Himalayan forests and ecological generalizations: Forest in the Himalaya differ significantly from both tropical and temperate forest

BioScience

Volumn 47, Issue 11, 1997, Pages 735-745

  Zobel, Donald B ^a   Singh, Surendra P ^b  

^a OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b KUMAUN UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030780952     PISSN: 00063568     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/1313096     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Adhikari BS, Rawat YS, Singh SP. 1995. Structure and function of high altitude forests of central Himalaya. II. Nutrient dynamics. Annals of Botany 75: 249-258.
2. Aerts R. 1996. Nutrient resorption from senescing leaves of perennials: are there general patterns? Journal of Ecology 84: 597-608.
3. Aide TM. 1 992. Dry season leaf production: an escape from herbivory. Biotropica 24: 532-537.
4. Borchert R. 1994. Soil and stem water storage determine phenology and distribution of tropical dry forest trees. Ecology 75: 1437-1449.
5. Box EO. 1995. Factors determining distributions of tree species and plant functional types. Vegetatio 121: 101-116.
6. Burns RM, Honkala BH, Technical Coordinators. 1990. Silvics of North America. 2 vol. Washington (DC): USDA Forest Service. US Department of Agriculture Handbook nr 654.
7. Dhaila S. 1991. Phenology of deciduous and evergreen broadleaf species with particular reference to water stress. Ph.D. Thesis. Kumaun University, Naini Tal, India.
8. Field CB, Randerson JT, Malström CM. 1995. Global net primary production: combining ecology and remote sensing. Remote Sensing of Environment 51: 74-88.
9. Frank DA, Inouye RS. 1994. Temporal variation in actual evapotranspiration of terrestrial ecosystems: patterns and ecological implications. Journal of Biogeography 21: 401-411.
10. Garkoti SC, Singh SP. 1994. Nutrient cycling in the three central Himalayan forests ranging from close canopied to open canopied treeline forests, India. Arctic and Alpine Research 26: 339-348.
11. _. 1995. Variation in net primary productivity and biomass of forests in the high mountains of central Himalaya. Journal of Vegetation Science 6: 23-28.
12. Griffin KL. 1994. Calorimetric estimates of construction cost and their use in ecological studies. Functional Ecology 8: 551-562.
13. Holbrook NM, Whitbeck JL, Mooney HA. 1995. Drought responses of neotropical dry forest trees. Pages 243-276 in Bullock SH, Mooney HA, Medina E, eds. Seasonally dry tropical forests. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press.
14. Jha PK, Sah SP. 1986. Element concentration in wood of different tree species of Phulchoki Hill, Nepal. Journal of Current Biosciences 3: 45-49.
15. Kikuzawa K. 1995. Leaf phenology as an optimal strategy for carbon gain in plants. Canadian Journal of Botany 73: 158-163.
16. Killingbeck KT. 1996. Nutrients in senesced leaves: keys to the search for potential resorption and resorption proficiency. Ecology 77: 1716-1727.
17. Mani MS. 1974. Limiting factors. Pages 135-158 in Mani MS, ed. Ecology and biogeography in India. The Hague (The Netherlands): W. Junk.
18. Matthews E. 1983. Global vegetation and land use: new high-resolution data bases for climate studies. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology 22: 474-487.
19. Molnar P. 1986. The geologic history and structure of the Himalaya. American Scientist 74: 144-154.
20. Müller MJ. 1982. Selected climatic data for a global set of standard stations for vegetation science. The Hague (The Netherlands): W. Junk.
21. Murphy PG, Lugo AE. 1986. Ecology of tropical dry forest. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 17: 67-88.
22. National Geographic Society. 1988. High Himalaya: a computer-generated landscape portrait. National Geographic 174(5).
23. Negi GCS, Singh SP. 1992. Leaf growth patfern in evergreen and deciduous species of the central Himalaya, India. International Journal of Biometeorology 36: 233-242.
24. Neilson RP. 1986. High-resolution climatic analysis and southwest biogeography. Science 232: 27-34.
25. Neilson RP, Marks D. 1994. A global perspective of regional vegetation and hydrologic sensitivities from climatic change. Journal of Vegetation Science 5: 715-730.
26. Oohata S-I. 1992. Leaf life spans in Genus Pinus. Bulletin of the Kyoto University Forests 64: 15-26.
27. Perry DA. 1994. Forest ecosystems. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
28. Prescott CE, Corbin JP, Parkinson D. 1989. Biomass, productivity, and nutrient-use efficiency of aboveground vegetation in four Rocky Mountain coniferous forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19: 309-317.
29. Purohit AN, Sharma MM, Thapliyal RC. 1982. Effect of storage temperatures on the viability of sal (Shorea robusta) and talura (Shorea talura) seed. Forest Science 28: 526-530.
30. Ralhan PK, Singh SP. 1987. Dynamics of nutrients and leaf mass in central Himalayan forest trees and shrubs. Ecology 68: 1974-1983.
31. Ralhan PK, Khanna RK, Singh SP, Singh JS. 1985. Phenological characteristics of the tree layer of Kumaun Himalayan forests. Vegetatio 60: 91-101.
32. Rao KR, Juneja KBS. 1971. A handbook for field identification of fifty important timbers of India. Dehra Dun (India): Forest Research Institute and College.
33. Rawat YS, Singh JS. 1988. Structure and function of oak forests in central Himalaya. II. Nutrient dynamics. Annals of Botany 62: 413-427.
34. Reich PB. 1993. Reconciling apparent discrepancies among studies relating life span, structure and function of leaves in contrasting plant life forms and climates: 'the blind men and the elephant retold.' Functional Ecology 7: 721-725.
35. _. 1995. Phenology of tropical forests: patterns, causes, and consequences. Canadian Journal of Botany 73: 164-174.
36. Reich PB, Koike T, Gower ST, Schoettle AW. 1995. Causes and consequences of variation in conifer leaf life span. Pages 225-254 in Smith WK, Hinckley TM, eds. Ecophysiology of coniferous forests. San Diego: Academic Press.
37. Reichle DE. 1981. Dynamic properties of forest ecosystems. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press.
38. Ruimy A, Saugier B, Dedieu G. 1994. Methodology for the estimation of terrestrial net primary production from remotely sensed data. Journal of Geophysical Research 99: 5263-5283.
39. Running SW, Loveland TR, Pierce LE. 1994. A vegetation classification logic based on remote sensing for use in global biogeochemical models. Ambio 23: 77-82.
40. Schulze E-D, Kelliher FM, Körner C, Lloyd J, Luening R. 1994. Relationships among maximum stomatal conductance, ecosystem surface conductance, carbon assimilation rate, and plant nitrogen nutrition: a global ecology scaling exercise. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 25: 629-660.
41. Schweinfurth U. 1957. Die horizontale und vertikale Verbreitung der Vegetation im Himalaya. Bonner Geographische Abhandlungen 20; 1-373.
42. Sheriff DW, Margolis HA, Kaufmann MR, Reich PB. 1995. Resource use efficiency. Pages 143-178 in Smith WK, Hinckley TM, eds. Resource physiology of conifers: acquisition, allocation, and utilization. San Diego: Academic Press.
43. Singh SP, Bisht K. 1992. Nutrient utilization in Quercus leucotrichophora and Pinus roxburghii seedlings under five soil fertility levels. Journal of Vegetation Science 3: 573-578.
44. Singh JS, Singh SP. 1987. Forest vegetation of the Himalaya. Botanical Review 53: 80-192.
45. _. 1992. Forests of Himalaya: structure, functioning and impact of man. Nainital (India): Gyanodaya Prakashan.
46. Singh JS, Rawat YS, Chaturvedi OP. 1984. Replacement of oak forest with pine in the Himalaya affects the nitrogen cycle. Nature 311: 54-56.
47. Singh SP, Khanna RK, Singh JS. 1985. Accumulation in wood: a nutrient-conserving strategy of tropical forests. Environmental Conservation 12: 170-173.
48. Singh SP, Rawat YS, Rana BS, Negi GCS. 1990. Effects of unusually large seed crop on litterfall and nitrogen retranslocation in Himalaya oaks. Forest Ecology and Management 32: 79-86.
49. Singh SP, Adhikari BS, Zobel DB. 1994. Biomass, productivity, leaf longevity, and forest structure in the central Himalaya. Ecological Monographs 64: 401-421.
50. Song Y. 1995. On the global position of the evergreen broad-leaved forests of China. Pages 69-84 in Box EO, ed. Vegetation science in forestry: global perspective based on forest ecosystems of East and Southeast Asia. Handbook of vegetation science. Vol. 12/1. Dordrecht (The Netherlands): Kluwer Academic Publishers.
51. Stainton JDA. 1972. Forests of Nepal. New York: Hafner Pub.
52. Suehiro K, Kameyama K. 1992. Leaf age composition of evergreen broadleaved trees. Japanese Journal of Ecology 42: 137-147.
53. Tsutsumi T. 1985. Mineral cycling in a forest. Tokyo: Tokyo University Press.
54. Turner IM. 1994a. Sclerophylly: primarily protective? Functional Ecology 8: 669-675.
55. _. 1994b. A quantitative analysis of leaf form in woody plants from the world's major broadleaved forest types. Journal of Biogeography 21: 413-419.
56. Valdiya KS. 1980. The two intracrustal boundary thrusts of the Himalaya. Tectonophysics 66: 323-348.
57. Van Dyk J. 1988. Long journey of the Brahmaputra. National Geographic 174: 672-711.
58. VEMAP Members. 1995. Vegetation/ecosystem modeling and analysis project: comparing biogeography and biogeochemistry models in a continental-scale study of terrestrial ecosystem responses to climate change and CO, doubling. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 9: 407-437.
59. Vishnu-Mittre. 1984. Floristic change in the Himalaya (southern slopes) and Siwaliks from the mid-Tertiary to recent times. Pages 483-503 in Whyte RO, ed. The evolution of the east Asian environment. Vol. 2. Palaeobotany, palaeozoology and palaeo-anthropology. Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong, Centre of Asian Studies.
60. Wardle DA. 1995. Journal citation impact factors and parochial citation practices. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 76: 102-104.
61. Waring RH, Franklin JF. 1979. Evergreen coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest. Science 204: 1380-1386.
62. Waring RH, Schlesinger WH. 1985. Forest ecosystems: concepts and management. Orlando (FL): Academic Press.
63. Wessman CA. 1992. Spatial scales and global change: bridging the gap from plots to GCM grid cells. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 23: 175-200.
64. Wolfe JA. 1979. Temperature parameters of humid to mesic forests of eastern Asia and relation to forests of other regions of the Northern Hemisphere and Australasia. Washington (DC): US Department of Interior Geological Survey. Professional Paper nr 1106.
65. Zobel DB, McKee A, Hawk GM, Dyrness CT. 1976. Relationships of environment to composition, structure and diversity of forest communities of the central western Cascades of Oregon. Ecological Monographs 46: 135-156.
66. Zobel DB, Ram J, Bargali SS. 1995. Structural and physiological changes in Quercus leucotrichophora and Pinus roxburghii associated with stand disturbance in the Kumaun Himalaya, India. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Science 21: 45-66.