An intermediary: The Chinese perception of trade unions since the 1980s

Journal of Contemporary China

Volumn 6, Issue 14, 1997, Pages 139-152

  Zhang, Yunqiu ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

SOCIAL CHANGE; STATE POWER; STATE-LABOUR RELATIONS; TRADE UNION;

CHINA;

EID: 0030787160     PISSN: 10670564     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10670569708724270     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. I found that such a perception was almost unified among Chinese trade union workers, scholars and reformers.
2. Qian Zhipei, 'Rethinking of Lenin's trade union theories', in Guo Zhefeng, ed., Gonghui gongzuo 'redian' tantao [Discussion of the 'Hot Issues' of the Trade Union Work] (Shanghai: Tongji daxue chubanshe, 1989), pp. 98-103.
3. Qian Zhipei, op. cit.; Paul Harper, 'The Party and the unions in communist China', The China Quarterly 37, (January-March, 1969), pp. 84-119.
4. Qian Zhipei, op. cit.; Paul Harper, 'The Party and the unions in communist China', The China Quarterly 37, (January-March, 1969), pp. 84-119.
5. Tian Ming and Wang Xiangdong, Chengshi gaige zhong de chengshi gonghui gongzuo [The Trade Union Work in Cities during the Urban Reform] (Beijing: Jingji guanli chubanshe, 1986), p. 133.
6. The ACFTU, ed., Jianguo yilai zhonggong zhongyang guanyu gongren yundong wenjian xuanbian [Selected Documents of the CCP Central Committee on the Worker's Movement since the Founding of the PRC] (Beijing: Zhongguo gongren chubanshe, 1989), p. 662; Zhu Guiying and Wang Bojun, 'Reflection on the issue of "transforming trade unions into state organs"', in Guo Zhefeng, ed., op. cit., pp. 123-129.
7. The ACFTU, ed., Jianguo yilai zhonggong zhongyang guanyu gongren yundong wenjian xuanbian [Selected Documents of the CCP Central Committee on the Worker's Movement since the Founding of the PRC] (Beijing: Zhongguo gongren chubanshe, 1989), p. 662; Zhu Guiying and Wang Bojun, 'Reflection on the issue of "transforming trade unions into state organs"', in Guo Zhefeng, ed., op. cit., pp. 123-129.
8. The ACFTU, op. cit. 1, (1989), pp. 675-676, 680-681.
9. Deng Xiaoping, 'Speech at the ninth National Congress of Chinese trade unions', in the ACFTU, ed., (1989), op. cit., pp. 1183-1188; Zhao Ziyang, 'Two talks on the issue of trade unions', in Tian Ming and Xu Jianchuan, eds, Gonghui gaige wencong [Collection of Essays on the Reform of Trade Unions] (Beijing: Jingji guanli chubanshe, 1988), p. 1.
10. Deng Xiaoping, 'Speech at the ninth National Congress of Chinese trade unions', in the ACFTU, ed., (1989), op. cit., pp. 1183-1188; Zhao Ziyang, 'Two talks on the issue of trade unions', in Tian Ming and Xu Jianchuan, eds, Gonghui gaige wencong [Collection of Essays on the Reform of Trade Unions] (Beijing: Jingji guanli chubanshe, 1988), p. 1.
11. Luo Gan, 'Trade unions must speak for workers and defend their interests', Gongren ribao [Worker's Daily], (28 October 1987); 'To conscientiously protect workers' interests and (let them) participate in and discuss political affairs - talks with the reporter from magazine Liaowang'; Chen Bingquan, 'Ties and bridges to link the masses of workers - talks with the reporter from the magazine Liaowang', in Tian Ming and Xu Jianchuan, eds, op. cit., pp. 50-55, 72-77; Ni Zhifu, 'To promote trade union reform and unite millions of workers, to play the role of the Footnote 8 continued main force in deepening the reform', in the ACFTU Compiling Group, Zhongguo gonghui zhongyao wenjian xuanbian [Important Selected Documents on Chinese Trade Unions] (Beijing: Jixie gongye chubanshe, 1990), pp. 72-98.
12. Luo Gan, 'Trade unions must speak for workers and defend their interests', Gongren ribao [Worker's Daily], (28 October 1987); 'To conscientiously protect workers' interests and (let them) participate in and discuss political affairs - talks with the reporter from magazine Liaowang'; Chen Bingquan, 'Ties and bridges to link the masses of workers - talks with the reporter from the magazine Liaowang', in Tian Ming and Xu Jianchuan, eds, op. cit., pp. 50-55, 72-77; Ni Zhifu, 'To promote trade union reform and unite millions of workers, to play the role of the Footnote 8 continued main force in deepening the reform', in the ACFTU Compiling Group, Zhongguo gonghui zhongyao wenjian xuanbian [Important Selected Documents on Chinese Trade Unions] (Beijing: Jixie gongye chubanshe, 1990), pp. 72-98.
13. Luo Gan, 'Trade unions must speak for workers and defend their interests', Gongren ribao [Worker's Daily], (28 October 1987); 'To conscientiously protect workers' interests and (let them) participate in and discuss political affairs - talks with the reporter from magazine Liaowang'; Chen Bingquan, 'Ties and bridges to link the masses of workers - talks with the reporter from the magazine Liaowang', in Tian Ming and Xu Jianchuan, eds, op. cit., pp. 50-55, 72-77; Ni Zhifu, 'To promote trade union reform and unite millions of workers, to play the role of the Footnote 8 continued main force in deepening the reform', in the ACFTU Compiling Group, Zhongguo gonghui zhongyao wenjian xuanbian [Important Selected Documents on Chinese Trade Unions] (Beijing: Jixie gongye chubanshe, 1990), pp. 72-98.
14. Yang Xingfu (president of the General Trade Union of Shandong Province in the late 1980s), 'To build trade unions as workers' own organizations', Qingdao ribao [Qingdao Daily], (23 June 1988); Zhang Zuodong (president of Qingdao General Trade Union from 1985-1990), 'All trade unions should defend workers' lawful interests', Qingdao ribao, (12 December 1987); Sun Bingyue (deputy party secretary of Qingdao and late on president of Qingdao General Trade Union), 'Trade unions should play an active role in deepening enterprise reform' and Zang Hewang (president of the trade union in Qingdao Second Plastics Plant), 'Trade unions must represent and defend workers' interests', Qingdao ribao, (29 August 1988).
15. Yang Xingfu (president of the General Trade Union of Shandong Province in the late 1980s), 'To build trade unions as workers' own organizations', Qingdao ribao [Qingdao Daily], (23 June 1988); Zhang Zuodong (president of Qingdao General Trade Union from 1985-1990), 'All trade unions should defend workers' lawful interests', Qingdao ribao, (12 December 1987); Sun Bingyue (deputy party secretary of Qingdao and late on president of Qingdao General Trade Union), 'Trade unions should play an active role in deepening enterprise reform' and Zang Hewang (president of the trade union in Qingdao Second Plastics Plant), 'Trade unions must represent and defend workers' interests', Qingdao ribao, (29 August 1988).
16. Yang Xingfu (president of the General Trade Union of Shandong Province in the late 1980s), 'To build trade unions as workers' own organizations', Qingdao ribao [Qingdao Daily], (23 June 1988); Zhang Zuodong (president of Qingdao General Trade Union from 1985-1990), 'All trade unions should defend workers' lawful interests', Qingdao ribao, (12 December 1987); Sun Bingyue (deputy party secretary of Qingdao and late on president of Qingdao General Trade Union), 'Trade unions should play an active role in deepening enterprise reform' and Zang Hewang (president of the trade union in Qingdao Second Plastics Plant), 'Trade unions must represent and defend workers' interests', Qingdao ribao, (29 August 1988).
17. Yang Xingfu (president of the General Trade Union of Shandong Province in the late 1980s), 'To build trade unions as workers' own organizations', Qingdao ribao [Qingdao Daily], (23 June 1988); Zhang Zuodong (president of Qingdao General Trade Union from 1985-1990), 'All trade unions should defend workers' lawful interests', Qingdao ribao, (12 December 1987); Sun Bingyue (deputy party secretary of Qingdao and late on president of Qingdao General Trade Union), 'Trade unions should play an active role in deepening enterprise reform' and Zang Hewang (president of the trade union in Qingdao Second Plastics Plant), 'Trade unions must represent and defend workers' interests', Qingdao ribao, (29 August 1988).
18. 'Law on state-owned industrial enterprises in the People's Republic of China', the ACFTU, ed., op. cit. 2, (1989), pp. 1603-1615; 'The Trade Union Law of the People's Republic of China', Gongren ribao [Worker's Daily], (8 April 1992); 'The Labour Law of the People's Republic of China', Gongren ribao, (6 July 1994).
19. 'Law on state-owned industrial enterprises in the People's Republic of China', the ACFTU, ed., op. cit. 2, (1989), pp. 1603-1615; 'The Trade Union Law of the People's Republic of China', Gongren ribao [Worker's Daily], (8 April 1992); 'The Labour Law of the People's Republic of China', Gongren ribao, (6 July 1994).
20. 'Law on state-owned industrial enterprises in the People's Republic of China', the ACFTU, ed., op. cit. 2, (1989), pp. 1603-1615; 'The Trade Union Law of the People's Republic of China', Gongren ribao [Worker's Daily], (8 April 1992); 'The Labour Law of the People's Republic of China', Gongren ribao, (6 July 1994).
21. Zhang Derong, 'Two years after the passing of the Trade Union Law', Gongren ribao [Worker's Daily], (2 April 1994).
22. The ACFTU, 'Suggestions on strengthening the urban trade union work during the economic system reform', (1985) and Ni Zhifu, op. cit., (1988), in the ACFTU Compiling Group, Zhongguo gonghui zhongyao wenjian xuanbian (Beijing: Jixie gongye chubanshe, 1990), pp. 50-62, 72-98; The Institute for Study of Workers' Movements (attached to Shanghai General Trade Union), 'Discussion on relations between trade unions and government', in Tian Ming and Xu Jianchuan, eds, op. cit., pp. 330-339.
23. The ACFTU, 'Suggestions on strengthening the urban trade union work during the economic system reform', (1985) and Ni Zhifu, op. cit., (1988), in the ACFTU Compiling Group, Zhongguo gonghui zhongyao wenjian xuanbian (Beijing: Jixie gongye chubanshe, 1990), pp. 50-62, 72-98; The Institute for Study of Workers' Movements (attached to Shanghai General Trade Union), 'Discussion on relations between trade unions and government', in Tian Ming and Xu Jianchuan, eds, op. cit., pp. 330-339.
24. The CCP Central Committee, 'A circular on strengthening and improving the party's leadership over the work of trade unions, youth leagues and women' federations', in the ACFTU, ed., (1990), op. cit., pp. 165-174.
25. The ACFTU, 'The basic design for trade union reform', in the ACFTU Compiling Group, ed., op. cit., pp. 99-110; Ni Zhifu, 'Speech on the Meeting of the ACFTU standing committee', in Tian Ming and Xu Jianchuan, eds, op. cit., pp. 12-19; Xu Li, 'Some thoughts on how to make trade unions mass-based and democratized', in Guo Zhefeng, ed., op. cit., pp. 160-166.
26. The ACFTU, 'The basic design for trade union reform', in the ACFTU Compiling Group, ed., op. cit., pp. 99-110; Ni Zhifu, 'Speech on the Meeting of the ACFTU standing committee', in Tian Ming and Xu Jianchuan, eds, op. cit., pp. 12-19; Xu Li, 'Some thoughts on how to make trade unions mass-based and democratized', in Guo Zhefeng, ed., op. cit., pp. 160-166.
27. The ACFTU, 'The basic design for trade union reform', in the ACFTU Compiling Group, ed., op. cit., pp. 99-110; Ni Zhifu, 'Speech on the Meeting of the ACFTU standing committee', in Tian Ming and Xu Jianchuan, eds, op. cit., pp. 12-19; Xu Li, 'Some thoughts on how to make trade unions mass-based and democratized', in Guo Zhefeng, ed., op. cit., pp. 160-166.
28. Ni Zhifu, op. cit., (1988); The CCP Central Committee, op. cit., (1989).
29. Ni Zhifu, op. cit., (1988); The CCP Central Committee, op. cit., (1989).
30. Wang Aiwen, Shehui laodong guanxi: yanbian guocheng de kaocha yu fenxi [The Social and Labour Relations: An Examination of the Process of Change] (Beijing: Hongqi chubanshe, 1993), pp. 90-99; Fang Dan and Lin Yungao, Gonghui diwei yu zhineng yanjiu [Study of the Status and Functions of Trade Unions] (Shenyang: Liaoning renmin chubanshe, 1990), pp. 198-203; Yu Qinghe, ed., Zhongguo zhigong duiwu zhuangkuang diaocha [An Investigation of the Situations of Chinese Workers] (Beijing: Gongren chubanshe, 1986), pp. 15-21, 165-167; Andrew G. Walder, 'Workers, managers and the state: the reform era and the political crisis of 1989', The China Quarterly 127, (September 1991), pp. 467-492.
31. Wang Aiwen, Shehui laodong guanxi: yanbian guocheng de kaocha yu fenxi [The Social and Labour Relations: An Examination of the Process of Change] (Beijing: Hongqi chubanshe, 1993), pp. 90-99; Fang Dan and Lin Yungao, Gonghui diwei yu zhineng yanjiu [Study of the Status and Functions of Trade Unions] (Shenyang: Liaoning renmin chubanshe, 1990), pp. 198-203; Yu Qinghe, ed., Zhongguo zhigong duiwu zhuangkuang diaocha [An Investigation of the Situations of Chinese Workers] (Beijing: Gongren chubanshe, 1986), pp. 15-21, 165-167; Andrew G. Walder, 'Workers, managers and the state: the reform era and the political crisis of 1989', The China Quarterly 127, (September 1991), pp. 467-492.
32. Wang Aiwen, Shehui laodong guanxi: yanbian guocheng de kaocha yu fenxi [The Social and Labour Relations: An Examination of the Process of Change] (Beijing: Hongqi chubanshe, 1993), pp. 90-99; Fang Dan and Lin Yungao, Gonghui diwei yu zhineng yanjiu [Study of the Status and Functions of Trade Unions] (Shenyang: Liaoning renmin chubanshe, 1990), pp. 198-203; Yu Qinghe, ed., Zhongguo zhigong duiwu zhuangkuang diaocha [An Investigation of the Situations of Chinese Workers] (Beijing: Gongren chubanshe, 1986), pp. 15-21, 165-167; Andrew G. Walder, 'Workers, managers and the state: the reform era and the political crisis of 1989', The China Quarterly 127, (September 1991), pp. 467-492.
33. Wang Aiwen, Shehui laodong guanxi: yanbian guocheng de kaocha yu fenxi [The Social and Labour Relations: An Examination of the Process of Change] (Beijing: Hongqi chubanshe, 1993), pp. 90-99; Fang Dan and Lin Yungao, Gonghui diwei yu zhineng yanjiu [Study of the Status and Functions of Trade Unions] (Shenyang: Liaoning renmin chubanshe, 1990), pp. 198-203; Yu Qinghe, ed., Zhongguo zhigong duiwu zhuangkuang diaocha [An Investigation of the Situations of Chinese Workers] (Beijing: Gongren chubanshe, 1986), pp. 15-21, 165-167; Andrew G. Walder, 'Workers, managers and the state: the reform era and the political crisis of 1989', The China Quarterly 127, (September 1991), pp. 467-492.
34. 'The Trade Union Law of the People's Republic of China', Gongren ribao [Worker's Daily], (8 April 1992); 'The regulation on handling labour disputes in enterprises in the People's Republic of China', Gongren ribao, (21 July 1993); 'The Labour Law', Gongren ribao, (6 July 1994).
35. 'The Trade Union Law of the People's Republic of China', Gongren ribao [Worker's Daily], (8 April 1992); 'The regulation on handling labour disputes in enterprises in the People's Republic of China', Gongren ribao, (21 July 1993); 'The Labour Law', Gongren ribao, (6 July 1994).
36. 'The Trade Union Law of the People's Republic of China', Gongren ribao [Worker's Daily], (8 April 1992); 'The regulation on handling labour disputes in enterprises in the People's Republic of China', Gongren ribao, (21 July 1993); 'The Labour Law', Gongren ribao, (6 July 1994).
37. 'The regulation on handling labour disputes in enterprises in the People's Republic of China', Gongren ribao [Worker's Daily], (21 July 1993); 'The Labour Law', Gongren ribao, op. cit.
38. 'The regulation on handling labour disputes in enterprises in the People's Republic of China', Gongren ribao [Worker's Daily], (21 July 1993); 'The Labour Law', Gongren ribao, op. cit.
39. Zhang Dinghua (vice-president of the ACFTU), 'To rapidly organize the workers at foreign-related enterprises into trade unions'; the ACFTU, 'To speed up the organization and building of trade unions in foreign-related enterprises'; the ACFTU and five ministries, 'To strengthen the trade union work at foreign-related enterprises', Gongren ribao, (24 August, 21 October, 2 November 1994). Zeng Xiaoming, Tian Jie and Ding Guoyuan, 'The third investigation of the rights and interests of workers in some foreign-related enterprises', Gongren ribao, (11 November 1993). Also see, Sheng Mingfu et al., 'Inspirations from the trade unions of the Shekou industrial district', Gongren ribao, (30 November, 1, 5, 6, 7 and 8 December 1994).
40. Zhang Dinghua (vice-president of the ACFTU), 'To rapidly organize the workers at foreign-related enterprises into trade unions'; the ACFTU, 'To speed up the organization and building of trade unions in foreign-related enterprises'; the ACFTU and five ministries, 'To strengthen the trade union work at foreign-related enterprises', Gongren ribao, (24 August, 21 October, 2 November 1994). Zeng Xiaoming, Tian Jie and Ding Guoyuan, 'The third investigation of the rights and interests of workers in some foreign-related enterprises', Gongren ribao, (11 November 1993). Also see, Sheng Mingfu et al., 'Inspirations from the trade unions of the Shekou industrial district', Gongren ribao, (30 November, 1, 5, 6, 7 and 8 December 1994).
41. Zhang Dinghua (vice-president of the ACFTU), 'To rapidly organize the workers at foreign-related enterprises into trade unions'; the ACFTU, 'To speed up the organization and building of trade unions in foreign-related enterprises'; the ACFTU and five ministries, 'To strengthen the trade union work at foreign-related enterprises', Gongren ribao, (24 August, 21 October, 2 November 1994). Zeng Xiaoming, Tian Jie and Ding Guoyuan, 'The third investigation of the rights and interests of workers in some foreign-related enterprises', Gongren ribao, (11 November 1993). Also see, Sheng Mingfu et al., 'Inspirations from the trade unions of the Shekou industrial district', Gongren ribao, (30 November, 1, 5, 6, 7 and 8 December 1994).
42. Zhang Dinghua (vice-president of the ACFTU), 'To rapidly organize the workers at foreign-related enterprises into trade unions'; the ACFTU, 'To speed up the organization and building of trade unions in foreign-related enterprises'; the ACFTU and five ministries, 'To strengthen the trade union work at foreign-related enterprises', Gongren ribao, (24 August, 21 October, 2 November 1994). Zeng Xiaoming, Tian Jie and Ding Guoyuan, 'The third investigation of the rights and interests of workers in some foreign-related enterprises', Gongren ribao, (11 November 1993). Also see, Sheng Mingfu et al., 'Inspirations from the trade unions of the Shekou industrial district', Gongren ribao, (30 November, 1, 5, 6, 7 and 8 December 1994).
43. Zhang Dinghua (vice-president of the ACFTU), 'To rapidly organize the workers at foreign-related enterprises into trade unions'; the ACFTU, 'To speed up the organization and building of trade unions in foreign-related enterprises'; the ACFTU and five ministries, 'To strengthen the trade union work at foreign-related enterprises', Gongren ribao, (24 August, 21 October, 2 November 1994). Zeng Xiaoming, Tian Jie and Ding Guoyuan, 'The third investigation of the rights and interests of workers in some foreign-related enterprises', Gongren ribao, (11 November 1993). Also see, Sheng Mingfu et al., 'Inspirations from the trade unions of the Shekou industrial district', Gongren ribao, (30 November, 1, 5, 6, 7 and 8 December 1994).
44. Fang Dan and Lin Yungao, op. cit., pp. 185, 189; The ACFTU, 'The Resolution of the Second Plenum of The Tenth Congress of the ACFTU Executive Council', in the ACFTU, ed., (1990), op. cit., pp. 23-41.
45. Fang Dan and Lin Yungao, op. cit., pp. 185, 189; The ACFTU, 'The Resolution of the Second Plenum of The Tenth Congress of the ACFTU Executive Council', in the ACFTU, ed., (1990), op. cit., pp. 23-41.
46. 'The Labour Law of the People's Republic of China', Gongren ribao [Worker's Daily], (6 July 1994).
47. Tian Ming and Wang Xiangdong, op. cit., p. 153;
48. Xu Xiaojun and Li Deqi, Gonghui shehui huodong yu gaige yanjiu [Study of the Social Activities and Reform of Trade Unions] (Shenyang: Liaoning renmin chubanshe, 1990), p. 81.
49. Susan Mann, Local Merchants and the Chinese Bureaucracy, 1750-1950 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987).
50. Li Fuchun, 'The divergence of views on the issue of trade union work', in the ACFTU, ed., (1989), op. cit., pp. 96-116; Liu Lantao, 'Speech on the third expanded Party Meeting of the ACFTU', in the ACFTU, ed., (1989), op. cit., pp. 654-677.
51. Li Fuchun, 'The divergence of views on the issue of trade union work', in the ACFTU, ed., (1989), op. cit., pp. 96-116; Liu Lantao, 'Speech on the third expanded Party Meeting of the ACFTU', in the ACFTU, ed., (1989), op. cit., pp. 654-677.
52. Chen Ruisheng, Pang Yuanzheng and Zhu Manliang, eds, Zhongguo gaige quanshu-Zhengzhi tizhi gaigejuan [The Complete Book of China's Reform - Reform of the Political System] (Dalian: Dalian chubanshe, 1992), p. 221.
53. Gongren ribao, (8 April 1992, 6 July 1994).
54. The ACFTU, 'The basic design for the trade union reform', in the ACFTU Compiling Group, ed., op. cit., pp. 99-110.
55. In the reform years, the Government was not regarded as equivalent to the party under the doctrine of 'separation between party and government'.
56. The ACFTU, op. cit., 'The basic design for the trade union reform'; Qian Zhipei, Qianmin and Wan Ruizhang, 'Inquiring into the relations between trade unions and the government', in Guo Zhefeng, ed., op. cit., pp. 33-41; Li Jiaqi, 'An analysis of "syndicalism", in Guo Zhefeng, ed., op. cit., pp. 74-80.
57. The ACFTU, op. cit., 'The basic design for the trade union reform'; Qian Zhipei, Qianmin and Wan Ruizhang, 'Inquiring into the relations between trade unions and the government', in Guo Zhefeng, ed., op. cit., pp. 33-41; Li Jiaqi, 'An analysis of "syndicalism", in Guo Zhefeng, ed., op. cit., pp. 74-80.
58. The ACFTU, op. cit., 'The basic design for the trade union reform'; Qian Zhipei, Qianmin and Wan Ruizhang, 'Inquiring into the relations between trade unions and the government', in Guo Zhefeng, ed., op. cit., pp. 33-41; Li Jiaqi, 'An analysis of "syndicalism", in Guo Zhefeng, ed., op. cit., pp. 74-80.
59. Zhao Ziyang, op. cit.; Qian Zhipei, Qian Min and Wan Rizhang, op. cit.
60. Zhao Ziyang, op. cit.; Qian Zhipei, Qian Min and Wan Rizhang, op. cit.
61. Wu Zhongping and Yang Xuedong, 'To remould the power relations between society and State is essential to changing the functions of the government', Xiamen daxue xuebao (zhesheban) [The Journal of Xiamen University] (the edition of philosophy and social sciences) 1, (1994), pp. 114-120.
62. Wu Zhongping and Yang Xuedong, op. cit.; Lu Shiping, 'A new type of system: small government, large society', Qingdao ribao [Qingdao Daily], (9 May 1988).
63. Wu Zhongping and Yang Xuedong, op. cit.; Lu Shiping, 'A new type of system: small government, large society', Qingdao ribao [Qingdao Daily], (9 May 1988).
64. Zhu Baoxin, 'My humble opinion on fostering a burghers' society with Chinese characteristics', Wenshizhe [Literature, History, Philosophy] 6, (1994), pp. 63-66.
65. Wu Zhongping and Yang Xuedong, op. cit.
66. Susan Mann, Local Merchants and the Chinese Bureaucracy, 1750-1950 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987); William T. Rowe, Hankow, Commerce and Society in a Chinese City, 1796-1889 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1984); Edward J. M. Rhoads, 'Merchant associations in Canton, 1895-1911', in Mark Elvin and William Skinner, eds, The Chinese City Between Two Worlds (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974), pp. 97-117.
67. Susan Mann, Local Merchants and the Chinese Bureaucracy, 1750-1950 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987); William T. Rowe, Hankow, Commerce and Society in a Chinese City, 1796-1889 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1984); Edward J. M. Rhoads, 'Merchant associations in Canton, 1895-1911', in Mark Elvin and William Skinner, eds, The Chinese City Between Two Worlds (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974), pp. 97-117.
68. Susan Mann, Local Merchants and the Chinese Bureaucracy, 1750-1950 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987); William T. Rowe, Hankow, Commerce and Society in a Chinese City, 1796-1889 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1984); Edward J. M. Rhoads, 'Merchant associations in Canton, 1895-1911', in Mark Elvin and William Skinner, eds, The Chinese City Between Two Worlds (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974), pp. 97-117.
69. Susan Mann, op. cit., pp. 13, 23.
70. Wang Ying, Zhe Xiaoye and Sun Bingyao, Shehui zhongjiancong - Gaige and zhongguo de shetuan zuzhi [The Intermediary Level of Society - Reform and Social Organizations in China] (Beijing: Zhongguo fazhan chubanshe, 1993), p. 276; Liu Yunpu, 'To speed up the development of economic and social organizations in our country', Gongren ribao, (23 March 1994); Fang Ming et al., 'The development of urban social organizations: the pivot in the transitional stage of the system', Gaige [Reform] 5, (1988), pp. 148-153. Also see, Gordon White, 'Prospects for civil society in China: a case study of Xiaoshan city', in The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 29, (January 1993), pp. 63-87.
71. Wang Ying, Zhe Xiaoye and Sun Bingyao, Shehui zhongjiancong - Gaige and zhongguo de shetuan zuzhi [The Intermediary Level of Society - Reform and Social Organizations in China] (Beijing: Zhongguo fazhan chubanshe, 1993), p. 276; Liu Yunpu, 'To speed up the development of economic and social organizations in our country', Gongren ribao, (23 March 1994); Fang Ming et al., 'The development of urban social organizations: the pivot in the transitional stage of the system', Gaige [Reform] 5, (1988), pp. 148-153. Also see, Gordon White, 'Prospects for civil society in China: a case study of Xiaoshan city', in The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 29, (January 1993), pp. 63-87.
72. Wang Ying, Zhe Xiaoye and Sun Bingyao, Shehui zhongjiancong - Gaige and zhongguo de shetuan zuzhi [The Intermediary Level of Society - Reform and Social Organizations in China] (Beijing: Zhongguo fazhan chubanshe, 1993), p. 276; Liu Yunpu, 'To speed up the development of economic and social organizations in our country', Gongren ribao, (23 March 1994); Fang Ming et al., 'The development of urban social organizations: the pivot in the transitional stage of the system', Gaige [Reform] 5, (1988), pp. 148-153. Also see, Gordon White, 'Prospects for civil society in China: a case study of Xiaoshan city', in The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 29, (January 1993), pp. 63-87.
73. Wang Ying, Zhe Xiaoye and Sun Bingyao, Shehui zhongjiancong - Gaige and zhongguo de shetuan zuzhi [The Intermediary Level of Society - Reform and Social Organizations in China] (Beijing: Zhongguo fazhan chubanshe, 1993), p. 276; Liu Yunpu, 'To speed up the development of economic and social organizations in our country', Gongren ribao, (23 March 1994); Fang Ming et al., 'The development of urban social organizations: the pivot in the transitional stage of the system', Gaige [Reform] 5, (1988), pp. 148-153. Also see, Gordon White, 'Prospects for civil society in China: a case study of Xiaoshan city', in The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 29, (January 1993), pp. 63-87.
74. Fang Ming, op. cit.
75. Liu Yunpu, op. cit.
76. Jonathan Unger and Anita Chan, 'China, corporatism, and the East Asian model', The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 33, (January 1995), pp. 29-53. Also see Anita Chan, 'Revolution or corporatism? workers and trade unions in post-Mao China', The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 29, (January 1993), pp. 31-61.
77. Jonathan Unger and Anita Chan, 'China, corporatism, and the East Asian model', The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 33, (January 1995), pp. 29-53. Also see Anita Chan, 'Revolution or corporatism? workers and trade unions in post-Mao China', The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 29, (January 1993), pp. 31-61.
78. Social organizations under state sponsorship are identified by Bernie Michael Frolic (York University) as 'state-led' civil society. See his, 'An examination of civil society in China', unpublished paper for Canadian International Development Agency.
79. Margaret M. Pearson, 'The Janus face of business associations in China: socialist corporatism in foreign enterprises', The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 31, (January 1944), pp. 25-46.
80. There are exceptions. For example, Chamberlain argues that a well functioning civil society partakes of both state and society and that state can contribute to the 'good health of civil society'. To me, this is a very important argument and worth more attention. See Heath B. Chamberlain, On the search for civil society in China', Modern China 19(2), (April 1993), pp. 199-215.
81. Margaret M. Pearson, op. cit.
82. The Chinese intellectuals-in-exile abroad are not included in this category. These people, especially those who were involved in the protests in 1989, usually view the state as an adversary of society, perhaps because of their unique experience. See Shu-Yun Ma, 'The Chinese discourse of civil society'. The China Quarterly 137, (March 1994), pp. 180-193.
83. Zhou Guanghui, 'The sustained social development requires a rationalized public authority', Jilin daxue shehui kexue xuebao [The Journal of Social Sciences of Jilin University] 2, (1995), pp. 81-82; Li Xiao, 'The process of a newly developed economy and "strong government"', op. cit., pp. 88-90. The empirical Study of Xiamen by David Wank testifies that the businessmen in that city also tended to link order and stability to the state power and were reluctant to repudiate the latter. See his article, 'Private business, bureaucracy, and political alliance in a Chinese city', The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 33, (January 1995), pp. 55-74.
84. Zhou Guanghui, 'The sustained social development requires a rationalized public authority', Jilin daxue shehui kexue xuebao [The Journal of Social Sciences of Jilin University] 2, (1995), pp. 81-82; Li Xiao, 'The process of a newly developed economy and "strong government"', op. cit., pp. 88-90. The empirical Study of Xiamen by David Wank testifies that the businessmen in that city also tended to link order and stability to the state power and were reluctant to repudiate the latter. See his article, 'Private business, bureaucracy, and political alliance in a Chinese city', The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 33, (January 1995), pp. 55-74.
85. Zhou Guanghui, 'The sustained social development requires a rationalized public authority', Jilin daxue shehui kexue xuebao [The Journal of Social Sciences of Jilin University] 2, (1995), pp. 81-82; Li Xiao, 'The process of a newly developed economy and "strong government"', op. cit., pp. 88-90. The empirical Study of Xiamen by David Wank testifies that the businessmen in that city also tended to link order and stability to the state power and were reluctant to repudiate the latter. See his article, 'Private business, bureaucracy, and political alliance in a Chinese city', The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 33, (January 1995), pp. 55-74.
86. In talking with some Chinese scholars and trade union workers in Qingdao, Jinan and Beijing in 1993, I could strongly feel their disapproval and even fear of violent changes as took place in the formal Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.