Prevention.
173. Williamson, D. A., Cubic, B. A., & Gleaves, D. H. (1993). Equivalence of body image disturbances in anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 177-180.
174. Williamson, D. A., Davis, C. J., Bennett, S. M. Goreczny, A. J., & Gleaves, D. H. (1989). Development of a simple procedure for assessing body image disturbances. Behavioral Assessment, 11, 433-446.
175. Williamson, D. A., Davis, C. J., Goreczny, A. J., & Blouin, D. C. (1989). Body image disturbances in bulimia nervosa: Influences of actual body size. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98, 97-99.
176. Williamson, D. A., Gleaves, D. H., Watkins, P. C., & Schlundt, D. G. (1993). Validation of self-ideal body size discrepancy as a measure of body dissatisfaction. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 15, 57-68.
177. Williamson, D. A., Kelly, M. L., Davis, C. F., Ruggerio, L., & Blouin, D. C. (1985). Psychopathology of eating disorders: A controlled comparison of bulimic, obese, and normal subjects. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 161-166.
178. Willmuth, M. E., Leitenberg, H., Rosen, J. C., & Cado, S. (1988). A comparison of purging and nonpurging normal weight bulimics. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 7, 825-835.
179. Willmuth, M. E., Leitenburg, H., Rosen, J. C., Fondacaro, K. M., & Gross, J. (1985). Body size distortion in bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 4, 71-78.
180. Wilson, G. T., & Smith, D. (1989). Assessment of bulimia nervosa: An evaluation of the Eating Disorders Examination. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 8, 173-179.
181. Wooley, O. W., & Roll, S. (1991). The Color-A-Person Body Dissatisfaction Test: Stability, internal consistency, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 56, 395-413.