International activities of public laboratories in Canada

Technology in Society

Volumn 19, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 127-143

  Dalpé, Robert ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITY; PUBLIC LABORATORY; SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY;

CANADA, QUEBEC;

EID: 0030783107     PISSN: 0160791X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0160-791X(96)00065-6     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. OECD, The Changing Role of Government Research Laboratories. OECD, Paris, 1989.
2. See, for example, Howells, J. and Wood, M., The Globalisation of Production and Technology. Belhaven Press, London, 1993; Patel, P. and Pavitt, K., Large firms in the production of the World's technology: an important case of "non-globalisation." Journal of International Business Studies, 1991, 22(1), 1-22; and Archibugi, D. and Michie, J., The globalisation of technology: a new taxonomy. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 1995, 19(1), 121-140.
3. See, for example, Howells, J. and Wood, M., The Globalisation of Production and Technology. Belhaven Press, London, 1993; Patel, P. and Pavitt, K., Large firms in the production of the World's technology: an important case of "non-globalisation." Journal of International Business Studies, 1991, 22(1), 1-22; and Archibugi, D. and Michie, J., The globalisation of technology: a new taxonomy. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 1995, 19(1), 121-140.
4. See, for example, Howells, J. and Wood, M., The Globalisation of Production and Technology. Belhaven Press, London, 1993; Patel, P. and Pavitt, K., Large firms in the production of the World's technology: an important case of "non-globalisation." Journal of International Business Studies, 1991, 22(1), 1-22; and Archibugi, D. and Michie, J., The globalisation of technology: a new taxonomy. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 1995, 19(1), 121-140.
5. Malerba, F., Morawetz, A. and Pasqui, G., The Nascent Globalisation of Universities and Public and Quasi-Public Research Organizations. FAST Research Project, Brussels, 1991.
6. Crawford, E., Sörlin, T. S. and Sörlin, S., The nationalization and denationalization of the sciences: an introductory essay. In Denationalizing Science - The Contexts of International Scientific Practice, ed. E. Crawford, T. S. Sörlin and S. Sörlin. Kluwer, Boston, 1993, pp. 1-42.
7. Malerba et al., op.cit.
8. Solingen, E., Scientists and the State - Domestic Structures and the International Context. The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI, 1993; and Crawford, E. et al., op. cit.
9. Solingen, E., Scientists and the State - Domestic Structures and the International Context. The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI, 1993; and Crawford, E. et al., op. cit.
10. Nederhof, A. J., Moed, H. F. and Ramaekers, A. M. P. H., Trends in Productivity and Transnational Co-publication Activity in the Natural and Life Sciences (1984-1989). Centre for Science and Technology Studies, Leiden, 1990.
11. The attention is attributable to a few cases of successful money-making involvement of public research institutions with foreign industry. It should be noted that some cases, such as MIT, were not really new, although it has received attention only recently. See: Etzkowitz, H., Enterprises from science: the origins of science-based regional economic development. Minerva, 1993, 31(3), 326-360.
12. OECD, op cit., Malerba et al., op. cit.
13. OECD, op cit., Malerba et al., op. cit.
14. Ibid.
15. OECD, op. cit.; Coursey, D. H. and Bozeman, B., A typology of industry-government laboratory research: implications for government laboratory policies and competitiveness. In Cooperative Research and Development: The Industry-University-Government Relationship, ed. A. N. Link and G. Tassey. Kluwer, Boston, 1989, pp. 3-20.
16. OECD, op. cit.; Coursey, D. H. and Bozeman, B., A typology of industry-government laboratory research: implications for government laboratory policies and competitiveness. In Cooperative Research and Development: The Industry-University-Government Relationship, ed. A. N. Link and G. Tassey. Kluwer, Boston, 1989, pp. 3-20.
17. Feller, I. Universities as engines of R&D-based economic growth: they think they can, Research Policy, 19(4) (1990) 335-348
18. Pavitt, K., What makes basic research economically useful? Research Policy, 1991, 20(2), 109-119; Jevons, F. and Saupin, M., Capturing regional benefits from science and technology: the question of regional appropriability. Prometheus, 1991, 9(2), pp. 265-273
19. Pavitt, K., What makes basic research economically useful? Research Policy, 1991, 20(2), 109-119; Jevons, F. and Saupin, M., Capturing regional benefits from science and technology: the question of regional appropriability. Prometheus, 1991, 9(2), pp. 265-273
20. Pavitt, op. cit.
21. In 1993, 18% of Canadian industrial R&D was funded by foreign sources. Industrial Research and Development, 1991 to 1995, Statistics Canada, cat. 88-001, 1995, 19(7).
22. Britton, J. H. H. and Gilmour, J. M., The Weakest Link - A Technological Perspective on Canadian Industrial Underdevelopment. Science Council of Canada, Ottawa, 1978; Cordell, A. J. and Gilmour, J., The Role and Function of Government Laboratories and the Transfer of Technology to the Manufacturing Sector. Science Council, Ottawa, 1976.
23. Britton, J. H. H. and Gilmour, J. M., The Weakest Link - A Technological Perspective on Canadian Industrial Underdevelopment. Science Council of Canada, Ottawa, 1978; Cordell, A. J. and Gilmour, J., The Role and Function of Government Laboratories and the Transfer of Technology to the Manufacturing Sector. Science Council, Ottawa, 1976.
24. Malerba, op. cit.
25. With the multiplication of hybrid institutions, it is becoming very difficult to determine the ownership of these new research institutions. OECD, op. cit.
26. Such as, for Canada, fisheries, mining, minerals, and fisheries.
27. Recently the British Government announced the privatization of a large portion of its public research infrastructure. In Canada, three public laboratories were privatized by the province of British Columbia in the 1980s. Harrison, K. and Stanbury, W. T., Privatization in British Columbia: lessons from the sale of government laboratories. Canadian Public Administration, 1990, 53(2), 165-197.
28. OECD, op. cit., Anderson, F. and Davis, C., The government research infrastructure. In Science and Technology in Canada, ed. P. Dufour and J. DelaMothe. Longman, Harlow, 1993, pp. 47-67; Anderson, F. and Dalpé, R., The evaluation of public applied research laboratories. The Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation, 1991, 2, 107-125.
29. OECD, op. cit., Anderson, F. and Davis, C., The government research infrastructure. In Science and Technology in Canada, ed. P. Dufour and J. DelaMothe. Longman, Harlow, 1993, pp. 47-67; Anderson, F. and Dalpé, R., The evaluation of public applied research laboratories. The Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation, 1991, 2, 107-125.
30. OECD, op. cit., Anderson, F. and Davis, C., The government research infrastructure. In Science and Technology in Canada, ed. P. Dufour and J. DelaMothe. Longman, Harlow, 1993, pp. 47-67; Anderson, F. and Dalpé, R., The evaluation of public applied research laboratories. The Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation, 1991, 2, 107-125.
31. Coursey and Bozeman, op. cit.; Cordell and Gilmour, op. cit.
32. Coursey and Bozeman, op. cit.; Cordell and Gilmour, op. cit.
33. Tassey, G., Technology Infrastructure and Competitive Position. Kluwer, Norwell, MA, 1992; Nelson, R. R. (ed.), National Innovation Systems: A Comparative Analysis. Oxford University Press, 1993;
34. Tassey, G., Technology Infrastructure and Competitive Position. Kluwer, Norwell, MA, 1992; Nelson, R. R. (ed.), National Innovation Systems: A Comparative Analysis. Oxford University Press, 1993;
35. DeBresson, C. and Amesse, F., Networks of innovators: a review and introduction to the issue. Research Policy, 1991, 20(5), 363-379;
36. Lundvall, B. A. (ed.), National Systems of Innovation: Towards a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning. Pinter Publishers, London, 1992.
37. Dalpe, R. and Anderson, F., Evaluating the relevance of public R&D Laboratories. In Evaluating R& D Impacts: Method and Practice, ed. B. Bozeman and J. Melkers. Kluwer Publishers, Boston, MA, 1993, pp. 207-228.
38. Irvine, J. and Martin, B., Foresight in Science - Picking the Winners. Frances Pinter, London, 1984.
39. Laredo, P. et al., Defining the strategic profile of research labs: the research compass card method. In Science and Technology in a Policy Context, ed. A. F. J. Van Raan et al. DSWO Press, Leiden, 1993, pp. 184-199; and Crow, M. C. and Bozeman, B., A new typology for R&D laboratories: implications for policy analysis. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 1987, 6(2), pp. 328-341.
40. Laredo, P. et al., Defining the strategic profile of research labs: the research compass card method. In Science and Technology in a Policy Context, ed. A. F. J. Van Raan et al. DSWO Press, Leiden, 1993, pp. 184-199; and Crow, M. C. and Bozeman, B., A new typology for R&D laboratories: implications for policy analysis. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 1987, 6(2), pp. 328-341.
41. Solingen, op. cit.
42. The Science Citation Index is a more reliable database than public laboratories' publication lists. For instance, the Science Citation Index includes the addresses of all authors. The well-known bias of this index in favor of publications written in English does not constitute a problem since our laboratories are in areas where researchers usually publish in English.
43. Detailed data is available from the author.
44. Faucher, P. and Bergeron, J., La Societe de L'Heure de Pointe. Presses de l'Universite de Montreal, Montréal, 1986.
45. David, P. A., Mowery, D. and Steinmueller, W. E., Analysing the economic payoffs from basic research. Economic Innovation and New Technology, 1992, 2, 73-90; and Pavitt, op. cit.
46. David, P. A., Mowery, D. and Steinmueller, W. E., Analysing the economic payoffs from basic research. Economic Innovation and New Technology, 1992, 2, 73-90; and Pavitt, op. cit.