메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 12, Issue 11, 1997, Pages 2347-2357

The 1995 pill scare revisited: Anatomy of a non-epidemic

Author keywords

Cardiovascular events; Epidemiology; Oral contraceptives; Venous thromboembolism

Indexed keywords

ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT;

EID: 0030778429     PISSN: 02681161     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/humrep/12.11.2347     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (53)

References (84)
  • 1
    • 0025228398 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of two triphasic contraceptives with different progestogens: Effects on metabolism and coagulation proteins
    • Ball, M.J., Ashwell, E., Jackson, M. and Gillmer, M.D. (1990) Comparison of two triphasic contraceptives with different progestogens: effects on metabolism and coagulation proteins. Contraception, 41, 363-376.
    • (1990) Contraception , vol.41 , pp. 363-376
    • Ball, M.J.1    Ashwell, E.2    Jackson, M.3    Gillmer, M.D.4
  • 2
    • 0029609256 scopus 로고
    • Enhancement by factor V Leiden mutation of risk of deep-vein thrombosis associated with oral contraceptives containing a third-generation progestogen
    • Bloemenkamp, K.W.M., Rosendaal, F.R., Helmerhorst, P.M. et al. (1995) Enhancement by factor V Leiden mutation of risk of deep-vein thrombosis associated with oral contraceptives containing a third-generation progestogen. Lancet, 346, 1593-1596.
    • (1995) Lancet , vol.346 , pp. 1593-1596
    • Bloemenkamp, K.W.M.1    Rosendaal, F.R.2    Helmerhorst, P.M.3
  • 3
    • 1842305280 scopus 로고
    • Removal of acute coronary thrombus with fybrinolysin - In vivo experiment: A preliminary report on the use of fibnnolytic agents in the treatment of acute thrombosis
    • Bolton, H.E., Tapia, P.A., Cabral, H. et al. (1961) Removal of acute coronary thrombus with fybrinolysin - in vivo experiment: a preliminary report on the use of fibnnolytic agents in the treatment of acute thrombosis. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 175, 307-310.
    • (1961) J. Am. Med. Assoc. , vol.175 , pp. 307-310
    • Bolton, H.E.1    Tapia, P.A.2    Cabral, H.3
  • 4
    • 0023528634 scopus 로고
    • Blood coagulation with a combination pill containing gestodene and ethinyl estradiol
    • Bonnar, J., Daly, L. and Carroll, E. (1987) Blood coagulation with a combination pill containing gestodene and ethinyl estradiol. Int. J. Fertil., 32 (Suppl.), 21-28.
    • (1987) Int. J. Fertil. , vol.32 , Issue.SUPPL. , pp. 21-28
    • Bonnar, J.1    Daly, L.2    Carroll, E.3
  • 5
    • 0015148723 scopus 로고
    • Oral contraceptives and thromboembolic disease
    • Bottiger, L.E. and Westerholm, B. (1971) Oral contraceptives and thromboembolic disease. Acta Med. Scand., 190, 455-463.
    • (1971) Acta Med. Scand. , vol.190 , pp. 455-463
    • Bottiger, L.E.1    Westerholm, B.2
  • 6
    • 0004223602 scopus 로고
    • British Medical Association, London
    • British National Formulary (1988) British National Formulary. 16th edn, British Medical Association, London, p. 269.
    • (1988) British National Formulary. 16th Edn , pp. 269
  • 7
    • 0004223602 scopus 로고
    • British Medical Association, London
    • British National Formulary (1991) British National Formulary. 22nd edn, British Medical Association, London, p. 272.
    • (1991) British National Formulary. 22nd Edn , pp. 272
  • 8
    • 0023920154 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the effects of two triphasic oral contraceptives on haemostasis
    • Cohen, H., Mackie, I.J., Walshe, K. et al. (1988) A comparison of the effects of two triphasic oral contraceptives on haemostasis Br. J. Haematol., 69, 259-263.
    • (1988) Br. J. Haematol. , vol.69 , pp. 259-263
    • Cohen, H.1    Mackie, I.J.2    Walshe, K.3
  • 9
    • 0030120079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiological disasters
    • Cohen, J. (1996) Epidemiological disasters. Hum. Reprod., 11, 689-690.
    • (1996) Hum. Reprod. , vol.11 , pp. 689-690
    • Cohen, J.1
  • 10
    • 0002952164 scopus 로고
    • Bias and confounding in pharmacoepidemiology
    • Strom, B.L. (ed.). John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Chichester, UK
    • Collet, J.P., Boivin, J.F. and Spitzer, W.O. (1994) Bias and confounding in pharmacoepidemiology. In Strom, B.L. (ed.), Pharmacoepidemiology, John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Chichester, UK, pp. 612-627.
    • (1994) Pharmacoepidemiology , pp. 612-627
    • Collet, J.P.1    Boivin, J.F.2    Spitzer, W.O.3
  • 11
    • 0040862297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products, London, 22 January 1997
    • European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products (1997) Position Statement. European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products, London, 22 January 1997.
    • (1997) Position Statement
  • 12
    • 0029032629 scopus 로고
    • The risk of venous thromboembolism associated with low oestrogen dose oral contraceptives
    • Farmer, R.D.T. and Preston, T.D. (1995) The risk of venous thromboembolism associated with low oestrogen dose oral contraceptives. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 15, 195-200.
    • (1995) J. Obstet. Gynaecol. , vol.15 , pp. 195-200
    • Farmer, R.D.T.1    Preston, T.D.2
  • 13
    • 0029986752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Utilisation patterns of oral contraceptives in UK general practice
    • Farmer, R.D.T. and Lawrenson, R. (1996) Utilisation patterns of oral contraceptives in UK general practice. Contraception, 53, 211-215.
    • (1996) Contraception , vol.53 , pp. 211-215
    • Farmer, R.D.T.1    Lawrenson, R.2
  • 14
    • 0031035173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population based study of risk of venous thromboembolism associated with various oral contraceptives
    • Farmer, R.D.T., Lawrenson, R.A., Thompson, C.R. et al. (1997) Population based study of risk of venous thromboembolism associated with various oral contraceptives. Lancet, 349, 83-88.
    • (1997) Lancet , vol.349 , pp. 83-88
    • Farmer, R.D.T.1    Lawrenson, R.A.2    Thompson, C.R.3
  • 15
    • 0011896626 scopus 로고
    • Fibrinolytic mechanisms and the development of thrombolytic therapy
    • Fletcher, A.P., Alkjaersig, N. and Sherry, S. (1962) Fibrinolytic mechanisms and the development of thrombolytic therapy. Am. J. Med., 33, 738-752.
    • (1962) Am. J. Med. , vol.33 , pp. 738-752
    • Fletcher, A.P.1    Alkjaersig, N.2    Sherry, S.3
  • 16
    • 0026078062 scopus 로고
    • Oral contraceptive estrogen dose and the risk of deep venous thromboembolic disease
    • Gerstman, B.B., Piper, J.M., Tomita, D.K. et al. (1991) Oral contraceptive estrogen dose and the risk of deep venous thromboembolic disease. Am. J. Epidemiol., 133, 32-37.
    • (1991) Am. J. Epidemiol. , vol.133 , pp. 32-37
    • Gerstman, B.B.1    Piper, J.M.2    Tomita, D.K.3
  • 17
    • 0016167634 scopus 로고
    • How the oral contraceptives came to be developed
    • Goldzieher, J.W. and Rudel, H.W. (1974) How the oral contraceptives came to be developed. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 230, 421-425.
    • (1974) J. Am. Med. Assoc. , vol.230 , pp. 421-425
    • Goldzieher, J.W.1    Rudel, H.W.2
  • 18
    • 0017620063 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of hypercoagulability in users of oral contraceptives
    • Graeff, H., Battis, P., Hafter, R. and Zander, J. (1977) Evaluation of hypercoagulability in users of oral contraceptives. Klin. Wochensch., 55, 175-179.
    • (1977) Klin. Wochensch. , vol.55 , pp. 175-179
    • Graeff, H.1    Battis, P.2    Hafter, R.3    Zander, J.4
  • 19
    • 0023521730 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of some coagulation tests in women using low-dose oral contraceptives
    • Gramolini, R., Perrone. G., Calzolari, E. et al. (1987) Evaluation of some coagulation tests in women using low-dose oral contraceptives. Pat. Clin. Ost Gin., 15, 307-312.
    • (1987) Pat. Clin. Ost Gin. , vol.15 , pp. 307-312
    • Gramolini, R.1    Perrone, G.2    Calzolari, E.3
  • 21
    • 0027240597 scopus 로고
    • An international randomized trial comparing four thrombolytic strategies for acute myocardial infarction
    • GUSTO Investigators (1993) An international randomized trial comparing four thrombolytic strategies for acute myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med., 329, 673-682.
    • (1993) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.329 , pp. 673-682
  • 22
    • 0029903711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Could preferential prescribing and referral behaviour of physicians explain the elevated thrombosis risk found to be associated with third generation oral contraceptives?
    • Heinemann, L.A.J., Lewis, M.A., Assman, A. et al. (1996) Could preferential prescribing and referral behaviour of physicians explain the elevated thrombosis risk found to be associated with third generation oral contraceptives? Pharmacoepidem. Drug Safety 5, 285-294.
    • (1996) Pharmacoepidem. Drug Safety , vol.5 , pp. 285-294
    • Heinemann, L.A.J.1    Lewis, M.A.2    Assman, A.3
  • 24
    • 85007725841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 12% of women stopped taking their pill immediately they heard CSM's warning
    • Hope, S. (1996) 12% of women stopped taking their pill immediately they heard CSM's warning. Lancet, 312, 576.
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.312 , pp. 576
    • Hope, S.1
  • 25
    • 0030200956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective prescribing of third generation oral contraceptives (OCs)
    • Jamin, C. and De Mouzon, J. (1996) Selective prescribing of third generation oral contraceptives (OCs). Contraception. 54, 55-56.
    • (1996) Contraception , vol.54 , pp. 55-56
    • Jamin, C.1    De Mouzon, J.2
  • 26
    • 0029586002 scopus 로고
    • Risk of idiopathic cardiovascular death and nonfatal venous thromboembolism in women using oral contraceptives with differing progestogen components
    • Jick, H., Jick, S.S., Gurewich. V. et al. (1995) Risk of idiopathic cardiovascular death and nonfatal venous thromboembolism in women using oral contraceptives with differing progestogen components. Lancet, 346, 1589-1593.
    • (1995) Lancet , vol.346 , pp. 1589-1593
    • Jick, H.1    Jick, S.S.2    Gurewich, V.3
  • 27
    • 0030025822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of acute myocardial infarction and low-dose combined oral contraceptives
    • Jick, H., Jick, S., Meyers. M.W. and Vasilakis, C. (1996a) Risk of acute myocardial infarction and low-dose combined oral contraceptives. Lancet, 347, 627-628.
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.347 , pp. 627-628
    • Jick, H.1    Jick, S.2    Meyers, M.W.3    Vasilakis, C.4
  • 29
    • 0030603387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On behalf of the International Committee for Research in Reproduction
    • Johannisson. E. (1996) On behalf of the International Committee for Research in Reproduction. Lancet, 347, 258.
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.347 , pp. 258
    • Johannisson, E.1
  • 30
    • 0024801657 scopus 로고
    • Lipid metabolism and coagulation of two contraceptives: Correlation to serum concentrations of levonorgestrel and gestodene
    • Kjaer, A., Lebech, A.M., Borggaard. B. et al. (1989) Lipid metabolism and coagulation of two contraceptives: correlation to serum concentrations of levonorgestrel and gestodene. Contraception, 40, 665-673.
    • (1989) Contraception , vol.40 , pp. 665-673
    • Kjaer, A.1    Lebech, A.M.2    Borggaard, B.3
  • 31
    • 0023547161 scopus 로고
    • Effects of three low-dose oral contraceptive combinations on sex-hormone binding globulin, corticosteroid binding globulin and antithrombin III activity in healthy women: Two monophasic desogestrel combinations (containing 0.020 or 0.030 mg ethinylestradiol) and one triphasic levonorgestrel combination
    • Kloosterboer, H.J., Van Wayjen, R.G.A. and Van den Ende, A. (1987) Effects of three low-dose oral contraceptive combinations on sex-hormone binding globulin, corticosteroid binding globulin and antithrombin III activity in healthy women: two monophasic desogestrel combinations (containing 0.020 or 0.030 mg ethinylestradiol) and one triphasic levonorgestrel combination. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand., 144, 41-44.
    • (1987) Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. , vol.144 , pp. 41-44
    • Kloosterboer, H.J.1    Van Wayjen, R.G.A.2    Van den Ende, A.3
  • 32
    • 0028342850 scopus 로고
    • Factor VII and fibrinogen levels as risk factors for venous thrombosis. A case control study of plasma levels and DNA polymorphisms
    • Koster, T. and Rosendaal, F.R. (1994) Factor VII and fibrinogen levels as risk factors for venous thrombosis. A case control study of plasma levels and DNA polymorphisms. Thromb. Haemost., 71, 719-722.
    • (1994) Thromb. Haemost. , vol.71 , pp. 719-722
    • Koster, T.1    Rosendaal, F.R.2
  • 33
    • 0030122124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The public warnings on cardovascular disease and third-generation oral contraceptives were not justified
    • Leader, A. (1996) The public warnings on cardovascular disease and third-generation oral contraceptives were not justified. Hum. Reprod., 11, 692-693.
    • (1996) Hum. Reprod. , vol.11 , pp. 692-693
    • Leader, A.1
  • 34
    • 0030886563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lowered risk of dying of heart attack with third generation contraceptives may offset risk of dying of thromboembolism
    • Lewis, M., Spitzer, W.O., Heinemann, L.A.J. et al. (1997) Lowered risk of dying of heart attack with third generation contraceptives may offset risk of dying of thromboembolism. Br. Med. J., 315, 679-680.
    • (1997) Br. Med. J. , vol.315 , pp. 679-680
    • Lewis, M.1    Spitzer, W.O.2    Heinemann, L.A.J.3
  • 35
    • 0030200017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The increased risk of venous thromboembolism and the use of third generation progestagens: Role of bias in observational research
    • Lewis, M.A., Heinemann, L.A.J., MacRae, K.D. et al. (1996a) The increased risk of venous thromboembolism and the use of third generation progestagens: role of bias in observational research. Contraception, 54, 5-13.
    • (1996) Contraception , vol.54 , pp. 5-13
    • Lewis, M.A.1    Heinemann, L.A.J.2    MacRae, K.D.3
  • 36
    • 0029671040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Third generation oral contraceptives and risk of myocardial infarction: An international case-control study
    • Lewis, M.A., Spitzer, W.O., Heinemann, L.A.J. et al. (1996b)Third generation oral contraceptives and risk of myocardial infarction: an international case-control study. Br. Med. J., 312, 88-90.
    • (1996) Br. Med. J. , vol.312 , pp. 88-90
    • Lewis, M.A.1    Spitzer, W.O.2    Heinemann, L.A.J.3
  • 37
    • 0027414199 scopus 로고
    • Oral contraceptives and risk of a cerebral thromboembolic attack: Results of a case-control study
    • Lidegaard, O. (1993) Oral contraceptives and risk of a cerebral thromboembolic attack: results of a case-control study. Br. Med. J., 306, 956-963.
    • (1993) Br. Med. J. , vol.306 , pp. 956-963
    • Lidegaard, O.1
  • 38
    • 0030088984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolism: An epidemiological review
    • Lidegaard, O. (1996) Oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolism: an epidemiological review. Eur. J. Contr. Reprod. Health, 1, 13-20.
    • (1996) Eur. J. Contr. Reprod. Health , vol.1 , pp. 13-20
    • Lidegaard, O.1
  • 39
    • 0030902131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of thrombotic risk factors when oral contraceptives are prescribed. A control only study
    • Lidegaard, O. (1997) The influence of thrombotic risk factors when oral contraceptives are prescribed. A control only study. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand., 76, 252-260.
    • (1997) Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. , vol.76 , pp. 252-260
    • Lidegaard, O.1
  • 42
    • 0344597829 scopus 로고
    • Hemostatic changes induced by two low dose triphasic oral contraceptives
    • Machin, S.J., Mackie, I.J., Walshe, K. and Gillmer, M.D. (1987) Hemostatic changes induced by two low dose triphasic oral contraceptives. Thromb. Haemostasis, 58, 279.
    • (1987) Thromb. Haemostasis , vol.58 , pp. 279
    • Machin, S.J.1    Mackie, I.J.2    Walshe, K.3    Gillmer, M.D.4
  • 43
    • 0017768229 scopus 로고
    • Haemostatic, lipid and blood-pressure profiles of women on oral contraceptives containing 50 mcg or 30 mcg oestrogen
    • Meade, T.W. (1977) Haemostatic, lipid and blood-pressure profiles of women on oral contraceptives containing 50 mcg or 30 mcg oestrogen. Lancet, ii, 948-951.
    • (1977) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 948-951
    • Meade, T.W.1
  • 44
    • 0025966622 scopus 로고
    • A comparative study on the effects of a monophasic pill containing desogestrel plus 20 μg ethinylestradiol, a triphasic combination containing levonorgestrel and a monophasic combination containing gestodene on coagulatory factors
    • Melis, G.B., Fruzzetti, F., Nicoleffi, I. and Ricci, C. (1991) A comparative study on the effects of a monophasic pill containing desogestrel plus 20 μg ethinylestradiol, a triphasic combination containing levonorgestrel and a monophasic combination containing gestodene on coagulatory factors. Contraception, 43, 23-31.
    • (1991) Contraception , vol.43 , pp. 23-31
    • Melis, G.B.1    Fruzzetti, F.2    Nicoleffi, I.3    Ricci, C.4
  • 45
    • 0028783948 scopus 로고
    • Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke
    • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group (1995) Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. N. Engl. J. Med., 333, 1581-1587.
    • (1995) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.333 , pp. 1581-1587
  • 46
    • 0030007990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of oestrogen dose and progestogen type on haemostatic changes in women taking low dose oral contraceptives
    • Norris, L.A. and Bonnar, J. (1996) The effect of oestrogen dose and progestogen type on haemostatic changes in women taking low dose oral contraceptives. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 103, 261-267.
    • (1996) Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. , vol.103 , pp. 261-267
    • Norris, L.A.1    Bonnar, J.2
  • 48
    • 0024462278 scopus 로고
    • Effects of two triphasic oral contraceptives containing ethinyl estradiol plus levonorgestrel or gestodene on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis
    • Omsjo, I.H., Oian, P., Maltau, J.M. and Osterund, B. (1989) Effects of two triphasic oral contraceptives containing ethinyl estradiol plus levonorgestrel or gestodene on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand., 68, 27-30.
    • (1989) Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. , vol.68 , pp. 27-30
    • Omsjo, I.H.1    Oian, P.2    Maltau, J.M.3    Osterund, B.4
  • 49
    • 0029946560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stroke in users of low-dose oral contraceptives
    • Petitti. D.B., Sidney, S., Bernstein, A. et al. (1996) Stroke in users of low-dose oral contraceptives. N. Engl. J. Med., 335, 8-15.
    • (1996) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.335 , pp. 8-15
    • Petitti, D.B.1    Sidney, S.2    Bernstein, A.3
  • 50
  • 52
    • 0000398947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety of combined oral contraceptive pills
    • Poulter. N.R., Farley, T.M.M., Chang. C.L. et al. (1996) Safety of combined oral contraceptive pills. Lancet, 347, 547.
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.347 , pp. 547
    • Poulter, N.R.1    Farley, T.M.M.2    Chang, C.L.3
  • 53
    • 0024514797 scopus 로고
    • Effects of three types of combined OC pills on blood coagulation, fibrinolysis and platelet function
    • Prasad. R.N.V., Koh, S. and Ratnam, S.S. (1989) Effects of three types of combined OC pills on blood coagulation, fibrinolysis and platelet function. Contraception, 39, 369-384.
    • (1989) Contraception , vol.39 , pp. 369-384
    • Prasad, R.N.V.1    Koh, S.2    Ratnam, S.S.3
  • 54
    • 0023529028 scopus 로고
    • Clinical and metabolic effects of gestodene and levonorgestrel
    • Rabe. T., Runnebaum, B., Kohlmeier, M. et al. (1987) Clinical and metabolic effects of gestodene and levonorgestrel. Int. J. Fertil., 32 (Suppl.), 29-44.
    • (1987) Int. J. Fertil. , vol.32 , Issue.SUPPL. , pp. 29-44
    • Rabe, T.1    Runnebaum, B.2    Kohlmeier, M.3
  • 55
    • 0021987343 scopus 로고
    • Comparative metabolic effects of oral contraceptive preparations containing different progestogens. Effects of desogestrel + ethinylestradiol on the haemostatic balance
    • Rákóczi, I., Gero, G., Demeter, J. and Gati, I. (1985) Comparative metabolic effects of oral contraceptive preparations containing different progestogens. Effects of desogestrel + ethinylestradiol on the haemostatic balance. Arzneimittelforschung/Drug Res., 35, 630-633.
    • (1985) Arzneimittelforschung/Drug Res. , vol.35 , pp. 630-633
    • Rákóczi, I.1    Gero, G.2    Demeter, J.3    Gati, I.4
  • 56
    • 0024989752 scopus 로고
    • Metabolic changes during treatment with two different progestogens
    • Refin, H., Kjaer, A., Lebech, A.M. et al. (1990) Metabolic changes during treatment with two different progestogens. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 163, 74-77.
    • (1990) Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. , vol.163 , pp. 74-77
    • Refin, H.1    Kjaer, A.2    Lebech, A.M.3
  • 57
    • 0030934739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral contraceptives and venous thrombosis: Different sensitivities to activated protein C in women using second-and third-generation oral contraceptives
    • Rosing, J., Tans, G., Nicolaes, G.A.F. et al. (1997) Oral contraceptives and venous thrombosis: different sensitivities to activated protein C in women using second-and third-generation oral contraceptives. Br. J. Haematol., 97, 233-238.
    • (1997) Br. J. Haematol. , vol.97 , pp. 233-238
    • Rosing, J.1    Tans, G.2    Nicolaes, G.A.F.3
  • 58
    • 0014089275 scopus 로고
    • Oral contraception and thromboembolic disease
    • Royal College of General Practitioners (1967) Oral contraception and thromboembolic disease. J. R. Coll. Gen. Pract., 13, 267-279.
    • (1967) J. R. Coll. Gen. Pract. , vol.13 , pp. 267-279
  • 59
    • 0003518346 scopus 로고
    • Pitman Medical, London, UK
    • Royal College of General Practitioners (1974) Oral Contraceptives and Health. Pitman Medical, London, UK.
    • (1974) Oral Contraceptives and Health
  • 60
    • 0017821724 scopus 로고
    • Oral contraceptives, venous thrombosis and varicose veins: Royal College of General Practitioners' Oral Contraceptive Study
    • Royal College of General Practitioners (1978) Oral contraceptives, venous thrombosis and varicose veins: Royal College of General Practitioners' Oral Contraceptive Study. J. R. Coll. Gen. Pract., 28, 203-209.
    • (1978) J. R. Coll. Gen. Pract. , vol.28 , pp. 203-209
  • 62
    • 0030888007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeled estimates of myocardial infarction and venous thromboembolic disease in users of second and third generation oral contraceptives
    • Schwingl, P.J. and Shelton, J. (1997) Modeled estimates of myocardial infarction and venous thromboembolic disease in users of second and third generation oral contraceptives. Contraception, 55, 125-129.
    • (1997) Contraception , vol.55 , pp. 125-129
    • Schwingl, P.J.1    Shelton, J.2
  • 63
    • 0027936029 scopus 로고
    • The advance of the contraceptive revolution
    • Shah. I.H. (1994) The advance of the contraceptive revolution. World Health Stat. Q., 47, 9-15.
    • (1994) World Health Stat. Q. , vol.47 , pp. 9-15
    • Shah, I.H.1
  • 64
    • 0025107258 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the lipoprotein and haemostatic changes after a triphasic and a monophasic low dose oral contraceptive in premenopausal middle-aged women
    • Sirtori, C.R., Calabresi, L., Franceschini, G. et al. (1990) Comparison of the lipoprotein and haemostatic changes after a triphasic and a monophasic low dose oral contraceptive in premenopausal middle-aged women. Atherosclerosis, 84, 203-211.
    • (1990) Atherosclerosis , vol.84 , pp. 203-211
    • Sirtori, C.R.1    Calabresi, L.2    Franceschini, G.3
  • 65
    • 0031022484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased number of induced abortions in Norway after media coverage of adverse vascular events from the use of third-generation oral contraceptives
    • Skjeldestad, F.E. (1997) Increased number of induced abortions in Norway after media coverage of adverse vascular events from the use of third-generation oral contraceptives. Contraception, 55, 11-14.
    • (1997) Contraception , vol.55 , pp. 11-14
    • Skjeldestad, F.E.1
  • 66
    • 0029671042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Third generation oral contraceptives and risk of venous thromboembolic disorders: An international case-control study
    • Spitzer, W.O., Lewis, M.A., Heinemann, L.A.J. et al. (1996) Third generation oral contraceptives and risk of venous thromboembolic disorders: an international case-control study. Br. Med. J., 312, 83-88.
    • (1996) Br. Med. J. , vol.312 , pp. 83-88
    • Spitzer, W.O.1    Lewis, M.A.2    Heinemann, L.A.J.3
  • 67
    • 0019779399 scopus 로고
    • Oral contraceptives and cardiovascular disease
    • Stadel, B. (1981) Oral contraceptives and cardiovascular disease. N. Engl. J. Med., 305, 612-618.
    • (1981) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.305 , pp. 612-618
    • Stadel, B.1
  • 68
    • 1842318633 scopus 로고
    • Statistisches bundesamt, Germany
    • Statistisches bundesamt. (1995 and 1996) Schwangerschaftsabbruchsstatistik. Statistisches bundesamt, Germany.
    • (1995) Schwangerschaftsabbruchsstatistik
  • 69
    • 0030764967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • First-time use of newer oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thromboembolism
    • Suissa, S., Blais, L., Spitzer, W.O. and Cusson, J. (1997) First-time use of newer oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thromboembolism. Contraception, 56, 128-132.
    • (1997) Contraception , vol.56 , pp. 128-132
    • Suissa, S.1    Blais, L.2    Spitzer, W.O.3    Cusson, J.4
  • 70
    • 0021916187 scopus 로고
    • The thrombolisis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) trail. Phase 1 findings
    • TIMI Study Group (1985) The thrombolisis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) trail. Phase 1 findings. N. Engl. J. Med., 312, 932-936.
    • (1985) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.312 , pp. 932-936
  • 71
    • 0030089001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent oral contraceptive use patterns in four European countries: Evidence for selective prescribing of oral contraceptives containing third generation progestogens
    • Van Lunsen, H.W. (1996) Recent oral contraceptive use patterns in four European countries: evidence for selective prescribing of oral contraceptives containing third generation progestogens. Eur. J. Contracept. Reprod. Health Care, 1, 39-45.
    • (1996) Eur. J. Contracept. Reprod. Health Care , vol.1 , pp. 39-45
    • Van Lunsen, H.W.1
  • 72
    • 0030887419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • End of the line for 'third-generation' controversy?
    • [Responses in 349, 1621-1623.]
    • Vandenbroucke, J.P and Rosendaal, F.R. (1997) End of the line for 'third-generation' controversy? Lancet, 349, 1113-1114 [Responses in 349, 1621-1623.]
    • (1997) Lancet , vol.349 , pp. 1113-1114
    • Vandenbroucke, J.P.1    Rosendaal, F.R.2
  • 73
    • 0029780742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality from venous thromboembolism and myocardial infarction in young women in the Netherlands
    • [Responses in 348, 1095-1097.]
    • Vandenbroucke, J.P., Bloemenkamp, K.W.M., Helmerhorst, F.M. and Rosendaal, F.R. (1996) Mortality from venous thromboembolism and myocardial infarction in young women in the Netherlands. Lancet, 348, 401-402 [Responses in 348, 1095-1097.]
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.348 , pp. 401-402
    • Vandenbroucke, J.P.1    Bloemenkamp, K.W.M.2    Helmerhorst, F.M.3    Rosendaal, F.R.4
  • 74
    • 0023632027 scopus 로고
    • The effect of two low-dose contraceptives containing ethinylestradiol and desogestrel or dnorgestrel on blood clotting factors
    • Vekemans, M., Grippa, J., Capel, P. and Fondu, P. (1987) The effect of two low-dose contraceptives containing ethinylestradiol and desogestrel or dnorgestrel on blood clotting factors. Curr. Ther. Res., 42, 1109-1118.
    • (1987) Curr. Ther. Res. , vol.42 , pp. 1109-1118
    • Vekemans, M.1    Grippa, J.2    Capel, P.3    Fondu, P.4
  • 76
    • 0014431877 scopus 로고
    • Investigation of relation between use of oral contraceptives and thromboembolic disease
    • Vessey, M.P. and Doll, R. (1968) Investigation of relation between use of oral contraceptives and thromboembolic disease. Br. Med. J., 2, 199-205.
    • (1968) Br. Med. J. , vol.2 , pp. 199-205
    • Vessey, M.P.1    Doll, R.2
  • 77
    • 0014674692 scopus 로고
    • Investigation of relation between use of oral contraceptives and thromboembolic disease. A further report
    • Vessey, M.P. and Doll, R. (1969) Investigation of relation between use of oral contraceptives and thromboembolic disease. A further report. Br. Med. J., 2, 651-657.
    • (1969) Br. Med. J. , vol.2 , pp. 651-657
    • Vessey, M.P.1    Doll, R.2
  • 78
    • 0029999483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolism: Should epidemiological associations drive clinical decision making?
    • Westhoff, C. (1996) Oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolism: should epidemiological associations drive clinical decision making? Contraception, 54, 1-3.
    • (1996) Contraception , vol.54 , pp. 1-3
    • Westhoff, C.1
  • 79
    • 13344260005 scopus 로고
    • Effect of different progestogens in low oestrogen oral contraceptives on venous thromboembolic disease
    • WHO Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception (1995a) Effect of different progestogens in low oestrogen oral contraceptives on venous thromboembolic disease. Lancet, 346, 1582-1588.
    • (1995) Lancet , vol.346 , pp. 1582-1588
  • 80
    • 0030600340 scopus 로고
    • Ischemic stroke and combined oral contraceptives: Results of an international, multicentre, case-control study
    • WHO Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception (1995b) Ischemic stroke and combined oral contraceptives: results of an international, multicentre, case-control study. Lancet, 348, 498-505.
    • (1995) Lancet , vol.348 , pp. 498-505
  • 81
    • 0030600339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Haemorrhagic stroke, overall stroke risk, and combined oral contraceptives: Results of an international, multicentre. case-control study
    • WHO Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception (1996) Haemorrhagic stroke, overall stroke risk, and combined oral contraceptives: results of an international, multicentre. case-control study. Lancet, 348, 505-510.
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.348 , pp. 505-510
  • 82
    • 19244367470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute myocardial infarction and combined oral contraceptives: Results of an international multicentre case-control study
    • WHO Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception (1997) Acute myocardial infarction and combined oral contraceptives: results of an international multicentre case-control study. Lancet, 349, 1202-1209.
    • (1997) Lancet , vol.349 , pp. 1202-1209
  • 83
    • 0030021994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparative study of the effects of the hemostatic system of two monophasic gestodene oral contraceptives containing 20 μg and 30 μg ethinylestradiol
    • Winkler, U.H., Schindler, A.E., Endrikat, J. and Dusterberg, B. (1996) A comparative study of the effects of the hemostatic system of two monophasic gestodene oral contraceptives containing 20 μg and 30 μg ethinylestradiol. Contraception, 53, 75-84.
    • (1996) Contraception , vol.53 , pp. 75-84
    • Winkler, U.H.1    Schindler, A.E.2    Endrikat, J.3    Dusterberg, B.4
  • 84
    • 0344166212 scopus 로고
    • Metabolic evaluation of women using three different oral contraceptives: A comparison
    • Volpe, A.R. and Vacchinetti, F. (eds). Parthenon Publishing Group, Carnforth, UK
    • Zichella, L. (1987) Metabolic evaluation of women using three different oral contraceptives: a comparison. In Volpe, A.R. and Vacchinetti, F. (eds), Gynecological Endocrinology. Parthenon Publishing Group, Carnforth, UK, pp. 399-403.
    • (1987) Gynecological Endocrinology , pp. 399-403
    • Zichella, L.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.