On convection and the formation of Subantarctic Mode Water in the fine Resolution Antarctic Model (FRAM)

Journal of Marine Systems

Volumn 13, Issue 1-4, 1997, Pages 137-154

  Ribbe, Joachim ^a,b   Tomczak, Matthias ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b FLINDERS UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Antarctic Ocean; Convection; Models; Ocean circulation; Tracers

Indexed keywords

CIRCULATION MODELLING; FORMATION; OCEANIC CONVECTION; SUBANTARCTIC MODE WATER; WATER MASSES;

SOUTHERN OCEAN;

EID: 0030775886     PISSN: 09247963     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0924-7963(96)00119-4     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Bindoff, N.L., Church, J.A., 1992. Warming of the water column in the southwest Pacific Ocean. Nature 357, 59-62.
2. Broecker, W.S., 1991. The great ocean conveyor belt. Oceanography 4 (2), 79-89.
3. Broecker, W.S., Sutherland, S., Smethie, W., 1995. Oceanic radiocarbon: separation of the natural and bomb components. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 9 (2), 263-288.
4. Bryan, K., 1969. A numerical method for the study of the circulation of the World Ocean. J. Comput. Phys. 4, 347-376.
5. Bryden, H.L., 1983. The Southern Ocean. In: Robinson, A.R. (Ed.), Eddies in Marine Science. Springer, Berlin, pp. 265-277.
6. Bullister, J.L., 1989. Chlorofluorocarbons as time-dependent tracers in the ocean. Oceanography 2(2), 12-17.
7. DööS, K., 1995. Interocean exchange of water masses. J. Geophys. Res. 100 (C7), 13499-13514.
8. Döös, K., Webb, D.J., 1994. The Deacon cell and the other meridional cells of the Southern Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 24, 429-442.
9. Emery, W.J., Meincke, J., 1986. Global water masses: summary and review. Oceanol. Acta 9 (4), 383-391.
10. England, M.H., Godfrey, J.S., Hirst A.C., Tomczak, M., 1993. The mechanism for Antarctic Intermediate Water Renewal in a World Ocean Model. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 23(7), 1553-1560.
11. England, M.H., Garcon, V., Minster, J.-F., 1994. Chlorofluorocarbon uptake in a world ocean model, 1. Sensitivity to the surface gas forcing. J. Geophys. Res. 99 (C12), 25215-25333.
12. Feron, R.C.V., 1995. The Southern Ocean western boundary currents: comparison of fine resolution Antarctic model results with Geosat altimeter data. J. Geophys. Res. 100 (C3), 4959-4975.
13. Grose, T.J., Johnson, J.A., Bigg, G.R., 1995. A comparison between the FRAM (Fine Resolution Antarctic Model) results and observations in the Drake Passage. Deep-Sea Res. 42 (3), 365-388.
14. Heath, R.A., 1981. Oceanic fronts around southern New Zealand. Deep-Sea Res. 28A (6), 547-560.
15. Hirst, A.C., Godfrey, J.S., 1993. The role of Indonesian throughflow in a global ocean GCM. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 23 (6), 1057-1086.
16. IPCC, 1992. Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment (edited by J.T. Houghton, G.J. Jenkins and J.J. Ephraums). Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 364 pp.
17. Lutjeharms, J.R.E., Webb, D.J., 1995. Modelling the Agulhas Current system with the FRAM (Fine Resolution Antarctic Model). Deep-Sea Res. 42 (4), 523-551.
18. McCartney, M.S., 1977. Subantarctic Mode Water. A Voyage of Discovery. M. Angel, Ed. Deep-Sea Res. 24 (Suppl.), 103-119.
19. McCartney, M.S., 1982. The subtropical recirculation of mode waters. J. Mar. Res. 40 (Suppl.), 427-464.
20. Olbers, D., Gouretski, V., Seiss, G., Schroter, J., 1991. Hydrographic Atlas of the Southern Ocean. Alfred Wegener Inst. Polar Mar. Res., Bremerhaven, 82 pp.
21. Piola, A.R., Georgi, D.T., 1982. Circumpolar properties of Antarctic Intermediate Water and Subantarctic Mode Water. Deep-Sea Res. 29 (6a), 687-711.
22. Piola, A.R., Gordon, A.L., 1989. Intermediate Water in the south western South Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res. 36, 1-16.
23. Quartly, G.D., Srokosz, M.A., 1993. Seasonal variations in the region of the Agulhas retroflection: studies with Geosat and FRAM. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 23, 2107-2124.
24. Ribbe, J., Tomczak, M., 1997a. On the effect of a missing throughflow in the Fine Resolution Antarctic Model (FRAM). J. Phys. Oceanogr. 27(3), 445-455.
25. Ribbe, J., Tomczak, M., 1997b. The Formation of Subantarctic Mode Water in the Southeast Indian Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. (submitted).
26. Saunders, P.M., Thompson, S.R., 1992. Transport, heat, and freshwater fluxes within a diagnostic numerical model (FRAM). J. Phys. Oceanogr. 23, 452-464.
27. Semtner, A.J., 1986. Finite difference formulation of a world ocean model. In: O'Brien, J.J. (Ed.), Advanced Physical Oceanographic Modelling. NATO ASI Ser. C. Reidel, Dordrecht, pp. 187-202.
28. Sparrow, M.D., Heywood, K.J., Brown, J., Stevens, D.P., 1996. Current structure of the South Indian Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 101 (C3), 6377-6391.
29. Stevens, I.G., Stevens, D.P., 1996. Passive tracers in a general circulation model of the Southern Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. (submitted).
30. Stevens, D.P., Thompson, S.R., 1994. The South Atlantic in the Fine-Resolution Antarctic Model. Ann. Geophys. 12, 826-839.
31. The FRAM Group, 1991. An eddy-resolving model of the Southern Ocean. Eos, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 72 (15), 169-175.
32. Thompson, S.R., 1993. Estimation of the transport of heat in the Southern Ocean using a fine-resolution numerical model. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 23, 2493-2497.
33. Toggweiler, J.R., Dixon, K., Bryan, K., 1989. Simulations of radiocarbon in a coarse-resolution world ocean model, 1. Steady state prebomb distributions. J. Geophys. Res. 94 (C6), 8217-8242.
34. Tomczak, M., Godfrey, S.J.S., 1994. Regional Oceanography: An Introduction. Pergamon, London, 422 pp.
35. Watson, A., 1993. Air-sea gas exchange and carbon dioxide. In: Heimann, M. (Ed.), The Global Carbon Cycle. NATO ASI Series. Springer, Berlin, I 15, 397-411.
36. Weaver, A.J., Sarachik, E.S., 1990. On the importance of vertical resolution in certain ocean general circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 20(4), 600-609.
37. Webb, D.J., Killworth, P.D., Coward A.C., Thompson, S.R., 1991. The FRAM Atlas of the Southern Ocean. Natural Environment Research Council, Swindon, 67 pp.