A re-evaluation of relationships in the Metastriata (Acari: Parasitiformes: Ixodidae)

Systematic Parasitology

Volumn 38, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 1-24

  Klompen, J S H ^a   Oliver Jr , J H ^b   Keirans, J E ^b   Homsher, P J ^c  

^a OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c Old Dominion University   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030777217     PISSN: 01655752     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1005815925466     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Arthur, D.R. (1956) The morphology of the British Prostriata with particular reference to Ixodes hexagonus Leach. III. Parasitology, 46, 261-307.
2. Balashov, Y.S. (1972) Bloodsucking ticks (Ixodoidea) vectors of disease of man and animals. Miscellaneous Publications of the Entomological Society of America, 8, 160-376.
3. Balashov, Y.S. (1989) Coevolution of ixodid ticks and terrestrial vertebrates. Parazitologiya, 23, 427-467. (In Russian).
4. Balashov, Y.S. & Leonovich, S.A. (1978) External ultrastructure of Haller's organ in ixodid ticks of the subfamily Ixodinae (Acarina, Ixodoidea) in connection with the systematics of this group. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR, 77, 29-36. (In Russian).
5. Balashov, Y.S. & Leonovich, S.A. (1981) Structure and evolutionary trends of Haller's organ in ixodid ticks of the subfamily Amblyomminae. Parazitologicheskii Sbornik, 30, 5-21. (In Russian).
6. Banks, N. (1908) A revision of the Ixodoidea, or ticks, of the United States. United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology, Technical Series, 15, 1-60.
7. Binnington, K.C. (1972) The distribution and morphology of probable photoreceptors in eight species of ticks (Ixodoidea). Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde, 40, 321-332.
8. Black, W.C., IV, Klompen, J.S.H. & Keirans, J.E. (1997) Phylogenetic relationships among tick subfamilies (Ixodida: Ixodidae: Argasidae) based on the 18S nuclear rDNA gene. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 7, 129-144.
9. Black, W.C., IV & Piesman, J. (1994) Phylogeny of hard- and softtick taxa (Acari: Ixodida) based on mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 91, 10034-10038.
10. Camicas, J.L. & Morel, P.C. (1977) Position systematique et classification des tiques (Acarida: Ixodida). Acarologia, Paris, 18, 410-420.
11. Carpenter, J.M. (1988) Choosing among multiple equally parsimonious cladograms. Cladistics, 4, 291-296.
12. Clifford, C.M. & Anastos, G. (1960) The use of chaetotaxy in the identification of larval ticks (Acarina: Ixodidae). Journal of Parasitology, 46, 567-578.
13. Clifford, C.M., Sonenshine, D.E., Keirans, J.E. & Kohls, G.M. (1973) Systematics of the subfamily Ixodinae (Acarina: Ixodidae). I. The subgenera of Ixodes. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 66, 489-500.
14. Cooley, R.A. (1938) The genera Dermacentor and Otocentor (Ixodidae) in the United States, with studies in variation. National Institutes of Health Bulletin, 171, 1-89.
15. Crampton, A., McKay, I. & Barker, S.C. (1996) Phylogeny of ticks (Ixodida) inferred from nuclear ribosomal DNA. International Journal for Parasitology, 26, 511-517.
16. Diehl, P.A., Guerin, P., Vlimant, M. & Steullet, P. (1991) Biosynthesis, production site, and emission rates of aggregation-attachment pheromone in males of two Amblyomma ticks. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 17, 833-847.
17. Dinnik, J. & Zumpt, F. (1949) The integumentary sense organs of the larvae of Rhipicephalinae (Acarina). Psyche, 56, 1-17.
18. Edwards, M.A. (1975) The chaetotaxy of the pedipalps and legs of some larval ticks (Acari: Argasidae). Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 33, 1-76.
19. Edwards, M.A. & Evans, G.O. (1967) Some observations on the chaetotaxy of the legs of larval Ixodidae (Acari: Metastigmata). Journal of Natural History, 4, 595-601.
20. El Shoura, S.M., Hoogstraal, H. & Roshdy, M.A. (1984) Nuttalliella namaqua (Ixodoidea: Nuttalliellidae): female internal morphology. Journal of Parasitology, 70, 114-120.
21. Evans, G.O. (1992) Principles of acarology. Cambridge: University Press, 563 pp.
22. Farris, J.S. (1988) Hennig86. Version 1.5. Port Jefferson Station, New York: published by author.
23. Feldman-Muhsam, B. (1963) Function of the areae porosae of ixodid ticks. Nature, 197, 100.
24. Filippova, N.A. (1958) A contribution to the morphology and systematics of the immature phases of the ticks (Ixodinae). Parazitologicheskii Sbornik, 18, 10-77. (In Russian).
25. Filippova, N.A. (1977) Ixodid ticks of the subfamily Ixodinae. Leningrad: Zoologicheskogo Institut Akademii Nauk USSR, 393 pp. (In Russian).
26. Filippova, N.A. (1984) Taxonomy of ticks of the family Ixodidae (Acarina, Parasitiformes) in the fauna of the USSR and plans for studying it. Parazitologicheskii Sbornik, 32, 61-78. (In Russian).
27. Filippova, N. A. (1993) Ventral skeleton of male of ixodid ticks of the subfamily Amblyomminae, its evolution and role for supergeneric classification. Parazitologiya, 27, 3-18.
28. Filippova, N. A. (1994) Classification of the subfamily Amblyomminae (Ixodidae) in connection with reinvestigation of chaetotaxy of the anal valve. Parazitologiya, 28, 3-12.
29. Filippova, N.A. & Bardzimashvily, E.A. (1992) Anomalohimalaya cricetuli (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae) in the mountains of Middle Asia and differential diagnostics of female and nymph. Parazitologiya, 26, 403-408.
30. Filippova, N.A. & Panova, I.V. (1978) Anomalohimalaya lotozkyi sp. n., a new species of ixodid ticks from Peter I ridge (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae). Parazitologiya, 12, 391-399.
31. Flannery, T.F. (1993) The case of the missing meat eaters. Natural History, 102, 40-45.
32. Hess, E. & Vlimant, M. (1986) Leg sense organs of ticks. In: Sauer, J.R. & Hair, J.A. (Eds) Morphology, physiology and behavioral biology of ticks. Chichester: Ellis Horwood Ltd, pp. 361-390.
33. Homsher, P.J., Keirans, J.E., Robbins, R.G., Irwin-Pinkley, L. & Sonenshine, D.E. (1988) Scanning electron microscopy of ticks for systematic studies: structure of Haller's organ in eight species of the subgenus Sternalixodes of the genus Ixodes (Acari: Ixodidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 25, 348-353.
34. Homsher, P.J., Robbins, R.G. & Keirans, J.E. (1991) Scanning electron microscopy of Haller's organ for subgeneric systematic studies in the genus Ixodes. In: Dusbábek, F. & Bukva, V (Eds) Modern Acarology. Volume 2. Prague: Academia, pp. 335-342, Plates XXXVII, XXXVIII.
35. Homsher, P.J. & Sonenshine, D.E. (1977) Scanning electron microscopy of ticks for systematic studies. 2. Structure of Haller's organ in Ixodes brunneus and Ixodes frontalis. Journal of Medical Entomology, 14, 93-97.
36. Homsher, P.J. & Sonenshine, D.E. (1979) Scanning electron microscopy of ticks for systematic studies: 3. Structure of Haller's organ in five species of the subgenus Multidentatus of the genus Ixodes. In: Rodriguez, J.G. (Ed.) Recent advances in acarology. Volume II. New York: Academic Press, pp. 485-490.
37. Hoogstraal, H. & Aeschlimann, A. (1982) Tick-host specificity. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique Suisse, 55, 5-32.
38. Hoogstraal, H., Kaiser, M.K. & Mitchell, R.M. (1970) Anomalohimalaya lama, new genus and new species (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae), a tick parasitizing rodents, shrews, and hares in the tibetan highland of Nepal. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 63, 1576-1585.
39. Hoogstraal, H. & Kim, K.C. (1985) Tick and mammal coevolution, with emphasis on Haemaphysalis. In: Kim, K.C. (Ed.) Coevolution of parasitic arthropods and mammals. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc., pp. 505-568.
40. Kaufman, T.S. (1972) A revision of the genus Aponomma Neumann, 1899 (Acarina: Ixodidae). Ph. D. dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 389 pp.
41. Keirans, J.E. (1992) Systematics of the Ixodida (Argasidae, Ixodidae, Nuttalliellidae): an overview and some problems. In: Fivaz, B.H., Petney, T.N. & Horak, I.G. (Eds) Tick vector biology. Medical and veterinary aspects. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 1-21.
42. Keirans, J.E., Clifford, C.M., Hoogstraal, H. & Easton, E.R. (1976) Discovery of Nuttalliella namaqua Bedford (Acarina: Ixodoidea: Nuttalliellidae) in Tanzania and redescription of the female based on scanning electron microscopy. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 69, 926-932.
43. Keirans, J.E. & Garris, G.I. (1986) Amblyomma arianae, n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae), a parasite of Alsophis portoricensis (Reptilia: Colubridae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 23, 622-625.
44. Keirans, J.E., King, D.R. & Sharrad, R.D. (1994) Aponomma (Bothriocroton) glebopalma, n. subgen., n. sp., and Amblyomma glauerti n. sp. (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae), parasites of monitor lizards (Varanidae) in Australia. Journal of Medical Entomology, 31, 132-147.
45. Keirans, J.E. & Klompen, J.S.H. (1996) Amblyomma quadricavum (Schulze) (new combination), and Amblyomma arianae Keirans & Garris, a new junior synonym of Amblyomma quadricavum (Acari: Ixodidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 98, 164-165.
46. Klompen, J.S.H. (1992) Comparative morphology of argasid larvae (Acari: Ixodida: Argasidae), with notes on phylogenetic relationships. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 85, 541-560.
47. Klompen, J.S.H. (in press) Phylogenetic relationships in the family Ixodidae with emphasis on the genus Ixodes (Parasitiformes: Ixodidae). In: Needham, G.R., Mitchell, R., Horn, D.J. & Welbourn, W.C. (Eds) Acarology IX: Symposia. Columbus: Ohio Biological Survey.
48. Klompen, J.S.H., Black, W.C., IV, Keirans, J.E. & Oliver, J.H., Jr. (1996a) Evolution of ticks. Annual Review of Entomology, 41, 141-161.
49. Klompen, J.S.H., Keirans, J.E., Filippova, N.A. & Oliver, J.H., Jr. (1996b) Idiosomal lyrifissures, setae, and small glands as taxonomic characters and potential indicators of ancestral segmentation patterns in larval Ixodidae (Acari: Ixodida). International Journal of Acarology, 22, 113-134.
50. Klompen, J.S.H. & Oliver, J.H., Jr (1993a) Haller's organ in the tick family Argasidae (Acari: Parasitiformes: Ixodida). Journal of Parasitology, 79, 591-603.
51. Klompen, J.S.H. & Oliver, J.H., Jr (1993b) Systematic relationships in the soft ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Argasidae). Systematic Entomology, 18, 313-331.
52. Krantz, G.W. (1978) A manual of acarology. (2nd ed.) Corvallis: Oregon State University Book Stores Inc., 509 pp.
53. Lindquist, E.E. (1984) Current theories on the evolution of major groups of Acari and on their relationship with other groups of Arachnida, with consequent implications for their classification. In: Griffiths, D.A. & Bowman, C.E. (Eds) Acarology VI, Vol. 1. Chichester: Ellis Horwood Ltd, pp. 28-62.
54. Morel, P.C. (1969) Contribution a la connaissance de la distribution des tiques (Acariens, Ixodidae et Amblyommidae) an Afrique Ethiopienne continentale. PhD Dissertation, Université de Paris, Paris, 388 pp.
55. Norton, R.A., Kethley, J.B., Johnston, D.E. & OConnor, B.M. (1993) Phylogenetic perspectives on genetic systems and reproductive modes of mites. In: Wrench, D.L. & Ebbert, M.A. (Eds) Evolution and diversity of sex ratio in insects and mites. New York: Chapman & Hall, pp. 8-99.
56. Oliver, J.H., Jr (1977) Cytogenetics of mites and ticks. Annual Review of Entomology, 22, 407-429.
57. Oliver, J.H., Jr (1989) Biology and systematics of ticks (Acari: Ixodida). Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 20, 397-430.
58. Oliver, J.H., Jr & Stone, B.F. (1983) Spermatid production in unfed, Metastriata ticks. Journal of Parasitology, 69, 420-421.
59. Pomerantsev, B.I. (1948) Basic directions of evolution of Ixodoidea. Parazitologicheskii Sbornik, 10, 5-19. (In Russian).
60. Roberts, F.H.S. (1960) A systematic study of the Australian species of the genus Ixodes (Acarina: Ixodidae). Australian Journal of Zoology, 8, 392-485.
61. Schulze, P. (1932) Über die Körpergliederung der Zecken, die Zusammenzetzung des Gnathosoma und die Beziehungen der Ixodoidea zu den fossilen Anthracomarti. Sitzungsberichte und Abhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Rostock, 3, 104-126.
62. Schulze, P. (1935) Zur vergleichenden Anatomie der Zecken. Das Sternale, die Mundwerkzeuge, Analfurchen und Analbeschilderung und ihre Bedeutung, Ursprünglichkeit und Luxurieren. Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Ökologie der Tiere, 30, 1-40.
63. Schulze, P. (1941) Das Geruchsorgan der Zecken. Untersuchungen Über die Abwandlungen eines Sinnesorgans und seine stammesgeschichtliche Bedeutung. Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Ökologie der Tiere, 37, 491-564.
64. Schulze, P. (1942) Über die Hautsinnesorgane der Zecken, besonders über eine bisher unbekannte Art von Arthropodensinnesorganen, die Krobylophoren. Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Ökologie der Tiere, 38, 379-419.
65. Swofford, D.L. (1993) PAUP, phylogenetic analysis using parsimony. Version 3.1.1. Champaign, Illinois: Illinois Natural History Survey.
66. Teng, K.-F. & Huang, C.-A. (1981) A new species of tick of the genus Anomalohimalaya from China (Acarina: Ixodidae). Acta Entomologica Sinica, 24, 99-102.
67. Walker, J.B. & Laurence, B.R. (1973) Margaropus wileyi sp.nov. (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae), a new species of tick from reticulated giraffe. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 40, 13-22.
68. Warburton, C. (1907) Notes on ticks. Journal of Economic Biology, 2, 89-95.
69. Wassef, H.Y. & Hoogstraal, H. (1983) Dermacentor (Indocentor) compactus (Acari: Ixodoidea: Ixodidae): identity of male and female. Journal of Medical Entomology, 20, 648-652.
70. Yoder, J.A., Pollack, R.J. & Spielman, A. (1993a) An antdiversionary secretion of ticks: first demonstration of an ant allomone. Journal of Insect Physiology, 39, 429-435.
71. Yoder, J.A., Pollack, R.J., Spielman, A., Sonenshine, D.E. & Johnston, D.E. (1993b) Secretion of squalene by ticks. Journal of Insect Physiology, 39, 291-296.