Land and trade revisited: The case of John Verney, London merchant and baronet, 1660-1720

London Journal

Volumn 22, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 16-32

  Whyman, Susan E ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DOCUMENTARY SOURCE; FAMILY ARCHIVE; HISTORICAL STUDY; SEVENTEENTH CENTURY; SOCIOECONOMIC NETWORK; VERNEY,J.;

UK, ENGLAND, LONDON;

EID: 0030769941     PISSN: 03058034     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1179/ldn.1997.22.1.16     Document Type: Review

References (162)

1. 'Some Thoughts Concerning the Better Security of Our Trade and Navigation', 1695, 4, quoted in J. Appleby, Economic Thought and Ideology in Seventeenth-Century England (1978), 177.
2. 'Some Thoughts Concerning the Better Security of Our Trade and Navigation', 1695, 4, quoted in J. Appleby, Economic Thought and Ideology in Seventeenth-Century England (1978), 177.
3. J. Broad, 'Sir Ralph Verney and his Estates, 1630-1696', (Unpublished D.Phil thesis, University of Oxford, 1973); Miriam Slater, Family Life in the Seventeenth Century: The Verneys of Claydon House (1984). References to Verney Letters are to Princeton University Library microfilm unless marked Claydon House (CH), which indicates original manuscripts. Reel and place number on the reel are followed by writer/recipient, date. For a fuller treatment of the Verneys see my 'Sociability and Power: The World of the Verneys, 1660-1720', (Unpublished D.Phil thesis, University of Princeton, 1993), and my forthcoming Sociability and Power: The Cultural Worlds of the Verneys, 1660-1720 (Oxford University Press).
4. J. Broad, 'Sir Ralph Verney and his Estates, 1630-1696', (Unpublished D.Phil thesis, University of Oxford, 1973); Miriam Slater, Family Life in the Seventeenth Century: The Verneys of Claydon House (1984). References to Verney Letters are to Princeton University Library microfilm unless marked Claydon House (CH), which indicates original manuscripts. Reel and place number on the reel are followed by writer/recipient, date. For a fuller treatment of the Verneys see my 'Sociability and Power: The World of the Verneys, 1660-1720', (Unpublished D.Phil thesis, University of Princeton, 1993), and my forthcoming Sociability and Power: The Cultural Worlds of the Verneys, 1660-1720 (Oxford University Press).
5. J. Broad, 'Sir Ralph Verney and his Estates, 1630-1696', (Unpublished D.Phil thesis, University of Oxford, 1973); Miriam Slater, Family Life in the Seventeenth Century: The Verneys of Claydon House (1984). References to Verney Letters are to Princeton University Library microfilm unless marked Claydon House (CH), which indicates original manuscripts. Reel and place number on the reel are followed by writer/recipient, date. For a fuller treatment of the Verneys see my 'Sociability and Power: The World of the Verneys, 1660-1720', (Unpublished D.Phil thesis, University of Princeton, 1993), and my forthcoming Sociability and Power: The Cultural Worlds of the Verneys, 1660-1720 (Oxford University Press).
6. J. Broad, 'Sir Ralph Verney and his Estates, 1630-1696', (Unpublished D.Phil thesis, University of Oxford, 1973); Miriam Slater, Family Life in the Seventeenth Century: The Verneys of Claydon House (1984). References to Verney Letters are to Princeton University Library microfilm unless marked Claydon House (CH), which indicates original manuscripts. Reel and place number on the reel are followed by writer/recipient, date. For a fuller treatment of the Verneys see my 'Sociability and Power: The World of the Verneys, 1660-1720', (Unpublished D.Phil thesis, University of Princeton, 1993), and my forthcoming Sociability and Power: The Cultural Worlds of the Verneys, 1660-1720 (Oxford University Press).
7. H. Horwitz, 'The Mess of the Middle Class Revisited', Continuity and Change, II (1987), 263-96; R. Grassby, The English Gentleman in Trade (1994) .
8. H. Horwitz, 'The Mess of the Middle Class Revisited', Continuity and Change, II (1987), 263-96; R. Grassby, The English Gentleman in Trade (1994) .
9. D. Andrew, 'Aldermen and Big Bourgeoisie of London Reconsidered', Social History, VI (1981), 359-64; N. Rogers, 'Money, Land and Lineage', Social History, IV (1979), 437-54; P. Langford, Public Life and the Propertied Englishman (1991).
10. D. Andrew, 'Aldermen and Big Bourgeoisie of London Reconsidered', Social History, VI (1981), 359-64; N. Rogers, 'Money, Land and Lineage', Social History, IV (1979), 437-54; P. Langford, Public Life and the Propertied Englishman (1991).
11. D. Andrew, 'Aldermen and Big Bourgeoisie of London Reconsidered', Social History, VI (1981), 359-64; N. Rogers, 'Money, Land and Lineage', Social History, IV (1979), 437-54; P. Langford, Public Life and the Propertied Englishman (1991).
12. L. and J. Stone, An Open Elite? (1984), 403.
13. P. Cain and A. Hopkins, 'Gentlemanly Capitalism and British Expansion Overseas', Economic History Review, 2nd, XXXIX (1986), 501-25, and XL (1987), 1-26; M. Daunton, '"Gentlemanly Capitalism" and British Industry', Past and Present, CXXII (1989), 119-58; W. Rubinstein, 'Debate: "Gentlemanly Capitalism" and British Industry', Past and Present, CXXXII (1991), 150-70, and Daunton, 'Reply', 170-87; F. Thompson, 'Life After Death', Economic History Review, 2nd, XLIII (1990), 40-61; M. Wiener, English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit (1981).
14. P. Cain and A. Hopkins, 'Gentlemanly Capitalism and British Expansion Overseas', Economic History Review, 2nd, XXXIX (1986), 501-25, and XL (1987), 1-26; M. Daunton, '"Gentlemanly Capitalism" and British Industry', Past and Present, CXXII (1989), 119-58; W. Rubinstein, 'Debate: "Gentlemanly Capitalism" and British Industry', Past and Present, CXXXII (1991), 150-70, and Daunton, 'Reply', 170-87; F. Thompson, 'Life After Death', Economic History Review, 2nd, XLIII (1990), 40-61; M. Wiener, English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit (1981).
15. P. Cain and A. Hopkins, 'Gentlemanly Capitalism and British Expansion Overseas', Economic History Review, 2nd, XXXIX (1986), 501-25, and XL (1987), 1-26; M. Daunton, '"Gentlemanly Capitalism" and British Industry', Past and Present, CXXII (1989), 119-58; W. Rubinstein, 'Debate: "Gentlemanly Capitalism" and British Industry', Past and Present, CXXXII (1991), 150-70, and Daunton, 'Reply', 170-87; F. Thompson, 'Life After Death', Economic History Review, 2nd, XLIII (1990), 40-61; M. Wiener, English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit (1981).
16. P. Cain and A. Hopkins, 'Gentlemanly Capitalism and British Expansion Overseas', Economic History Review, 2nd, XXXIX (1986), 501-25, and XL (1987), 1-26; M. Daunton, '"Gentlemanly Capitalism" and British Industry', Past and Present, CXXII (1989), 119-58; W. Rubinstein, 'Debate: "Gentlemanly Capitalism" and British Industry', Past and Present, CXXXII (1991), 150-70, and Daunton, 'Reply', 170-87; F. Thompson, 'Life After Death', Economic History Review, 2nd, XLIII (1990), 40-61; M. Wiener, English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit (1981).
17. P. Cain and A. Hopkins, 'Gentlemanly Capitalism and British Expansion Overseas', Economic History Review, 2nd, XXXIX (1986), 501-25, and XL (1987), 1-26; M. Daunton, '"Gentlemanly Capitalism" and British Industry', Past and Present, CXXII (1989), 119-58; W. Rubinstein, 'Debate: "Gentlemanly Capitalism" and British Industry', Past and Present, CXXXII (1991), 150-70, and Daunton, 'Reply', 170-87; F. Thompson, 'Life After Death', Economic History Review, 2nd, XLIII (1990), 40-61; M. Wiener, English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit (1981).
18. P. Cain and A. Hopkins, 'Gentlemanly Capitalism and British Expansion Overseas', Economic History Review, 2nd, XXXIX (1986), 501-25, and XL (1987), 1-26; M. Daunton, '"Gentlemanly Capitalism" and British Industry', Past and Present, CXXII (1989), 119-58; W. Rubinstein, 'Debate: "Gentlemanly Capitalism" and British Industry', Past and Present, CXXXII (1991), 150-70, and Daunton, 'Reply', 170-87; F. Thompson, 'Life After Death', Economic History Review, 2nd, XLIII (1990), 40-61; M. Wiener, English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit (1981).
19. P. Cain and A. Hopkins, 'Gentlemanly Capitalism and British Expansion Overseas', Economic History Review, 2nd, XXXIX (1986), 501-25, and XL (1987), 1-26; M. Daunton, '"Gentlemanly Capitalism" and British Industry', Past and Present, CXXII (1989), 119-58; W. Rubinstein, 'Debate: "Gentlemanly Capitalism" and British Industry', Past and Present, CXXXII (1991), 150-70, and Daunton, 'Reply', 170-87; F. Thompson, 'Life After Death', Economic History Review, 2nd, XLIII (1990), 40-61; M. Wiener, English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit (1981).
20. E. Wrigley, 'A Simple Model of London's Importance', Past and Present, XXVII (1967), 44-70.
21. But see C. Jones, 'London Life of a Peer in the Reign of Anne', London Journal, XVI (1991), 140-55. T. Aston and C. Philpin, (eds.), The Brenner Debate (Cambridge, 1985); P. Dickson, The Financial Revolution in England (1967).
22. But see C. Jones, 'London Life of a Peer in the Reign of Anne', London Journal, XVI (1991), 140-55. T. Aston and C. Philpin, (eds.), The Brenner Debate (Cambridge, 1985); P. Dickson, The Financial Revolution in England (1967).
23. But see C. Jones, 'London Life of a Peer in the Reign of Anne', London Journal, XVI (1991), 140-55. T. Aston and C. Philpin, (eds.), The Brenner Debate (Cambridge, 1985); P. Dickson, The Financial Revolution in England (1967).
24. Author's data base. Like many landed families, the Verneys had early ties with London and were prominent mercers there in the fifteenth century. However, the family had been present in Buckinghamshire since the early thirteenth century, had purchased Middle Claydon by the 1460s, and proudly considered themselves country gentlemen. G. Lipscomb, The History and Antiquities of the County of Buckingham (1831), 178; F. and M. Verney, Memoirs of the Verney Family, 4 vols, (1970).
25. Author's data base. Like many landed families, the Verneys had early ties with London and were prominent mercers there in the fifteenth century. However, the family had been present in Buckinghamshire since the early thirteenth century, had purchased Middle Claydon by the 1460s, and proudly considered themselves country gentlemen. G. Lipscomb, The History and Antiquities of the County of Buckingham (1831), 178; F. and M. Verney, Memoirs of the Verney Family, 4 vols, (1970).
26. Bodleian Library (Bodl), Bankes MSS. 14, 62, Returns by Justices, 1632-35; N. Brett-James, The Growth of Stuart London (1935).
27. Bodleian Library (Bodl), Bankes MSS. 14, 62, Returns by Justices, 1632-35; N. Brett-James, The Growth of Stuart London (1935).
28. F. Fisher, 'Development of London as a Centre of Conspicuous Consumption', in E. Carus-Wilson, (ed.), Essays in Economic History, II (1962), 197-207.
29. J. Crofts, Packhorse, Wagon and Post (1967).
30. J. Broad, 'Gentry Finances and the Civil War: The Case of the Buckinghamshire Verneys', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., XXXII (1979), 183-200.
31. Wrigley, 'A Simple Model', 44-70.
32. J. Thirsk, 'Younger Sons in the Seventeenth Century', History, LIVXXX, (1969), 358-377; cf. Linda Pollock, 'Younger Sons in Tudor and Stuart England', History Today, XXXIX (1989), 23-9.
33. J. Thirsk, 'Younger Sons in the Seventeenth Century', History, LIVXXX, (1969), 358-377; cf. Linda Pollock, 'Younger Sons in Tudor and Stuart England', History Today, XXXIX (1989), 23-9.
34. G. Holmes, Augustan England: Professions, State, and Society (1982); P. Corfield, Power and the Professions (1995).
35. G. Holmes, Augustan England: Professions, State, and Society (1982); P. Corfield, Power and the Professions (1995).
36. T. Hollingsworth, 'Demography of the British Peerage', Population Studies, XVIII (1964), Supplement, i-108.
37. For example, 52-720, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 22 Mar. 1705; Bodl, Willis MS 19, ff. 98-9; Bodl, Pigott MS. b.4, f. 1.
38. 30-3, John Verney.Ralph Verney, Nov. 1676; 39-12, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 11 Aug. 1684; 41-21, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 20 Oct. 1686; 50-173, Nancy Nicholas/John Verney, 5 Oct. 1697.
39. 16-28, Roger Burgoyne/Ralph Verney, 13 Dec. 1659.
40. 16-10, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 16 May 1659.
41. 16-13, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 6 July 1659.
42. 17-2, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 1 Feb. 1660.
43. 53-203, John Verney/Peter Lupart, 15 Mar. 1706; 44-24, Cary Gardiner/Ralph Verney, 5 Mar. 1690.
44. Edmund heard a story that John was worth £10,000, but Aunt Gardiner was told he had 'but £500 a year and £2000 in his purse'. In 1679, Sir Ralph estimated that John's estate would be worth over £1000 per year, not including his trading income. Although we do not know the actual sum, John did return from the Levant with his own money. 27-29, Edmund Verney/John Verney, 7 Sept. 1674; 33-98, Ralph Verney/John Verney, 17 Nov. 1679; 33-114, Ralph Verney/John Verney, 4 Dec. 1679; 33-124, Cary Gardiner/Ralph Verney, 18 Dec. 1679; 34-11, John Verney/ Elizabeth Verney, 26 Jan. 1680; R. Grassby, 'The Rate of Profit in Seventeenth-Century England', English Historical Review, LXXXIV (1969), 733; Rogers, 'Money, Land and Lineage', 444-6. Grassby suggests that normal profits of an experienced merchant before 1650 were between 10-15 per cent, dropping to 6-12 per cent later in the century.
45. Edmund heard a story that John was worth £10,000, but Aunt Gardiner was told he had 'but £500 a year and £2000 in his purse'. In 1679, Sir Ralph estimated that John's estate would be worth over £1000 per year, not including his trading income. Although we do not know the actual sum, John did return from the Levant with his own money. 27-29, Edmund Verney/John Verney, 7 Sept. 1674; 33-98, Ralph Verney/John Verney, 17 Nov. 1679; 33-114, Ralph Verney/John Verney, 4 Dec. 1679; 33-124, Cary Gardiner/Ralph Verney, 18 Dec. 1679; 34-11, John Verney/ Elizabeth Verney, 26 Jan. 1680; R. Grassby, 'The Rate of Profit in Seventeenth-Century England', English Historical Review, LXXXIV (1969), 733; Rogers, 'Money, Land and Lineage', 444-6. Grassby suggests that normal profits of an experienced merchant before 1650 were between 10-15 per cent, dropping to 6-12 per cent later in the century.
46. Grassby, The Business Community of Seventeenth-Century England (1995); J. Rosenheim, The Townsends of Raynham (1989), 117-8.
47. Grassby, The Business Community of Seventeenth-Century England (1995); J. Rosenheim, The Townsends of Raynham (1989), 117-8.
48. Horwitz, 'Mess of the Middle Class'; D. W. Jones, 'London Overseas Merchant Groups at the End of the Seventeenth Century', (Unpublished D.Phil thesis, University of Oxford, 1970); R. Lang, 'London's Alderman in Business', Guildhall Miscellany, III (1971), 242-64; Dickson, Financial Revolution.
49. Horwitz, 'Mess of the Middle Class'; D. W. Jones, 'London Overseas Merchant Groups at the End of the Seventeenth Century', (Unpublished D.Phil thesis, University of Oxford, 1970); R. Lang, 'London's Alderman in Business', Guildhall Miscellany, III (1971), 242-64; Dickson, Financial Revolution.
50. Horwitz, 'Mess of the Middle Class'; D. W. Jones, 'London Overseas Merchant Groups at the End of the Seventeenth Century', (Unpublished D.Phil thesis, University of Oxford, 1970); R. Lang, 'London's Alderman in Business', Guildhall Miscellany, III (1971), 242-64; Dickson, Financial Revolution.
51. Horwitz, 'Mess of the Middle Class'; D. W. Jones, 'London Overseas Merchant Groups at the End of the Seventeenth Century', (Unpublished D.Phil thesis, University of Oxford, 1970); R. Lang, 'London's Alderman in Business', Guildhall Miscellany, III (1971), 242-64; Dickson, Financial Revolution.
52. See author's genealogies and database.
53. Grassby, 'Social Mobility and Business Enterprise in Seventeenth-Century England', in D. Pennington and K. Thomas, (eds.), Puritans and Revolutionaries (1978), 356-7; Anderson, An English Consul, 75.
54. Grassby, 'Social Mobility and Business Enterprise in Seventeenth-Century England', in D. Pennington and K. Thomas, (eds.), Puritans and Revolutionaries (1978), 356-7; Anderson, An English Consul, 75.
55. 16-31, Indenture, 25 Dec. 1659.
56. Wrigley, 'Urban Growth and Agricultural Change', Journal of Interdisciplinary History, XV (1985), 688; V. Harding, 'The Population of London, 1500-1750', London Journal, XV (1990), 111-128.
57. Wrigley, 'Urban Growth and Agricultural Change', Journal of Interdisciplinary History, XV (1985), 688; V. Harding, 'The Population of London, 1500-1750', London Journal, XV (1990), 111-128.
58. 40-27, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 22 May 1685.
59. 28-25, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 16 Mar. 1675; J. Stow, A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster . . . by John Strype (1720); John Rocque, 'A Plan of the Cities of London . . . . (1746).
60. 28-25, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 16 Mar. 1675; J. Stow, A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster . . . by John Strype (1720); John Rocque, 'A Plan of the Cities of London . . . . (1746).
61. 23-19, Edmund Verney/John Verney, 26 June 1670.
62. A. Wood, A History of the Levant Company (1935), 208; 41-10, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 28 July 1696.
63. 28-27, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 15 Apr. 1675.
64. Claydon House (CH) MS. 14/4 John, Elizabeth, and Samuel Clifford/John Verney, 'Agreement . . . to make no further charge . . . concerning John Smith aged four', 30 Oct. 1684.
65. 48-110, John Verney/'Deadman', [1694?].
66. 33-32, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 31 July 1679.
67. 30-6, John Verney/Edmund Verney, 23 Nov. 1676.
68. 40-36, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 30 July 1685.
69. 38-66, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 5 June 1684.
70. 39-1, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 6 July 1684.
71. 33-13, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 14 JuIy 1679; 33-102, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 20 Nov. 1679.
72. Paul Hopkins, The Verney Collection of Popish Plot Pamphlets', Bulletin of the Friends of the Cambridge University Library, IX (1988), 5-11. I thank H. J. Habakkuk for this citation.
73. For example, 32-32, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 5 Dec. 1678.
74. 28-18, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 15 Mar. 1675; 28-22, Ralph Verney/Edmund Verney, 1 Mar. 1675.
75. 28-19, John Verney/Edmund Verney, 16 Mar. 1675.
76. 28-18, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 15 Mar. 1675.
77. 32-34, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 5 Dec. 1678.
78. 33-35, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 4 Aug. 1679.
79. 33-8, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 11 July 1679; 33-35, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 4 Aug. 1679; 33-69, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 29 Sept. 1679.
80. 37-51, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 14 May 1683; 29-21, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 2 March 1676; 30-37, John Verney/Edmund Verney, 28 June 1677; 37-14, William Denton/Ralph Verney, 4 Nov. 1682.
81. Roberts fined when appointed London Alderman in 1687. Public Record Office (PRO), PROB. 11/545, f. 57; J. Woodhead, The Rulers of London, 1660-89 (1965), 139; PRO, SP 105/152-156; PRO, T70/78, 81-88; A. Beaven, The Aldermen of the City of London (1908-13), I, 77, II, 111; Although Woodhead classifies Roberts as Tory, A True . . . Account of the Poll of the Inhabitants of . . . Broad Street . . . 1711, 14, cites Roberts as illegally voting Whig.
82. Roberts fined when appointed London Alderman in 1687. Public Record Office (PRO), PROB. 11/545, f. 57; J. Woodhead, The Rulers of London, 1660-89 (1965), 139; PRO, SP 105/152-156; PRO, T70/78, 81-88; A. Beaven, The Aldermen of the City of London (1908-13), I, 77, II, 111; Although Woodhead classifies Roberts as Tory, A True . . . Account of the Poll of the Inhabitants of . . . Broad Street . . . 1711, 14, cites Roberts as illegally voting Whig.
83. Roberts fined when appointed London Alderman in 1687. Public Record Office (PRO), PROB. 11/545, f. 57; J. Woodhead, The Rulers of London, 1660-89 (1965), 139; PRO, SP 105/152-156; PRO, T70/78, 81-88; A. Beaven, The Aldermen of the City of London (1908-13), I, 77, II, 111; Although Woodhead classifies Roberts as Tory, A True . . . Account of the Poll of the Inhabitants of . . . Broad Street . . . 1711, 14, cites Roberts as illegally voting Whig.
84. Roberts fined when appointed London Alderman in 1687. Public Record Office (PRO), PROB. 11/545, f. 57; J. Woodhead, The Rulers of London, 1660-89 (1965), 139; PRO, SP 105/152-156; PRO, T70/78, 81-88; A. Beaven, The Aldermen of the City of London (1908-13), I, 77, II, 111; Although Woodhead classifies Roberts as Tory, A True . . . Account of the Poll of the Inhabitants of . . . Broad Street . . . 1711, 14, cites Roberts as illegally voting Whig.
85. 48-332, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 11 July 1695; 35-40, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 11 Apr. 1681.
86. 34-20, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 12 Mar. 1680; 33-20, John Verney/Edmund Verney, 21 July 1679.
87. Guidhall (GH) MS. 15201/5, f. 241; GH MS. 15333/6, June 29, 1696; GH MS. 15333/5, July, 1675-1676; 27-33, Bill, 21 Nov. 1674. John does not appear in GH MS. 15212/1, 'A Book of Names of all the Persons Admitted into . . . the . . . Company of Vinters . . . April, 1658 . . . to 1 June, 1768' or GH MS. 15208, 'Chronological Roll of Liverymen, 1683-1939'.
88. Guidhall (GH) MS. 15201/5, f. 241; GH MS. 15333/6, June 29, 1696; GH MS. 15333/5, July, 1675-1676; 27-33, Bill, 21 Nov. 1674. John does not appear in GH MS. 15212/1, 'A Book of Names of all the Persons Admitted into . . . the . . . Company of Vinters . . . April, 1658 . . . to 1 June, 1768' or GH MS. 15208, 'Chronological Roll of Liverymen, 1683-1939'.
89. The Charge . . . given to every Governor of the Hospital at Bridewell and Bedlam . . . . [17-]; 48-423, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 8 Aug. 1695.
90. Grassby, English Gentleman; Woodhead, Rulers of London, 110; PRO, PROB 11/409, f.53; 16-28, Roger Burgoyne/Ralph Verney, 13 Dec. 1659.
91. Grassby, English Gentleman; Woodhead, Rulers of London, 110; PRO, PROB 11/409, f.53; 16-28, Roger Burgoyne/Ralph Verney, 13 Dec. 1659.
92. Woodhead, Rulers of London, 102-3; Corporation of London Record Office (CLRO) MS. BR/B/ 4034, 4035; PRO, PROB. 11/519, f. 30; 54-307, John Verney/John Knapp, 25 Sept. 1710; A List of the Poll for Members of Parliament . . . .1713, 185.
93. Woodhead, Rulers of London, 102-3; Corporation of London Record Office (CLRO) MS. BR/B/ 4034, 4035; PRO, PROB. 11/519, f. 30; 54-307, John Verney/John Knapp, 25 Sept. 1710; A List of the Poll for Members of Parliament . . . .1713, 185.
94. 50-383, C. Torriano/John Verney, 1 June 1698; CLRO MS. BR/B/4069; PRO, PROB. 11/381, f. 157; Poll of the Livery-Men . . . 1710, 117.
95. CLRO MS. 33, f. 9, Assessment, St. Gabriel Fenchurch, 1695; T. Dale, comp., Index to the Liverymen of London in 1700 . . . . 1710 (1933), f. 16; The Little London Directory, (1677), 50-625, Simon Baxter/John Verney, 19 Apr. 1699.
96. CLRO MS. 33, f. 9, Assessment, St. Gabriel Fenchurch, 1695; T. Dale, comp., Index to the Liverymen of London in 1700 . . . . 1710 (1933), f. 16; The Little London Directory, (1677), 50-625, Simon Baxter/John Verney, 19 Apr. 1699.
97. CLRO MS. 83, f. 7, Assessment, St. Andrew Holborn, 1692/3; CLRO MS. 42, f. 3, Assessment, St. Andrew Holborn, [1693/4]; Strype, Survey of . . . London, I, Book 3, 255-6; C. Barron, The Parish of St. Andrew Holborn (1979); Penelope Hunting, 'The Survey of Hatton Garden in 1694 by Abraham Arlidge', London Topographical Record, XXV (1985), 83-110; Princeton University Library, Map Collection, Copy of Arlidge's Survey.
98. CLRO MS. 83, f. 7, Assessment, St. Andrew Holborn, 1692/3; CLRO MS. 42, f. 3, Assessment, St. Andrew Holborn, [1693/4]; Strype, Survey of . . . London, I, Book 3, 255-6; C. Barron, The Parish of St. Andrew Holborn (1979); Penelope Hunting, 'The Survey of Hatton Garden in 1694 by Abraham Arlidge', London Topographical Record, XXV (1985), 83-110; Princeton University Library, Map Collection, Copy of Arlidge's Survey.
99. CLRO MS. 83, f. 7, Assessment, St. Andrew Holborn, 1692/3; CLRO MS. 42, f. 3, Assessment, St. Andrew Holborn, [1693/4]; Strype, Survey of . . . London, I, Book 3, 255-6; C. Barron, The Parish of St. Andrew Holborn (1979); Penelope Hunting, 'The Survey of Hatton Garden in 1694 by Abraham Arlidge', London Topographical Record, XXV (1985), 83-110; Princeton University Library, Map Collection, Copy of Arlidge's Survey.
100. Hunting, 'Survey', 94, 104-7.
101. CH MS. 7/53, 1682/3, 'House expenses . . . at £3 per week or £156; house rent, £53 5s; water, £3 5s; chimney ma[n], £1; watch . . ., £1 10s; . . . repairs, £3; E[lizabeth] V[erney], £55; J[ohn] V[erney], £45; coach and horses, farrier, coachmaker, coachman's wages and livery, £80; 4 maids and boys wages, £22; lying in £20; children's clothes £20; nurse, £20'. The total was £480 plus 'extraordinaries'.
102. For example, John referred to the Nicholases of Covent Garden as 'the Piazza Family'. 43-1, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 22 Aug. 1688.
103. 40-60, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 13 Apr. 1686.
104. British Library (BL), Add. MS. 29565, ff. 254, 260, Mar. 1693.
105. 43-48, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 13 Dec. 1688.
106. 38-12, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 3 Sept. 1683.
107. London County Council (LCC), The Survey of London, XXXVI (1970), 74-97; Westminster City Archives MS. H468-495, Overseers Account Books, 1688-1716, and MS. H 802-3, Vestry Minutes, St. Paul's Covent Garden, 1681-1723; CLRO MS. 38, f. 7, Assessment, Covent Garden, 1693/4; 37-28, Elizabeth Palmer Verney/John Verney, [Feb. 1683?].
108. 35-132, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 22 May 1681; 40-71, John Verney/Ralph Verney, June 1686.
109. LCC, Survey of London, XXXVI, 96-97; 40-4, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 24 Apr. 1685; BL, Stowe MS. 840, f. 12, Codicil No. 2, 2 Apr. 1694.
110. 48-497, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 28 Sept. 1695.
111. 48-271, John Cary/Ralph Verney, 27 May, 1695; 45-50, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 30 Apr. 1692; CH MS. 1/125, Settlement, July 1692.
112. 33-93, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 7 Nov. 1679; PRO, PROB. 11/550, f. 35; J. Brownbill, 'Palmer of Little Chelsea', Genealogists Magazine, II (1926), 67-72.
113. LCC, Survey of London, XLI (1983), 162-194; CH MS. 2/1951-55, 'Palmer Deeds, Little Chelsea', 1663-1718.
114. LCC, Survey of London, XLI (1983), 162-194; CH MS. 2/1951-55, 'Palmer Deeds, Little Chelsea', 1663-1718.
115. PRO, PROB. 11/622, f. 174; 38-49, Elizabeth Palmer/Ralph Verney, 2 Apr. 1684; W. Gaunt, Kensington and Chelsea (1975), 24.
116. CH MS. 2/617/5, 20 Dec. [1708?]; Buckinghamshire County Record Office (BCRO), D/A/T/54, Steeple Claydon Parish Registers; 33-86, Ralph Verney/John Verney, 3 Nov. 1679.
117. 33-93, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 7 Nov. 1679; 37-6, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 9 Oct. 1682.
118. 36-33, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 16 Dec. 1681; BCRO, D/A/WE/49/193, 8 May 1705.
119. 54-605, Ralph Palmer II/Ralph Verney II, 29 May 1712; Lipscomb, The History . . . of . . . Buckingham, III, 80; CH MS. 2/433a,b, June 1704.
120. 37-30, Ralph Palmer/John Verney, 22 Feb. 1683; 29-28, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 16 Mar. 1676.
121. 35-141, Ralph Verney/John Verney, 25 Sept. 1681.
122. 47-179, Ralph Verney/John Verney, 14 Nov. 1692; Huntington Library, Stowe MS. 175, Sir Richard Temple's Day Book, 1680-1684, July 1681, Aug. 1684; F. Price, A Handbook of London Bankers (1876), 40-1, 60-1; A List of Goldsmiths That Keep Running Cashes [1677].
123. 47-179, Ralph Verney/John Verney, 14 Nov. 1692; Huntington Library, Stowe MS. 175, Sir Richard Temple's Day Book, 1680-1684, July 1681, Aug. 1684; F. Price, A Handbook of London Bankers (1876), 40-1, 60-1; A List of Goldsmiths That Keep Running Cashes [1677].
124. A Vindication of Sir Richard Hoare . . . 1708; H. Hoare, Hoare's Bank: A Record (1955); Middlesex Poll Book, 1714; Hoare's Bank, Miscellaneous Record Book, f. 161, Letter Book, 1701-2, Ledgers numbers 2-5, 1694-1705.
125. A Vindication of Sir Richard Hoare . . . 1708; H. Hoare, Hoare's Bank: A Record (1955); Middlesex Poll Book, 1714; Hoare's Bank, Miscellaneous Record Book, f. 161, Letter Book, 1701-2, Ledgers numbers 2-5, 1694-1705.
126. A Vindication of Sir Richard Hoare . . . 1708; H. Hoare, Hoare's Bank: A Record (1955); Middlesex Poll Book, 1714; Hoare's Bank, Miscellaneous Record Book, f. 161, Letter Book, 1701-2, Ledgers numbers 2-5, 1694-1705.
127. 53-15, Peter Lupart/John Verney, 16 June 1705; GH MS. 5587/1, 8 May 1689; CLRO MS. 6, f. 19, Assessment, All Hallows, Lombard St., 1695; CLRO MS. CF 28/1, Alphabet of Freedoms, May 1689; Poll of the Livery-Men . . . 1710, 67; 50-478, Peter Lupart/John Verney, 9 Aug. 1698.
128. 51-106, Simon Baxter/John Verney, 24 Oct. 1699; CLRO MS. 96, ff. 203-8, Repertories of Aldermen, 1691-2; 8 & 9 Will III, C. 32, An Act to Restrain the Number . . . of Brokers and Stock-jobbers [1697]. I thank Vivienne Aldous for broker information.
129. PRO, E401/2275, 2593-4; Subscription Lists; PRO, C114/16, Million Bank, 1695-1700; India Office, HM1-3, Lists of Adventurers, 1675-1707; Bank of England Ledgers' Extracts supplied by Les Irving; List of . . . Proprietors of South Sea Capital Stock (1823); A Particular Account of . . . the Late Million Act (1694); A List of Surviving Nominees . . . 1693 (1730); A List of the Reversionary Annuities . . . Million Bank . . . 1695.
130. PRO, E401/2275, 2593-4; Subscription Lists; PRO, C114/16, Million Bank, 1695-1700; India Office, HM1-3, Lists of Adventurers, 1675-1707; Bank of England Ledgers' Extracts supplied by Les Irving; List of . . . Proprietors of South Sea Capital Stock (1823); A Particular Account of . . . the Late Million Act (1694); A List of Surviving Nominees . . . 1693 (1730); A List of the Reversionary Annuities . . . Million Bank . . . 1695.
131. PRO, E401/2275, 2593-4; Subscription Lists; PRO, C114/16, Million Bank, 1695-1700; India Office, HM1-3, Lists of Adventurers, 1675-1707; Bank of England Ledgers' Extracts supplied by Les Irving; List of . . . Proprietors of South Sea Capital Stock (1823); A Particular Account of . . . the Late Million Act (1694); A List of Surviving Nominees . . . 1693 (1730); A List of the Reversionary Annuities . . . Million Bank . . . 1695.
132. PRO, E401/2275, 2593-4; Subscription Lists; PRO, C114/16, Million Bank, 1695-1700; India Office, HM1-3, Lists of Adventurers, 1675-1707; Bank of England Ledgers' Extracts supplied by Les Irving; List of . . . Proprietors of South Sea Capital Stock (1823); A Particular Account of . . . the Late Million Act (1694); A List of Surviving Nominees . . . 1693 (1730); A List of the Reversionary Annuities . . . Million Bank . . . 1695.
133. 31-72, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 8 Aug. 1678.
134. 42-6, Ralph Verney/Rebecca Paulden, 12 June 1687.
135. 47-374, Cary Stewkeley/Ralph Verney, 29 Apr. 1694.
136. W. Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, I (New York, 1827), 343.
137. 46-388, Cary Gardiner/John Verney, 24 Mar. 1693; 46-488, Pen Viccars/Ralph Verney, 24 May 1693.
138. CH MSS. 1/111 a,b, Settlement, 30 June/1 July, 1662.
139. 46-195, Ralph Verney/John Verney, 13 Nov. 1692; 46-565, Nancy Nicholas/John Verney, 30 June 1693.
140. 48-517, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 12 Sept. 1695.
141. 47-123, Ralph Verney/John Verney, 15 Oct. 1693; 20-2, Ralph Verney/John Verney, 19 Dec. 1664.
142. Remarques upon Remarques . . . (1673), 117-8.
143. G. Miege, The Present State of Great Britain (1718), 169.
144. The Spectator (1930), I, 262-3, 19 May 1711.
145. M. Hunt, 'Time-Management, Writing and Accounting', Business and Economic History, XVIII (1989), 150-9.
146. Broad, 'Sir Ralph Verney and his Estates', 238-40.
147. S. Thrupp, The Merchant Class of Medieval London (1948), 247.
148. J. Agnew, Worlds Apart: The Market and the Theatre (1986), 50, 53.
149. J. Chown, A History of Money (1994), 60-66.
150. 31-7, Ralph Verney/John Verney, 17 Dec. 1677.
151. 48-426, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 10 Aug. 1695.
152. 47-43, Pen Osborne/Ralph Verney, 4 Sept. 1693.
153. 47-61, John Verney/Ralph Verney, 13 Sept. 1693.
154. The Anatomy of Exchange Alley, 1719, in John Francis, Chronicles and Characters of the Stock Exchange (1850), 148.
155. The Anatomy of Exchange Alley, 1719, in John Francis, Chronicles and Characters of the Stock Exchange (1850), 148.
156. J. Pocock, The Machiavellian Moment (1975), 447.
157. 53-687, John Verney/Thomas Tipping, 11 Nov. 1708.
158. BCRO, D/X 1069/2/146, 150, John Verney/John Baker, 25 Sept. 1715, 19 Feb. 1717.
159. Of course, Mandeville and others had a different view, which stimulated fears. J. Sekoura, Luxury: The Concept in Western Thought (1977), 23-6; C. Berry, The Idea of Luxury (1994); B. Mandeville, The Fable of the Bees: or Private Vices, Publick Benefits (1924); T. Home, The Social Thought of Bernard Mandeville: Virtue and Commerce in Early Eighteenth-Century England (1978).
160. Of course, Mandeville and others had a different view, which stimulated fears. J. Sekoura, Luxury: The Concept in Western Thought (1977), 23-6; C. Berry, The Idea of Luxury (1994); B. Mandeville, The Fable of the Bees: or Private Vices, Publick Benefits (1924); T. Home, The Social Thought of Bernard Mandeville: Virtue and Commerce in Early Eighteenth-Century England (1978).
161. Of course, Mandeville and others had a different view, which stimulated fears. J. Sekoura, Luxury: The Concept in Western Thought (1977), 23-6; C. Berry, The Idea of Luxury (1994); B. Mandeville, The Fable of the Bees: or Private Vices, Publick Benefits (1924); T. Home, The Social Thought of Bernard Mandeville: Virtue and Commerce in Early Eighteenth-Century England (1978).
162. Of course, Mandeville and others had a different view, which stimulated fears. J. Sekoura, Luxury: The Concept in Western Thought (1977), 23-6; C. Berry, The Idea of Luxury (1994); B. Mandeville, The Fable of the Bees: or Private Vices, Publick Benefits (1924); T. Home, The Social Thought of Bernard Mandeville: Virtue and Commerce in Early Eighteenth-Century England (1978).