Neurobiological bases of behavioral development in the first year

Neuropediatrics

Volumn 28, Issue 6, 1997, Pages 296-306

  Herschkowitz, N ^a,d   Kagan, J ^b   Zilles, K ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

^b HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c HEINRICH HEINE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^d NONE   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Behavior; Brain; Development; Human infant

Indexed keywords

BRAIN CORTEX; BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; BRAIN STEM; CHILD BEHAVIOR; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; CRYING; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEAR; HAND GRIP; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; LIMBIC SYSTEM; MEMORY; NEUROBIOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PRIMATE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECOGNITION; REFLEX; REVIEW; WORKING MEMORY;

EID: 0030780282     PISSN: 0174304X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-973720     Document Type: Review

References (212)

1. Addie, W. J., M. Critchley: Forced grasping and groping. Brain 50 (1927) 142-170
2. Aggleton, J. P.: The contribution of the amygdala to normal and abnormal emotional states. Trends. Neurosci. 16 (1993) 338-333
3. Aitken, P. G.: Cortical control of conditioned and spontaneous vocal behavior in rhesus monkeys. Brain Lang. 13 (1981) 171-184
4. Akert, K.: Limbisches System. In: Drenckhahn, D., W. Zenker (Eds.): Benninghoff Anatomie. 15th ed. München, Urban und Schwarzenberg (1994) 493, 615
5. Amaral, D. G.: Anatomical organization of the primate amygdaloid complex. In: Aggleton, J. P. (Ed.): The Amygdala. New York, Wiley-Liss (1992) 1-66
6. Andersen, D. L., A. Tannenberg, C. Burke, P. Dodd: Developmental rearrangements of cortical glutamate-NMDA receptor binding sites in late human gestation. Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 88 (1997) 178-185
7. 1 receptor mechanisms in the cognitive performance of young adult and aged monkeys. Psychopharmacology 116 (1994) 143-151
8. Bachevalier, J.: Ontogenetic development of habit and memory formation in primates. Ann. N.Y. Acad Sci. 608 (1990) 457-477
9. Bachevalier, J., M. Brickson, C. Hagger: Limbic dependent recognition memory in monkeys develops early in infancy. NeuroReport 4 (1993) 77-80
10. Bancaud, J.: Epileptic attacks of temporal lobe origin in man. Jap. J. EEG, EMG 6 (1981) 61-71
11. Bates, J. F., P. S. Goldman-Rakic: Prefrontal connections of medial motor areas in the rhesus monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 336 (1993) 211-228
12. Bayer, S. A., J. Altmann, R. J. Russo, X. Zhang: Timetables of neurogenesis in the human brain based on experimentally determined patterns in the rat. Neurotoxicology 14 (1993) 83-144
13. Benson, J. B., I. C. Uzgiris: Effect of self-initiated locomotion on infant search activity. Dev. Psychol. 21 (1985) 923-931
14. Berger, A. J., R. A. Mitchell, J. W. Severinghaus: Regulation of respiration. N. Engl. J. Med. 297 (1977) 138-143
15. Bergström, L., H. Lagercrantz, L. Terenius: Postmortem analyses of neuropeptides in brains from sudden infant death victims. Brain Res. 323 (1984) 279-285
16. Bertrand, F., A. Hugelin: Respiratory synchronizing function of nucleus parabrachialis medialis: paeumotaxic mechanisms. J. Neurophysiol. 84 (1971) 189-207
17. Block, C. H., M. L. Estes: The cytoarchitectural organization of the human parabrachial nuclear complex. Brain Res. Bull. 24 (1990) 617-626
18. Bourgeois, J.-P., P. Rakic: Changes of synaptic density in the primary visual cortex of the macaque monkey from fetal to adult stage. J. Neurosci. 13 (1993) 2801-2820
19. Bourgeois, J.-P., P. S. Goldman-Rakic, P. Rakic: Synaptogenesis in the prefrontal cortex of rhesus monkey. Cereb. Cortex 4 (1994) 28-96
20. Bowlby, J.: Attachment and Loss, Vol. 2, Separation, Anxiety and Anger. New York, Basic Books (1973) 86
21. Brodal, A.: Neurological Anatomy. 3rd Ed.. New York, Oxford University Press (1981) 241
22. Brody, B. A., H. Kinney, A. Kloman, F. H. Gilles: Sequence of central nervous system myelination in human infancy 1. An autopsy study of myelination. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 46 (1987) 283-301
23. Brooks-Kayal, A., D. Pritchett: Developmental changes in human γ-aminobutyric acid. A receptor subunit composition. Ann. Neurol. 34 (1993) 687-693
24. Brozoski, T. J., R. M. Brown, P. S. Goldman: Cognitive deficit caused by regional depletion of dopamine in prefrontal cortex of rhesus monkey. Science 205 (1979) 929-931
25. Chapman, W. P., H. R. Sthroeder, G. Guyer, M. A. B. Brazier, C. Eager, J. L. Pappen et al: Physiological evidence concerning importance of the amygdaloid nuclear region in the integration of circulatory function and emotion in man. Science 120 (1954) 949-950
26. Chigr, F., M. Najimi, P. Leduque, J. A. Chayvialle, R. Bouvier: Anatomical distribution of substance P-immunoreactive neurons in human brain-stem during the first postnatal year. Brain Res. Bull. 26 (1991) 515-523
27. Choi, B. H.: Radial glia of developing human fetal spinal cord: Golgi, immunohistochemical and electron microscopic study. Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 1 (1981) 249-267
28. Chugani, H. T., M. E. Phelps, J. C. Mazziotta: Positron emission tomography study of human brain functional development. Ann. Neurol. 22 (1987) 487-497
29. Chugani, H. T.: Development of regional brain glucose metabolism. In: Dawson, G., K. W. Fischer (Eds.): Human Behavior and the Developing Brain. New York, Guilford (1994) 153-175
30. Collingridge, G. L., J. F. Blake, M. W. Brown, Z. I. Bashir, E. Ryan: Involvement of excitatory amino acid receptors in long-term potentiation in the Schaffer collateral-commissural pathway of rat hippocampal slices. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 69 (1991) 1084-1090
31. Cutler, R. W. P., C. F. Barlow: The effect of hypercapnia on brain permeability to protein. Arch. Neurol. 14 (1966) 54-63
32. Davis, M.: The role of the amygdala in fear and anxiety. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 15 (1992) 353-375
33. Davis, M.: The role of the amygdala in conditioned fear. In: Aggleton, J. P. (Ed.): The Amygdala. N.Y., Wiley-Liss (1992) 280
34. de Vries, J. I. P., G. H. A. Visser, H. F. R. Prechtl: The emergence of fetal behaviour I. Qualitative aspects. Early Hum. Dev. 7 (1982) 301-322
35. del Olmo, E., A. Diaz, M. Guirao Peneyro, C. del Arco, J. Pascual, A. Pazos: Transient localization of 5-HT1A receptors in human cerebellum during development. Neurosci. Lett. 166 (1994) 149-152
36. del Olmo, E., C. del Arco, A. Diaz, J. Pascual, G. Mengod, J. M. Palacios et al: Ontogenetic development of 5-HT1D receptors in human brain: an autoradiographic study. Eur. J. Neurosci. 8 (1996) 53-60
37. Denckla, M.: Biological correlates of learning and attention: What is relevant to learning disability and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder? J. D. B. P. 17 (1996) 114-119
38. Diamond, A., P. S. Goldman-Rakic: Comparison of human infants and rhesus monkeys on Piaget's A- not B task: evidence of dependence on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Exp. Brain Res. 74 (1989) 24-40
39. Diamond, A., S. Zola-Morgan, L. R. Squire: Successful performance by monkey with lesion of the hippocampal formation on A- not B and object retrieval, two tasks that mark developmental changes in human infants. Behav. Neurosci. 103 (1989) 526-537
40. Diamond, A.: Rate of maturation of the hippocampus and the developmental progression of children's performance on the delayed non-matching to sample and visual paired comparison tasks. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 608 (1990) 394-426
41. Diamond, A.: The development and neural bases of memory functions as indexed by the AB and delayed response task in human infants and infant monkeys. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 608 (1990) 267-303
42. Diamond, A.: Neuropsychological insight into the meaning of object concept development In: Carey, S., R. Gelman (Eds.): The Epigenesis of the Mind: Essays on Biology and Cognition. Hillsdale, New Jersey, Lawrence Earlbaum (1991) 67-110
43. Diebler, M. F., E. Farkas-Bargeton, R. Wehrle: Developmental changes of enzymes associated with energy metabolism and synthesis of some neurotransmitters in discrete areas of human neocortex. J. Neurochem. 32 (1979) 429-435
44. Downer, J. L.: Changes in visual gnostic functions and emotional behavior following unilateral temporal pole damage in the "split-brain" monkey. Nature 191 (1961) 50-51
45. Ebadi, M., P. Govitrapong: Neural pathways and neurotransmitters affecting melatonin synthesis. J. Neural. Transm. Suppl. 21 (1986) 125-155
46. Eckenhoff, M., P. Rakic: A quantitative analysis of synaptogenesis in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus in the rhesus monkey. Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 64 (1991) 129-135
47. Ellison, N., J. L. Weller, D. C. Klein: Development of a circadian rhythm in the activity of pineal serotonin N-acetyltransferase. J. Neurochem. 19 (1972) 1335-1341
48. Emde, R. N., Robert J. Harmon: Endogenous and exogenous smiling systems in early infancy. J. Am. Acad. Child Psychiatry 11 (1972) 177-199
49. Fagen, J. W., B. A. Morrongiello, C. Rovee-Collier, M. J. Gekoski: Expectancies and memory retrieval in three-month-old infants. Child Dev. 55 (1984) 936-943
50. Fitzgerald, M.: The development of descending brainstem control of spinal cord sensory processing. In: Hansen, M. A. (Ed.): Fetal and Neonatal Brainstem. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press (1991) 127-136
51. Flechsig, P.: Anatomie des menschlichen Gebims und Rückenmarks auf myelogenetischer Grundlage. Leipzig, Thieme 1920
52. Fox, N. A., M. A. Bell: Brain development over the first year of Life. In: Dawson, G., K. W. Fischer (Eds.): Human Behavior and the Developing Brain. New York, Guilford (1994) 314-345
53. Funahashi, S., C. J. Bruce, P. S. Goldman-Rakic: Mnemonic coding of visual space in the monkey's dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 61 (1989) 331-349
54. Funahashi, S., C. J. Bruce, P. S. Goldman-Rakic: Visuospatial coding in primate prefrontal neurons revealed by oculomotor paradigms. J. Neurophysiol. 63 (1990) 814-831
55. Fuster, J. M., G. E. Alexander. Neuron activity related to short-term memory. Science 173 (1971) 652-654
56. Galea, M. P., I. Darian-Smith: Postnatal maturation of the direct corticospinal projections in the macaque monkey. Cereb. Cortex 5 (1995) 518-540
57. Gallagher, B. B., H. F. Flanigin, D. W. King, W. H. Littleton: The effect of electrical stimulation of medial temporal lobe structures in epileptic patients upon ACTH, prolactin and growth hormone. Neurology 37 (1987) 299-303
58. Garey, L. J., C. de Courten: Structural development of the lateral geniculate nucleus and visual cortex in monkey and man. Behav. Brain Res. 10 (1983) 3-13
59. Gilbert, R.: The changing epidemiology of SIDS. Arch. Dis. Child. 70 (1994) 445-449
60. Gilmore, R. O., M. H. Johnson; Working memory in infancy: six-month-olds' performance on two versions of the oculomotor delayed response task. J. Exp. Child Psychol. 59 (1995) 397-418
61. Ginsberg, M. D., L. L. Sternau, M. Y. Globus, W. D. Dietrich, R. Busto: Therapeutic modulation of brain temperature: relevance to ischemic brain injury. Cerebrovasc. Brain Metab. Rev. 4 (1992) 189-225
62. Goldberg, G.: Supplementary motor area structure and function: review and hypotheses. Behav. Brain Sci. 8 (1985) 567-616
63. Goldman, P. S., H. E. Rosvold: Localization of function within the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of the rhesus monkey. Exp. Neurol. 27 (1970) 291-304
64. Goldman, P., G. Alexander: Maturation of prefrontal cortex in the monkey revealed by local reversible cryogenic depression. Nature 267 (1977) 613-615
65. Goldman, P. S., R. M. Brown: Postnatal development of monoamine content and synthesis in the cerebral cortex. Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 4 (1982) 339-349
66. Goldman-Rakic, P. S.: Circuitry of primate prefrontal cortex and regulation of behavior by representational memory. In: Handbook of Physiology, Vol. 5. Washington, D.C., American Physiological Society (1987) 373-417
67. Goldman-Rakic, P.: Cellular and circuit basis of working memory in prefrontal cortex of nonhuman primates. Prog. Brain Res. 85 (1990) 325-336
68. Goldman-Rakic, P.: The issue of memory in the study of prefrontal function. In: Thierry, A. M. (Ed): Motor and Cognitive Function in Prefrontal Cortex. Berlin, Springer Verlag (1994)
69. Goldman-Rakic, P. S.: Cellular basis of working memory. Neuron 14 (1995) 477-485
70. Groenewegen, H. J., H. W. Berendse, J. G. Wolters, A. Lohman: Anatomical relationships of the prefrontal cortex with the striapallidal system, the thalamus and the amnygdala: evidence for a parallel organization. Prog. Brain Res. 85 (1990) 95-118
71. Gupta, D.: The pineal gland in relation to growth and development in children. J. Neural. Transm. Suppl. 21 (1986) 217-232
72. Halgren, E.: Emotional neurophysiology of the amygdala within the context of human cognition. In: Aggteton, J. P. (Ed.): The Amygdala. New York, Wiley-Liss (1992) 191-228
73. Harlow, H. F.: The primate socialization motives. Trans. Stud. Coll. Physicians Philadelphia 33 (1966) 224-237
74. Harmon, R. J., R. N. Emde: Spontaneous REM behaviors in a microcephalic infant Percept Mot Skills 34 (1972) 827-833
75. Hebb, D. O.: The nature of fear. Psychol. Rev. 53 (1946) 259-276
76. Henke, P. G., A. Ray, R. M. Sullivan: The amygdala, emotion and gut functions. Dig. Dis. 36 (1991) 1133-1643
77. Herschkowitz, N.: Brain development in the fetus, neonate and infant. Biol. Neonate 54 (1988) 1-19
78. Hines, M.: Control of movements by the cerebral cortex in primates. Biol. Rev. 18 (1943) 1-31
79. Hunziker, U. A., R. G. Barr: Increased carrying reduces infant crying. Pediatrics 77 (1986) 641-647
80. Huttenlocher, P. R.: Dendritic development in the cortex of children with mental defect and infantile spasms. Neurology 24 (1974) 203-210
81. Huttenlocher, P. R.: Synaptic density in human frontal cortex-developmental changes and effects of aging. Brain Res. 163 (1979) 195-205
82. Huttenlocher, P. R., C. de Courten, L. J. Garey, H. van der Loos: Synaptogenesis in human visual cortex-evidence for synapse elimination during normal development. Neurosci. Lett. 33 (1982) 247-252
83. Huttenlocher, P. R., C. de Courton: The development of synapses in striate cortex of man. Hum. Neurobiol. 6 (1987) 1-9
84. Huttenlocher, P. R.: Morphometric study of human cerebral cortex development. Neuropsychologia 28 (1990) 517-527
85. Huttenlocher, P.: Synaptogenesis in human cerebral cortex. In: Dawson, G., K. Fischer (Eds.): Human Behavior and the Developing Nervous System. New York, Guilford (1994) 137-152
86. Jacobs, B., H. T. Chugani, V. Allada, S. Chen, M. E. Phelps, D. B. Pollack et al: Developmental changes in brain metabolism in sedated rhesus macaques and vervet monkeys revealed by positron emission tomography. Cereb. Cortex 3 (1995) 222-233
87. Jocobsen, C. F.: Functions of frontal association areas in primates. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry 33 (1935) 558-560
88. Jong-Ho, J. C., S. L. Kinsman, M. V. Johnston: RNA editing of a human glutamate receptor subunit. Mol. Brain Res. 22 (1994) 323-328
89. Jones, R. S. G.: Entorhinal-hippocampal connections: a speculative view of their function. Trends. Neurosci. 16 (1993) 58-64
90. 3H] CNQX in the human cerebellum during development and aging. Brain Res. 615 (1993) 259-266
91. Johnston, M. V.: Neurotransmitter and vulnerability of the developing brain. Brain Dev. 17 (1995) 301-306
92. Jonides, J., E. E. Smith, R. A. Koeppe, E. Awh, S. Minoshima, M. A. Mintum: Spatial working memory in humans as revealed by PET. Nature 363 (1993) 623-625
93. Jürgens, U., R. Pratt: Role of the periaqueductal grey in vocal expression of emotion. Brain Res. 167 (1979) 367-378
94. Jürgens, U.: Amygdalar localization pathways in the squirrel monkey. Brain Res. 241 (1982) 189-196
95. Jürgens, U.: The squirrel monkey as an experimental model in the study of cerebral organization of emotional vocal utterances. Eur. Arch. Psychiatr. Neurol. Sci. 236 (1986) 40-43
96. Kaada, B.: Why is there an increased risk for sudden infant death in prone sleeping? Fear paralysis and atrial stretch reflexes implicated? Acta Paediatr. 83 (1994) 548-557
97. Kagan, J., R. Kearsley, P. Zelazo: Infancy: Its Place in Human Development. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press (1978)
98. Kagan, J.: The Nature of the Child. New York, Basic Books 1984
99. Kalaria, R. N., C. Fiedler, J. C. III. Hunsaker, D. L. Sparks: Synaptic neurochemistry of human striatum during development: changes in SIDS. J. Neurochem. 60 (1993) 2098-2105
100. Kalin, N. H., S. E. Shelton: Defensive behavior in infant rhesus monkeys: environmental cues and neurochemical regulation. Science 243 (1989) 1718-1721
101. Kalin, N. H., S. E. Shelton, C. M. Barksdale: Behavioral and physiologic effects of CRH administered to infant primates undergoing maternal separation. Neuropsychopharmacology 2 (1989) 97-104
102. Kalin, N. H., S. E. Shelton, L. K. Takahashi: Defensive behaviors in infant rhesus monkeys: ontogeny and context-dependent selective expression. Child Dev. 62 (1991) 1175-1183
103. Kalin, N. H., S. E. Shelton, C. T. Snowdon: Affiliative vocalizations m infant rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta). J. Comp. Psychol. 106 (1992) 254-261
104. Kalin, N. H., S. E. Shelton, J. G. Turner: Effects of β-carboline on fear-related behavioral and neurohormonal responses. Biol. Psychiatry 31 (1992) 1008-1019
105. Kennard, M. A., H. R. Viets, J. F. Fulton: The syndrome of premotor cortex in man: Impairment of skilled movements, forced grasping, spasticity and vasomotor disturbance. Brain 57 (1934) 69-84
106. Kennaway, D. J., G. E. Stamp, F. C. Goble: Development of melatonin production in infants and the impact of prematurity. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 75 (1992) 367-369
107. Kinney, H. C., B. A. Brody, A. Kloman, F. Gilles: Sequence of CNS myelination in infancy. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 47 (1988) 217-234
108. 3H] nicotine binding in the human brain stem. Neuroscience 55 (1993) 1127-1138
109. 3H] quinuclidinyl benzylate binding to muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the developing human brainstem. J. Comp. Neurol. 362 (1995) 350-367
110. Kinsbourne, M.: Development of attention and metacognition. In: Segalowitz, S. J., I. Rapin (Eds.): Handbook of Neuropsychology, Vol. 7. Amsterdam, Elsevier Science (1992) 261-277
111. Koenderink, M. J. Th., H. B. M. Uylings, L. Mrzljak: Postnatal maturation of the Layer III pyramidal neurons in the human prefrontal cortex. Brain Res. 653 (1994) 173-182
112. Koenderink, M. J. Th., H. B. M. Uylings: Postnatal maturation of layer V pyramidal neurons in the human prefrontal cortex. A quantitative Golgi analysis. Brain Res. 678 (1995) 233-243
113. Konstantinidou, A. D., I. Silos-Santiago, N. Flaris, W. D. Snider: Development of the primary afferent projection in human spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 354 (1995) 1-12
114. 3H) glutamate binding in human brain. Neurosci. Lett. 93 (1988) 312-317
115. Kostovic, I., J. Skavic, D. Strinovic: Acetylcholinesterase in the human frontal associative cortex during the period of cognitive development: early laminar shifts and late innervation of pyramidal neurons. Neurosci. Lett. 90 (1988) 107-112
116. Kostovic, I.: Zentralnervensystem. In: Hinrichsen, K. V. (Ed.): Humanembryologie. Berlin, Springer (1990) 423-426
117. Kostovic, I.: Zentralnervensystem. In: Hinrichsen, K. V. (Ed.): Humanembryologie. Berlin, Springer (1990) 438-440
118. Kostovic, I.: Structural and histochemical reorganization of the human prefrontal cortex during perinatal and postnatal life. Prog. Brain Res. 85 (1990) 223-240
119. Kretschman, H. J., G. Kammradt, J. Krauthausen, B. Sauer: Growth of the hippocampal formation in man. Bibl. Anat. 28 (1986) 27-52
120. Krmpotic-Nemanic, J., I. Kostovic, Z. Kelovic, D. Nemanic, L. Mrzljak: Development of the human fetal auditory cortex: growth of afferent fibres. Acts Anat 116 (1983) 69-73
121. Kubota, K., H. Niki: Prefrontal cortical activity and delayed alternation performance in monkeys. J. Neurophysiol. 34 (1971) 337-347
122. Kuhar, M. J., C. B. Pert, S. H. Snyder: Regional distribution of opiate receptor binding in monkey and human brain. Nature 245 (1973) 447-450
123. 3H] spiperone binding sites in stratum. Neurochem. Int. 20 (1992) 559-566
124. Kuypers, H. G. J. M., D. G. Lawrence: Cortical projections to the red nucleus and the brain stem in the rhesus monkey. Brain Res. 4 (1967) 151-188
125. LaMotte, C. C., A. Snowman, C. Pert, S. H. Snyder: Opiate receptor binding in rhesus monkey brain: association with limbic structures. Brain Res. 155 (1978) 374-379
126. Lawrence, D. G., D. A. Hopkins: The development of motor control in the rhesus monkey evidence concerning the role of corticomotoneuronal connections. Brain 99 (1976) 235-254
127. LeDoux, J. E.: Emotional systems in the brain. Behav. Brain Res. 58 (1993) 69-79
128. Lee, H., B. Choi: Density and distribution of excitatory amino acid receptors in the developing human fetal brain: a quantitative autoradiographic study. Exp. Neurol. 118 (1992) 284-290
129. Leuba, G., L. J. Garey: Evolution of neuronal numerical density in the developing and aging human visual cortex. Hum.Neurobiol. 6 (1987) 11-18
130. Lidow, M. S., P. S. Goldman-Rakic, P. Rakic: Synchronized overproduction of neurotransmitter receptors in diverse regions of the primate cerebral cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88 (1991) 10218-10221
131. Lidow, M. S., P. Rakic: Scheduling of monoaminergic neurotransmitter receptor expression in the primate neocortex during postnatal development. Cereb. Cortex 2 (1992) 401-416
132. Lieberman, H. R.: Behavior, sleep and melatonin. J. Neural. Transm. 21 (Suppl) (1986) 233-241
133. Luppino, G., M. Matelli, R. Camarda, G. Rizzolatti: Corticocortical connections of area F3 (SMA-Proper) and area F6 (Pre-SMA) in the macaque monkey. J. Camp. Neurol. 338 (1993) 114-140
134. Luyendijk, W., P. D. A. Treffers: The smile in anencephalic infants. Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. 94 (Suppl.) (1992) 113-117
135. Marin-Padala, M.: Prenatal and early postnatal ontogenesis of the human motor cortex 1. The sequential development of cortical layers. Brain Res. 23 (1970) 167-183
136. Martinez, M.: Myelin in the developing human cerebrum. Brain Res. 364 (1986) 220-232
137. Mason, W. A.: The effects of social restriction on the behavior of rhesus monkeys: I. Free social behavior. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 53 (1960) 582-589
138. Mason, W. A., J. P. Capitanio: Formation and expression of filial attachment in rhesus monkeys raised with living and inanimate mother substitutes. Dev. Psychobiol. 21 (1988) 401-430
139. Matelli, M., G. Luppino, G. Rizzolatti: Architecture of superior and mesial area 6 and the adjacent cingulate cortex in the macaque monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 311 (1991) 445-462
140. McCarthy, G., A. Blamire, A. Puce, A. Nobre, G. Block, F. Hyder et al: Functional magnetic resonance imaging of human prefrontal cortex activation during a spatial working memory task. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91 (1994) 8690-8694
141. McDonald, J. W., M. V. Johnston: Physiological and pathophysiological roles of excitatory amino acids during central nervous system development. Brain Res. Rev. 15 (1990) 41-70
142. McEwen, B. S.: External factors influencing brain development. NIDA Res. Monogr. 78 (1987) 1-14
143. McKee, R. D., L. R. Squire: On the development of declarative memory. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Cogn. 19 (2) (1993) 397-104
144. Michel, A. E., L. J. Garey: The development of dendritic spines in the human visual cortex. Hum. Neurobiol. 3 (1984) 223-227
145. Miller, R.: An interpretation, based on cell assembly theory, of the psychological impairments following lesions of the hippocampus and related structures. In: Delacour, J. (Ed.): The Memory System of the Brain. Singapore, World Scientific (1994) 659-712
146. Mishkin, M., E. A. Murray: Stimulus recognition. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 4 (1994) 200-206
147. Molliver, M. E., I. Kostovic, H. van der Loos: The development of synapses in cerebral cortex of the human fetus. Brain Res. 50 (1973) 403-407
148. Mrzljak, L., H. B. B. Uylings, C. G. Van Eden, M. Judas: Neuronal development in human prefrontal cortex in prenatal and postnatal stages. Prog. Brain Res. 85 (1990) 185-222
149. Murphy, B. L., A. F. Artisten, P. S. Goldman-Rakic, R. H. Roth: Increased dopamine turnover in the prefrontal cortex impairs spatial working memory performance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93 (1996) 1325-1329
150. Nadel, L.: Varieties of spatial cognition, psychobiological considerations. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 608 (1990) 626-636
151. Neafsey, E. J.: Prefrontal cortical control of the autonomous nervous system: anatomical and physiological observations. Prog. Brain Res. 85 (1990) 147-166
152. Nelson, C. A.: The ontogeny of human memory: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. Dev. Psychol. 31 (1995) 723-738
153. Pandya, D. N., H. G. Kuypers: Cortico-cortical connections in the rhesus monkey. Brain Res. 13 (1969) 13-36
154. Passingham, R.: The Frontal Lobes and Voluntary Action. Oxford, Oxford University Press (1993) 156
155. Penfield, W., K. Welch: The supplementary motor area of the cerebral cortex. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry 66 (1951) 289-317
156. Petit, T. L., J. C. LeBoutillier, D. P. Alfano, L. E. Becker: Synaptic development in the human fetus: a morphometric analysis of normal and Down's syndrome neocortex. Exp. Neurol. 83 (1984) 13-23
157. Piaget, J.: The origins of Intelligence in Children. Trans. by M. Cook. New York, International University Press (1952) 360
158. Pickel, V. M., K. D. Sumal, D. Reis, R. J. Miller, A. Hervonen: Immunocytochemical localization of enkephalin and substance P in the dorsal tegmental nuclei in human fetal brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 193 (1980) 805-814
159. Piggott, M. A., E. K. Perry, R. H. Perry, D. Scott: N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA binding sites in the developing human frontal cortex. Neurosci. Res. Comm. 12 (1993) 9-16
160. Prechtl, H. F. R.: The study of neural development as a perspective of clinical problems. In: Connolly, K. J., H. F. R. Prechtl (Eds.): Maturation and Development, Clinics in Developmental Medicine No. 77/78. London, William Heinemann Medical Books (1981) 198-215
161. Prechtl, H. F. R.: Continuity and change in early neural development. In: Prechtl, H. F. R. (Ed.): Continuity of Neural Functions from Prenatal to Postnatal Life, Clinics in Developmental Medicine, No. 94. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications (1984) 1-13
162. Prechtl, H. F. R.: New perspectives in early human development. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 21 (1986) 347-355
163. Purpura, D.: Normal and aberrant neuronal development in the cerebral cortex of human fetus and young infant. UCLA Forum Med. Sci. 18 (1975) 141-169
164. Rabinowicz, T.: The cerebral cortex of the premature infant of the 8th month. Growth and maturation of the brain. Prog. Brain Res. 4 (1964) 39-86
165. Rabinowicz, T., G. De Courten-Myers, J. McDonald-Comber Petetot: Human cortex development: estimates of neuronal numbers indicate major loss late during gestation. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 55 (1996) 320-328
166. Rakic P., R. S. Nowakowski: The time of origin of neurons in the hippocampal region of the rhesus monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 196 (1981) 99-128
167. Rakic, P., J. P. Bourgeois, M. Eckenhoff, N. Zecevic, P. Goldman-Rakic: Concurrent overproduction of synapses in diverse regions of the primate cerebral cortex. Science 232 (1986) 232-235
168. Ralston, D. D.: Corticorubral synaptic organization in macaca fascicularis: A study utilizing degeneration, anterograde transport of WGA-HRP, and combined immuno-GABA-gold technique and computer-assisted reconstruction. J. Comp. Neurol. 350 (1994) 657-673
169. 3H] quinuclidinyl benzylate binding sites in frontal cortex. J. Neurochem. 44 (1985) 240-246
170. Rebelsky, F., R. Black: Crying in infancy. J. Genet. Psychol. 121 (1972) 49-57
171. Reep, R.: Relationship between prefrontal and limbic cortex: A comparative and anatomical review. Brain Behav. Evol. 25 (1984) 5-80
172. Reichelt, R., D. Hofmann, H.-J. Födisch, H. Möhler, M. Knapp, J. Hebebrand: Ontogeny of the benzodiazepine receptor in human brain. J. Neurochem. 57 (1991) 1128-1135
173. Rosenblith, J. F., J. E. Sims-Knight: In the Beginning. Monterey, Cal., Brooks Cole 1904
174. 1H-NMR spectra of glutamate in the human brain. Magn. Reson. Med. 25 (1992) 94-106
175. Sackett, G. P.: Monkeys reared in isolation with pictures as visual input Science 154 (1966) 1468-1472
176. Sandner, G., P. Oberling, M. Silveira, G. DiScala, B. Rocha: What brain structures are active during emotions? Effects of brain stimulation elicited aversion on c-fos immunoreactivity and behavior. Behav. Brain Res. 58 (1993) 9-18
177. Sandyk, R.: Melatonin and maturation of REM sleep. Int. J. Neurosci. 63 (1992) 105-114
178. Schacter, D. L., E. Tulving: What are the memory systems of 1994? In: Schacter, D. L., E. Tulving (Eds.): Memory Systems 1994. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press (1994) 18-29
179. Schadé, J. P., W. B. von Groenigen: Structured organization of the human cerebral cortex. Acta Anat. 47 (1961) 74-111
180. Seeman, P., H.-C. Guan, C. Bergeron, L. Becker, C. P. Reynolds: Human brain dopamine receptors in children and aging adults. Synapse 1 (1987) 399-404
181. Seress, L., L. Mrzljak: Postnatal development of mossy cells in the human dentate gyrus: a light microscopic golgi study. Hippocampus 2 (1992) 127-142
182. 1 dopamine receptor immunoreactivity in human and monkey cerebral cortex: Predominant and extrasynaptic localization in dendritic spines. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91 (1994) 5720-5724
183. Smiley, J. F., P. S. Goldman-Rakic: Serotonergic axons in monkey prefrontal cerebral cortex synapse predominantly on interneurons as demonstrated by serial section electron microscopy. J. Comp. Neurol. 367 (1996) 431-143
184. Smith, A. M., D. Bourbonnais, G. Blanchette: Interaction between forced grasping and a learned precision grip after ablation of the supplementary motor area. Brain Res. 222 (1981) 395-100
185. Smith, O. A., J. L. DeVito: Central neural integration for the control of autonomic responses associated with emotions. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 7 (1984) 43-65
186. Squire, L., S. Zola-Morgan: The medial temporal lobe memory system. Science 253 (1991) 1380-1386
187. Swaab, D. F., M. A. Hofman, M. B. O. M. Honnebier: Development of vasopressin neurons in the human suprachiasmatic nucleus in relation to birth. Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 52 (1990) 289-293
188. Swaab, D. F., E. Goudsmit, H. P. H. Kremer, M. A. Hofman, R. Ravid: The human hypothalamus in development, sexual differentiation, aging and Alzheimer disease. Prog. Brain Res. 91 (1992) 465-472
189. Swaab, D. F.: Development of the human hypothalamus. Neurochem. Res. 20 (1995) 509-519
190. Swartz, B. E., A. V. Delgado-Escueta, H. M. Maldonado: A stereoencephalographic study of ictal propagation producing anisocoria, auras of fear and complex partial seizures of temporal lobe origin. J. Epilepsy 3 (1990) 149-156
191. Thompson, C. I., J. S. Schwartzbaum, H. F. Harlow: Development of social fear after amygdalectomy in infant rhesus monkeys. Physiol. Behav. 4 (1969) 249-254
192. Thompson, C. I., R. M. Bergland, J. T. Towfighi: Social and nonsocial behaviors of adult rhesus monkeys after amygdalectomy in infancy or adulthood. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 91 (1977) 533-548
193. Touwen, B.: Neurological Development in Infancy, Clinics in Developmental Medicine, No. 58, London, William Heinemann Medical Books (1976) 70-72
194. Touwen, B. C. L.: A study on the development of some motor phenomena in infancy. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 13 (1971) 435-446
195. Turner, B. H., M. Mishkin, M. Knapp: Organization of the amygdalopetal projections from modality-specific cortical association areas in the monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 191 (1980) 515-543
196. Volkow, N. D., G. J. Wang, J. S. Fowler, J. Logan, D. Schlyer, R. Hitzemann et al: Imaging endogenous dopamine competition with [11C] raclopride in the human brain. Synapse 16 (1994) 255-262
197. Volpe, J.: The neurological examination: normal and abnormal features. In: Neurology of the Newborn. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Co. (1995) 101
198. von Cramon, D., U. Jürgens: The anterior cingulate cortex and the phonatory control in monkey and man. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 7 (1983) 423-425
199. Whitaker-Azmitia, P. M.: Role of serotonin and other neurotransmitter receptors in brain development. Pharmacol. Rev. 43 (1991) 553-556
200. Wiesendanger, M., S. P. Wise: Current issues concerning the functional organization of motor cortical areas in nonhuman primates. Adv. Neurol. 57 (1992) 117-133
201. Wilkinson, M., R. I. Hume, R. Strange, J. E. Bell: Glial and neuronal differentiation in the human fetal brain 9-23 weeks of gestation. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 16 (1990) 193-204
202. Williams, G. V., P. S. Goldman-Rakic: Modulation of memory fields by dopamine D1 receptors in prefrontal cortex. Nature 376 (1995) 572-576
203. Wilson, F. A. W., S. P. O Scalaidhe, P. S. Goldman-Rakic: Functional synergism between putative γ-aminobutyrate-containing neurons and pyramidal neurons in prefrontal cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91 (1994) 4009-4013
204. Witter, M. P., G. W. Van Hoesen, D. G. Amaral: Topographical organization of the entorhinal projection to the dentate gyms of the monkey. J. Neurosci. 9 (1989) 216-228
205. Witter, M. P.: Organization of the entorhinal-bippocampal system: a review of current anatomical data. Hippocampus 3 (1993) 33-44
206. Yakovlev, P. I., A. R. Lecours: The myelogenetic cycles of regional maturation of the brain. In: Minkowski A. (Ed.): Regional Development of the Brain in Early Life. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications (1967) 3-70
207. 3H]LSD) binding to serotonin receptors in the human brainstem. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 55 (1996) 114-126
208. Zecevic, N., J.-P. Bourgeois, P. Rakic: Changes in synaptic density in motor cortex of rhesus monkey during fetal and postnatal life. Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 50 (1989) 11-32
209. Zecevic, N., P. Rakic: Synaptogenesis in monkey somatosensory cortex. Cereb. Cortex 1 (1991) 510-523
210. Zilles, K., G. Rehkämper: Schmerz und Temperatur. In: Funktionelle Neuroanatomie. 2nd ed. Berlin, Springer (1994) 266-282
211. Zilles, K., G. Schlaug, M. Matelli, G. Luppino, A. Schleicher, M. Qü et al: Mapping of human and macaque sensorimotor areas by integrating architectonic, transmitter receptor, MRI and PET data. J. Anatomy 187 (1995) 515-537
212. Zilles, K., G. Schlaug, S. Geyer, G. Luppino, M. Matelli, M. Qü et al: Anatomy and transmitter receptors of the supplementary motor areas in the human and nonhuman primate brain. Adv. Neurol. 70 (1996) 29-43