Mamlūk and Ottoman cadastral surveys and early mapping of landed properties in Palestine

Agricultural History

Volumn 71, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 46-70

  Kark, Ruth ^a  

^a HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CADASTRAL SURVEY; HISTORICAL STUDY; LAND REGISTRATION; LEVANT; MAMLUK; MAP PRODUCTION; OTTOMAN EMPIRE; PALESTINE;

MIDDLE EAST;

EID: 0030767399     PISSN: 00021482     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (103)

1. Random House Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (New York: Random House, 1987), 292; Peter F. Dale and John D. McLaughlin, Land Information Management (Oxford: Clarendon, 1989), 1-18.
2. Random House Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (New York: Random House, 1987), 292; Peter F. Dale and John D. McLaughlin, Land Information Management (Oxford: Clarendon, 1989), 1-18.
3. Roger J. P. Kain and Elizabeth Baigent, The Cadastral Map in the Service of the State: A History of Property Mapping (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 1-8, 331-44.
4. Avraham N. Poliak, "The History of the Cadastres in Palestine and the Neighboring Countries" (in Hebrew), HaMeshek HaShitufi (4 November 1937): 327-29.
5. C. H. Ley, The Structure and Procedure of Cadastral Survey in Palestine (Jerusalem: Government of Palestine, 1931), 2-3; Ernest M. Dowson, "Notes on Land-Tax, Cadastral Survey and Land Settlement in Palestine," p. 7-10, 7 December 1923, Le Ray Papers, St. Anthony's College, Oxford (hereafter cited as Le Ray Papers); Asher Solel, "The Cadastral Mapping in Israel" (in Hebrew), Work and National Insurance 8 (August 1977): 234.
6. C. H. Ley, The Structure and Procedure of Cadastral Survey in Palestine (Jerusalem: Government of Palestine, 1931), 2-3; Ernest M. Dowson, "Notes on Land-Tax, Cadastral Survey and Land Settlement in Palestine," p. 7-10, 7 December 1923, Le Ray Papers, St. Anthony's College, Oxford (hereafter cited as Le Ray Papers); Asher Solel, "The Cadastral Mapping in Israel" (in Hebrew), Work and National Insurance 8 (August 1977): 234.
7. C. H. Ley, The Structure and Procedure of Cadastral Survey in Palestine (Jerusalem: Government of Palestine, 1931), 2-3; Ernest M. Dowson, "Notes on Land-Tax, Cadastral Survey and Land Settlement in Palestine," p. 7-10, 7 December 1923, Le Ray Papers, St. Anthony's College, Oxford (hereafter cited as Le Ray Papers); Asher Solel, "The Cadastral Mapping in Israel" (in Hebrew), Work and National Insurance 8 (August 1977): 234.
8. Kain and Baigent, The Cadastral Map; Roger J. P. Kain and Hugh C. Prince, The Tithe Survey of England and Wales (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985); Anthony J. Christopher, The British Empire at its Zenith (London: Croom Helm, 1988), 12-14, 170-77, 190-98; David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change (Oxford: Blackwell, 1990), 245; Ahmet T. Karamustafa, "Military, Administrative, and Scholarly Maps and Plans," in History of Cartography, vol. 2, bk. 1, ed. John B. Harley and David Woodward (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 209-27.
9. Kain and Baigent, The Cadastral Map; Roger J. P. Kain and Hugh C. Prince, The Tithe Survey of England and Wales (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985); Anthony J. Christopher, The British Empire at its Zenith (London: Croom Helm, 1988), 12-14, 170-77, 190-98; David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change (Oxford: Blackwell, 1990), 245; Ahmet T. Karamustafa, "Military, Administrative, and Scholarly Maps and Plans," in History of Cartography, vol. 2, bk. 1, ed. John B. Harley and David Woodward (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 209-27.
10. Kain and Baigent, The Cadastral Map; Roger J. P. Kain and Hugh C. Prince, The Tithe Survey of England and Wales (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985); Anthony J. Christopher, The British Empire at its Zenith (London: Croom Helm, 1988), 12-14, 170-77, 190-98; David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change (Oxford: Blackwell, 1990), 245; Ahmet T. Karamustafa, "Military, Administrative, and Scholarly Maps and Plans," in History of Cartography, vol. 2, bk. 1, ed. John B. Harley and David Woodward (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 209-27.
11. Kain and Baigent, The Cadastral Map; Roger J. P. Kain and Hugh C. Prince, The Tithe Survey of England and Wales (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985); Anthony J. Christopher, The British Empire at its Zenith (London: Croom Helm, 1988), 12-14, 170-77, 190-98; David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change (Oxford: Blackwell, 1990), 245; Ahmet T. Karamustafa, "Military, Administrative, and Scholarly Maps and Plans," in History of Cartography, vol. 2, bk. 1, ed. John B. Harley and David Woodward (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 209-27.
12. Kain and Baigent, The Cadastral Map; Roger J. P. Kain and Hugh C. Prince, The Tithe Survey of England and Wales (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985); Anthony J. Christopher, The British Empire at its Zenith (London: Croom Helm, 1988), 12-14, 170-77, 190-98; David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change (Oxford: Blackwell, 1990), 245; Ahmet T. Karamustafa, "Military, Administrative, and Scholarly Maps and Plans," in History of Cartography, vol. 2, bk. 1, ed. John B. Harley and David Woodward (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 209-27.
13. David Ayalon, "Mamlūk," Encyclopaedia of Islam, new ed. (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1991), 6: 314-27; Avraham N. Poliak, "Some Notes on the Feudal System of the Mamlūks," Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1937): 97-107.
14. David Ayalon, "Mamlūk," Encyclopaedia of Islam, new ed. (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1991), 6: 314-27; Avraham N. Poliak, "Some Notes on the Feudal System of the Mamlūks," Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1937): 97-107.
15. Ömer Lûftfi Barkan, "Daftar-i khākānī," in Encyclopedia of Islam, vol. 2, 81-83; Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey (London: Oxford University Press, 1962), 89-90, 379, 452.
16. Ömer Lûftfi Barkan, "Daftar-i khākānī," in Encyclopedia of Islam, vol. 2, 81-83; Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey (London: Oxford University Press, 1962), 89-90, 379, 452.
17. Bernard Lewis, "Ottoman Land Tenure and Taxation," Proceedings of the First International Conference on Bilad-a-Sham, 20-24 April 1984, University of Jordan and Yarmouk University, 1984, 99-100.
18. Ibid.; Avraham N. Poliak, Feudalism in Egypt, Syria, Palestine, and Lebanon, 1250-1900 (London: Royal Asiatic Society, 1939), 57; Poliak, "The History of the Cadastres in Palestine and the Neighbouring Countries" (in Hebrew), HaMeshek HaShitufi (19 December 1937): 356-58.
19. Ibid.; Avraham N. Poliak, Feudalism in Egypt, Syria, Palestine, and Lebanon, 1250-1900 (London: Royal Asiatic Society, 1939), 57; Poliak, "The History of the Cadastres in Palestine and the Neighbouring Countries" (in Hebrew), HaMeshek HaShitufi (19 December 1937): 356-58.
20. Ibid.; Avraham N. Poliak, Feudalism in Egypt, Syria, Palestine, and Lebanon, 1250-1900 (London: Royal Asiatic Society, 1939), 57; Poliak, "The History of the Cadastres in Palestine and the Neighbouring Countries" (in Hebrew), HaMeshek HaShitufi (19 December 1937): 356-58.
21. The Ottoman tahrīr, or register of the commissions sent to survey taxpaying populations and their lands, crops, and revenues in the towns and villages for fiscal purposes, was, as Lewis and Cohen claim, the latest form of an institution that can be traced back to classical Islamic times and beyond, then known as the kānūn. See Lewis, "Ottoman Land Tenure and Taxation," 98; Amnon Cohen and Bernard Lewis, Population and Revenue in the Towns of Palestine in the Sixteenth Century (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978), 3; Poliak, "History of the Cadastres," 327-29; David Ayalon, Avraham N. Poliak, and other researchers of the Mamlūk Sultanate refer to the agrarian system as feudal. On the debate as to its feudal or nonfeudal nature, see Amy Singer, Palestinian Peasants and Ottoman Officials (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 10-17; David Ayalon, "Studies on the Structure of the Mamluk Army," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 5 (1953): 448-53; Heinz Halm, "Rawk," in Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed., 8: 467-68; Robert Irwin, The Middle East in the Middle Ages, the Early Mamluk Sultanate 1250-1352 (London: Croom Helm, 1986), 109-12; T. Saw, "Historical Character of al-Rawk al-Nasiri in Mamluk Syria," Proceedings of the First International Conference on Bilad-a-Sham, 20-24 April 1984, University of Jordan and Yarmouk University, 1984, 223-25; Yehoshua Frenkel, "Introduction to the History of the Agrarian Relations in the Land of Israel during the Mamluk Period: Legal Definitions of Land, Taxes and Farmers" (in Hebrew), Horizons of Geography (in press).
22. The Ottoman tahrīr, or register of the commissions sent to survey taxpaying populations and their lands, crops, and revenues in the towns and villages for fiscal purposes, was, as Lewis and Cohen claim, the latest form of an institution that can be traced back to classical Islamic times and beyond, then known as the kānūn. See Lewis, "Ottoman Land Tenure and Taxation," 98; Amnon Cohen and Bernard Lewis, Population and Revenue in the Towns of Palestine in the Sixteenth Century (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978), 3; Poliak, "History of the Cadastres," 327-29; David Ayalon, Avraham N. Poliak, and other researchers of the Mamlūk Sultanate refer to the agrarian system as feudal. On the debate as to its feudal or nonfeudal nature, see Amy Singer, Palestinian Peasants and Ottoman Officials (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 10-17; David Ayalon, "Studies on the Structure of the Mamluk Army," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 5 (1953): 448-53; Heinz Halm, "Rawk," in Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed., 8: 467-68; Robert Irwin, The Middle East in the Middle Ages, the Early Mamluk Sultanate 1250-1352 (London: Croom Helm, 1986), 109-12; T. Saw, "Historical Character of al-Rawk al-Nasiri in Mamluk Syria," Proceedings of the First International Conference on Bilad-a-Sham, 20-24 April 1984, University of Jordan and Yarmouk University, 1984, 223-25; Yehoshua Frenkel, "Introduction to the History of the Agrarian Relations in the Land of Israel during the Mamluk Period: Legal Definitions of Land, Taxes and Farmers" (in Hebrew), Horizons of Geography (in press).
23. The Ottoman tahrīr, or register of the commissions sent to survey taxpaying populations and their lands, crops, and revenues in the towns and villages for fiscal purposes, was, as Lewis and Cohen claim, the latest form of an institution that can be traced back to classical Islamic times and beyond, then known as the kānūn. See Lewis, "Ottoman Land Tenure and Taxation," 98; Amnon Cohen and Bernard Lewis, Population and Revenue in the Towns of Palestine in the Sixteenth Century (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978), 3; Poliak, "History of the Cadastres," 327-29; David Ayalon, Avraham N. Poliak, and other researchers of the Mamlūk Sultanate refer to the agrarian system as feudal. On the debate as to its feudal or nonfeudal nature, see Amy Singer, Palestinian Peasants and Ottoman Officials (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 10-17; David Ayalon, "Studies on the Structure of the Mamluk Army," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 5 (1953): 448-53; Heinz Halm, "Rawk," in Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed., 8: 467-68; Robert Irwin, The Middle East in the Middle Ages, the Early Mamluk Sultanate 1250-1352 (London: Croom Helm, 1986), 109-12; T. Saw, "Historical Character of al-Rawk al-Nasiri in Mamluk Syria," Proceedings of the First International Conference on Bilad-a-Sham, 20-24 April 1984, University of Jordan and Yarmouk University, 1984, 223-25; Yehoshua Frenkel, "Introduction to the History of the Agrarian Relations in the Land of Israel during the Mamluk Period: Legal Definitions of Land, Taxes and Farmers" (in Hebrew), Horizons of Geography (in press).
24. The Ottoman tahrīr, or register of the commissions sent to survey taxpaying populations and their lands, crops, and revenues in the towns and villages for fiscal purposes, was, as Lewis and Cohen claim, the latest form of an institution that can be traced back to classical Islamic times and beyond, then known as the kānūn. See Lewis, "Ottoman Land Tenure and Taxation," 98; Amnon Cohen and Bernard Lewis, Population and Revenue in the Towns of Palestine in the Sixteenth Century (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978), 3; Poliak, "History of the Cadastres," 327-29; David Ayalon, Avraham N. Poliak, and other researchers of the Mamlūk Sultanate refer to the agrarian system as feudal. On the debate as to its feudal or nonfeudal nature, see Amy Singer, Palestinian Peasants and Ottoman Officials (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 10-17; David Ayalon, "Studies on the Structure of the Mamluk Army," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 5 (1953): 448-53; Heinz Halm, "Rawk," in Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed., 8: 467-68; Robert Irwin, The Middle East in the Middle Ages, the Early Mamluk Sultanate 1250-1352 (London: Croom Helm, 1986), 109-12; T. Saw, "Historical Character of al-Rawk al-Nasiri in Mamluk Syria," Proceedings of the First International Conference on Bilad-a-Sham, 20-24 April 1984, University of Jordan and Yarmouk University, 1984, 223-25; Yehoshua Frenkel, "Introduction to the History of the Agrarian Relations in the Land of Israel during the Mamluk Period: Legal Definitions of Land, Taxes and Farmers" (in Hebrew), Horizons of Geography (in press).
25. The Ottoman tahrīr, or register of the commissions sent to survey taxpaying populations and their lands, crops, and revenues in the towns and villages for fiscal purposes, was, as Lewis and Cohen claim, the latest form of an institution that can be traced back to classical Islamic times and beyond, then known as the kānūn. See Lewis, "Ottoman Land Tenure and Taxation," 98; Amnon Cohen and Bernard Lewis, Population and Revenue in the Towns of Palestine in the Sixteenth Century (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978), 3; Poliak, "History of the Cadastres," 327-29; David Ayalon, Avraham N. Poliak, and other researchers of the Mamlūk Sultanate refer to the agrarian system as feudal. On the debate as to its feudal or nonfeudal nature, see Amy Singer, Palestinian Peasants and Ottoman Officials (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 10-17; David Ayalon, "Studies on the Structure of the Mamluk Army," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 5 (1953): 448-53; Heinz Halm, "Rawk," in Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed., 8: 467-68; Robert Irwin, The Middle East in the Middle Ages, the Early Mamluk Sultanate 1250-1352 (London: Croom Helm, 1986), 109-12; T. Saw, "Historical Character of al-Rawk al-Nasiri in Mamluk Syria," Proceedings of the First International Conference on Bilad-a-Sham, 20-24 April 1984, University of Jordan and Yarmouk University, 1984, 223-25; Yehoshua Frenkel, "Introduction to the History of the Agrarian Relations in the Land of Israel during the Mamluk Period: Legal Definitions of Land, Taxes and Farmers" (in Hebrew), Horizons of Geography (in press).
26. The Ottoman tahrīr, or register of the commissions sent to survey taxpaying populations and their lands, crops, and revenues in the towns and villages for fiscal purposes, was, as Lewis and Cohen claim, the latest form of an institution that can be traced back to classical Islamic times and beyond, then known as the kānūn. See Lewis, "Ottoman Land Tenure and Taxation," 98; Amnon Cohen and Bernard Lewis, Population and Revenue in the Towns of Palestine in the Sixteenth Century (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978), 3; Poliak, "History of the Cadastres," 327-29; David Ayalon, Avraham N. Poliak, and other researchers of the Mamlūk Sultanate refer to the agrarian system as feudal. On the debate as to its feudal or nonfeudal nature, see Amy Singer, Palestinian Peasants and Ottoman Officials (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 10-17; David Ayalon, "Studies on the Structure of the Mamluk Army," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 5 (1953): 448-53; Heinz Halm, "Rawk," in Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed., 8: 467-68; Robert Irwin, The Middle East in the Middle Ages, the Early Mamluk Sultanate 1250-1352 (London: Croom Helm, 1986), 109-12; T. Saw, "Historical Character of al-Rawk al-Nasiri in Mamluk Syria," Proceedings of the First International Conference on Bilad-a-Sham, 20-24 April 1984, University of Jordan and Yarmouk University, 1984, 223-25; Yehoshua Frenkel, "Introduction to the History of the Agrarian Relations in the Land of Israel during the Mamluk Period: Legal Definitions of Land, Taxes and Farmers" (in Hebrew), Horizons of Geography (in press).
27. The Ottoman tahrīr, or register of the commissions sent to survey taxpaying populations and their lands, crops, and revenues in the towns and villages for fiscal purposes, was, as Lewis and Cohen claim, the latest form of an institution that can be traced back to classical Islamic times and beyond, then known as the kānūn. See Lewis, "Ottoman Land Tenure and Taxation," 98; Amnon Cohen and Bernard Lewis, Population and Revenue in the Towns of Palestine in the Sixteenth Century (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978), 3; Poliak, "History of the Cadastres," 327-29; David Ayalon, Avraham N. Poliak, and other researchers of the Mamlūk Sultanate refer to the agrarian system as feudal. On the debate as to its feudal or nonfeudal nature, see Amy Singer, Palestinian Peasants and Ottoman Officials (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 10-17; David Ayalon, "Studies on the Structure of the Mamluk Army," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 5 (1953): 448-53; Heinz Halm, "Rawk," in Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed., 8: 467-68; Robert Irwin, The Middle East in the Middle Ages, the Early Mamluk Sultanate 1250-1352 (London: Croom Helm, 1986), 109-12; T. Saw, "Historical Character of al-Rawk al-Nasiri in Mamluk Syria," Proceedings of the First International Conference on Bilad-a-Sham, 20-24 April 1984, University of Jordan and Yarmouk University, 1984, 223-25; Yehoshua Frenkel, "Introduction to the History of the Agrarian Relations in the Land of Israel during the Mamluk Period: Legal Definitions of Land, Taxes and Farmers" (in Hebrew), Horizons of Geography (in press).
28. The Ottoman tahrīr, or register of the commissions sent to survey taxpaying populations and their lands, crops, and revenues in the towns and villages for fiscal purposes, was, as Lewis and Cohen claim, the latest form of an institution that can be traced back to classical Islamic times and beyond, then known as the kānūn. See Lewis, "Ottoman Land Tenure and Taxation," 98; Amnon Cohen and Bernard Lewis, Population and Revenue in the Towns of Palestine in the Sixteenth Century (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978), 3; Poliak, "History of the Cadastres," 327-29; David Ayalon, Avraham N. Poliak, and other researchers of the Mamlūk Sultanate refer to the agrarian system as feudal. On the debate as to its feudal or nonfeudal nature, see Amy Singer, Palestinian Peasants and Ottoman Officials (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 10-17; David Ayalon, "Studies on the Structure of the Mamluk Army," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 5 (1953): 448-53; Heinz Halm, "Rawk," in Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed., 8: 467-68; Robert Irwin, The Middle East in the Middle Ages, the Early Mamluk Sultanate 1250-1352 (London: Croom Helm, 1986), 109-12; T. Saw, "Historical Character of al-Rawk al-Nasiri in Mamluk Syria," Proceedings of the First International Conference on Bilad-a-Sham, 20-24 April 1984, University of Jordan and Yarmouk University, 1984, 223-25; Yehoshua Frenkel, "Introduction to the History of the Agrarian Relations in the Land of Israel during the Mamluk Period: Legal Definitions of Land, Taxes and Farmers" (in Hebrew), Horizons of Geography (in press).
29. The Ottoman tahrīr, or register of the commissions sent to survey taxpaying populations and their lands, crops, and revenues in the towns and villages for fiscal purposes, was, as Lewis and Cohen claim, the latest form of an institution that can be traced back to classical Islamic times and beyond, then known as the kānūn. See Lewis, "Ottoman Land Tenure and Taxation," 98; Amnon Cohen and Bernard Lewis, Population and Revenue in the Towns of Palestine in the Sixteenth Century (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978), 3; Poliak, "History of the Cadastres," 327-29; David Ayalon, Avraham N. Poliak, and other researchers of the Mamlūk Sultanate refer to the agrarian system as feudal. On the debate as to its feudal or nonfeudal nature, see Amy Singer, Palestinian Peasants and Ottoman Officials (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 10-17; David Ayalon, "Studies on the Structure of the Mamluk Army," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 5 (1953): 448-53; Heinz Halm, "Rawk," in Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed., 8: 467-68; Robert Irwin, The Middle East in the Middle Ages, the Early Mamluk Sultanate 1250-1352 (London: Croom Helm, 1986), 109-12; T. Saw, "Historical Character of al-Rawk al-Nasiri in Mamluk Syria," Proceedings of the First International Conference on Bilad-a-Sham, 20-24 April 1984, University of Jordan and Yarmouk University, 1984, 223-25; Yehoshua Frenkel, "Introduction to the History of the Agrarian Relations in the Land of Israel during the Mamluk Period: Legal Definitions of Land, Taxes and Farmers" (in Hebrew), Horizons of Geography (in press).
30. Bernard Lewis, "The Ottoman Archives as a Source for the History of the Arab Lands," Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1951): 139-55; Bernard Lewis, Notes and Documents from the Turkish Archives (Jerusalem: Israel Oriental Society, 1952); Bernard Lewis, "Studies in Ottoman Archives," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 16 (Summer 1954): 469-501; Bernard Lewis, Studies in Classical and Ottoman Islam (London: Variorum Reprints, 1976); Bernard Lewis, "Acre in the Sixteenth Century According to the Ottoman Tapu Registers," Memorial Ömer Lûtfi Barkan (Paris: A. Maisonneuve, 1980), 135-39; Bernard Lewis, "Some Statistical Surveys of 16th Century Palestine," in Middle East Studies and Libraries: SRA Felicitation Volume for Professor J. D. Pearson, ed. B. C. Bloomfield (London: Mansell, 1980), 115-22; Lewis, "Ottoman Land Tenure and Taxation"; Harold Rhode, "The Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century" (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1979), 47-114; Alan Makovsky, "Sixteenth-Century Agricultural Production in the Liwā of Jerusalem: Insights from the Tapu Defters and an Attempt at Quantification," Archivum Ottomanicum 9 (1984): 91-128; Singer, Palestinian Peasants, 16-43; Ehud Toledano, "The Sanjaq of Jerusalem in the Sixteenth Century: Aspects of Topography and Population," Archivum Ottomanicum 9 (1984): 279-319.
31. Bernard Lewis, "The Ottoman Archives as a Source for the History of the Arab Lands," Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1951): 139-55; Bernard Lewis, Notes and Documents from the Turkish Archives (Jerusalem: Israel Oriental Society, 1952); Bernard Lewis, "Studies in Ottoman Archives," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 16 (Summer 1954): 469-501; Bernard Lewis, Studies in Classical and Ottoman Islam (London: Variorum Reprints, 1976); Bernard Lewis, "Acre in the Sixteenth Century According to the Ottoman Tapu Registers," Memorial Ömer Lûtfi Barkan (Paris: A. Maisonneuve, 1980), 135-39; Bernard Lewis, "Some Statistical Surveys of 16th Century Palestine," in Middle East Studies and Libraries: SRA Felicitation Volume for Professor J. D. Pearson, ed. B. C. Bloomfield (London: Mansell, 1980), 115-22; Lewis, "Ottoman Land Tenure and Taxation"; Harold Rhode, "The Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century" (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1979), 47-114; Alan Makovsky, "Sixteenth-Century Agricultural Production in the Liwā of Jerusalem: Insights from the Tapu Defters and an Attempt at Quantification," Archivum Ottomanicum 9 (1984): 91-128; Singer, Palestinian Peasants, 16-43; Ehud Toledano, "The Sanjaq of Jerusalem in the Sixteenth Century: Aspects of Topography and Population," Archivum Ottomanicum 9 (1984): 279-319.
32. Bernard Lewis, "The Ottoman Archives as a Source for the History of the Arab Lands," Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1951): 139-55; Bernard Lewis, Notes and Documents from the Turkish Archives (Jerusalem: Israel Oriental Society, 1952); Bernard Lewis, "Studies in Ottoman Archives," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 16 (Summer 1954): 469-501; Bernard Lewis, Studies in Classical and Ottoman Islam (London: Variorum Reprints, 1976); Bernard Lewis, "Acre in the Sixteenth Century According to the Ottoman Tapu Registers," Memorial Ömer Lûtfi Barkan (Paris: A. Maisonneuve, 1980), 135-39; Bernard Lewis, "Some Statistical Surveys of 16th Century Palestine," in Middle East Studies and Libraries: SRA Felicitation Volume for Professor J. D. Pearson, ed. B. C. Bloomfield (London: Mansell, 1980), 115-22; Lewis, "Ottoman Land Tenure and Taxation"; Harold Rhode, "The Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century" (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1979), 47-114; Alan Makovsky, "Sixteenth-Century Agricultural Production in the Liwā of Jerusalem: Insights from the Tapu Defters and an Attempt at Quantification," Archivum Ottomanicum 9 (1984): 91-128; Singer, Palestinian Peasants, 16-43; Ehud Toledano, "The Sanjaq of Jerusalem in the Sixteenth Century: Aspects of Topography and Population," Archivum Ottomanicum 9 (1984): 279-319.
33. Bernard Lewis, "The Ottoman Archives as a Source for the History of the Arab Lands," Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1951): 139-55; Bernard Lewis, Notes and Documents from the Turkish Archives (Jerusalem: Israel Oriental Society, 1952); Bernard Lewis, "Studies in Ottoman Archives," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 16 (Summer 1954): 469-501; Bernard Lewis, Studies in Classical and Ottoman Islam (London: Variorum Reprints, 1976); Bernard Lewis, "Acre in the Sixteenth Century According to the Ottoman Tapu Registers," Memorial Ömer Lûtfi Barkan (Paris: A. Maisonneuve, 1980), 135-39; Bernard Lewis, "Some Statistical Surveys of 16th Century Palestine," in Middle East Studies and Libraries: SRA Felicitation Volume for Professor J. D. Pearson, ed. B. C. Bloomfield (London: Mansell, 1980), 115-22; Lewis, "Ottoman Land Tenure and Taxation"; Harold Rhode, "The Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century" (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1979), 47-114; Alan Makovsky, "Sixteenth-Century Agricultural Production in the Liwā of Jerusalem: Insights from the Tapu Defters and an Attempt at Quantification," Archivum Ottomanicum 9 (1984): 91-128; Singer, Palestinian Peasants, 16-43; Ehud Toledano, "The Sanjaq of Jerusalem in the Sixteenth Century: Aspects of Topography and Population," Archivum Ottomanicum 9 (1984): 279-319.
34. Bernard Lewis, "The Ottoman Archives as a Source for the History of the Arab Lands," Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1951): 139-55; Bernard Lewis, Notes and Documents from the Turkish Archives (Jerusalem: Israel Oriental Society, 1952); Bernard Lewis, "Studies in Ottoman Archives," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 16 (Summer 1954): 469-501; Bernard Lewis, Studies in Classical and Ottoman Islam (London: Variorum Reprints, 1976); Bernard Lewis, "Acre in the Sixteenth Century According to the Ottoman Tapu Registers," Memorial Ömer Lûtfi Barkan (Paris: A. Maisonneuve, 1980), 135-39; Bernard Lewis, "Some Statistical Surveys of 16th Century Palestine," in Middle East Studies and Libraries: SRA Felicitation Volume for Professor J. D. Pearson, ed. B. C. Bloomfield (London: Mansell, 1980), 115-22; Lewis, "Ottoman Land Tenure and Taxation"; Harold Rhode, "The Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century" (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1979), 47-114; Alan Makovsky, "Sixteenth-Century Agricultural Production in the Liwā of Jerusalem: Insights from the Tapu Defters and an Attempt at Quantification," Archivum Ottomanicum 9 (1984): 91-128; Singer, Palestinian Peasants, 16-43; Ehud Toledano, "The Sanjaq of Jerusalem in the Sixteenth Century: Aspects of Topography and Population," Archivum Ottomanicum 9 (1984): 279-319.
35. Bernard Lewis, "The Ottoman Archives as a Source for the History of the Arab Lands," Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1951): 139-55; Bernard Lewis, Notes and Documents from the Turkish Archives (Jerusalem: Israel Oriental Society, 1952); Bernard Lewis, "Studies in Ottoman Archives," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 16 (Summer 1954): 469-501; Bernard Lewis, Studies in Classical and Ottoman Islam (London: Variorum Reprints, 1976); Bernard Lewis, "Acre in the Sixteenth Century According to the Ottoman Tapu Registers," Memorial Ömer Lûtfi Barkan (Paris: A. Maisonneuve, 1980), 135-39; Bernard Lewis, "Some Statistical Surveys of 16th Century Palestine," in Middle East Studies and Libraries: SRA Felicitation Volume for Professor J. D. Pearson, ed. B. C. Bloomfield (London: Mansell, 1980), 115-22; Lewis, "Ottoman Land Tenure and Taxation"; Harold Rhode, "The Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century" (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1979), 47-114; Alan Makovsky, "Sixteenth-Century Agricultural Production in the Liwā of Jerusalem: Insights from the Tapu Defters and an Attempt at Quantification," Archivum Ottomanicum 9 (1984): 91-128; Singer, Palestinian Peasants, 16-43; Ehud Toledano, "The Sanjaq of Jerusalem in the Sixteenth Century: Aspects of Topography and Population," Archivum Ottomanicum 9 (1984): 279-319.
36. Bernard Lewis, "The Ottoman Archives as a Source for the History of the Arab Lands," Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1951): 139-55; Bernard Lewis, Notes and Documents from the Turkish Archives (Jerusalem: Israel Oriental Society, 1952); Bernard Lewis, "Studies in Ottoman Archives," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 16 (Summer 1954): 469-501; Bernard Lewis, Studies in Classical and Ottoman Islam (London: Variorum Reprints, 1976); Bernard Lewis, "Acre in the Sixteenth Century According to the Ottoman Tapu Registers," Memorial Ömer Lûtfi Barkan (Paris: A. Maisonneuve, 1980), 135-39; Bernard Lewis, "Some Statistical Surveys of 16th Century Palestine," in Middle East Studies and Libraries: SRA Felicitation Volume for Professor J. D. Pearson, ed. B. C. Bloomfield (London: Mansell, 1980), 115-22; Lewis, "Ottoman Land Tenure and Taxation"; Harold Rhode, "The Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century" (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1979), 47-114; Alan Makovsky, "Sixteenth-Century Agricultural Production in the Liwā of Jerusalem: Insights from the Tapu Defters and an Attempt at Quantification," Archivum Ottomanicum 9 (1984): 91-128; Singer, Palestinian Peasants, 16-43; Ehud Toledano, "The Sanjaq of Jerusalem in the Sixteenth Century: Aspects of Topography and Population," Archivum Ottomanicum 9 (1984): 279-319.
37. Bernard Lewis, "The Ottoman Archives as a Source for the History of the Arab Lands," Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1951): 139-55; Bernard Lewis, Notes and Documents from the Turkish Archives (Jerusalem: Israel Oriental Society, 1952); Bernard Lewis, "Studies in Ottoman Archives," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 16 (Summer 1954): 469-501; Bernard Lewis, Studies in Classical and Ottoman Islam (London: Variorum Reprints, 1976); Bernard Lewis, "Acre in the Sixteenth Century According to the Ottoman Tapu Registers," Memorial Ömer Lûtfi Barkan (Paris: A. Maisonneuve, 1980), 135-39; Bernard Lewis, "Some Statistical Surveys of 16th Century Palestine," in Middle East Studies and Libraries: SRA Felicitation Volume for Professor J. D. Pearson, ed. B. C. Bloomfield (London: Mansell, 1980), 115-22; Lewis, "Ottoman Land Tenure and Taxation"; Harold Rhode, "The Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century" (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1979), 47-114; Alan Makovsky, "Sixteenth-Century Agricultural Production in the Liwā of Jerusalem: Insights from the Tapu Defters and an Attempt at Quantification," Archivum Ottomanicum 9 (1984): 91-128; Singer, Palestinian Peasants, 16-43; Ehud Toledano, "The Sanjaq of Jerusalem in the Sixteenth Century: Aspects of Topography and Population," Archivum Ottomanicum 9 (1984): 279-319.
38. Bernard Lewis, "The Ottoman Archives as a Source for the History of the Arab Lands," Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1951): 139-55; Bernard Lewis, Notes and Documents from the Turkish Archives (Jerusalem: Israel Oriental Society, 1952); Bernard Lewis, "Studies in Ottoman Archives," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 16 (Summer 1954): 469-501; Bernard Lewis, Studies in Classical and Ottoman Islam (London: Variorum Reprints, 1976); Bernard Lewis, "Acre in the Sixteenth Century According to the Ottoman Tapu Registers," Memorial Ömer Lûtfi Barkan (Paris: A. Maisonneuve, 1980), 135-39; Bernard Lewis, "Some Statistical Surveys of 16th Century Palestine," in Middle East Studies and Libraries: SRA Felicitation Volume for Professor J. D. Pearson, ed. B. C. Bloomfield (London: Mansell, 1980), 115-22; Lewis, "Ottoman Land Tenure and Taxation"; Harold Rhode, "The Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century" (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1979), 47-114; Alan Makovsky, "Sixteenth-Century Agricultural Production in the Liwā of Jerusalem: Insights from the Tapu Defters and an Attempt at Quantification," Archivum Ottomanicum 9 (1984): 91-128; Singer, Palestinian Peasants, 16-43; Ehud Toledano, "The Sanjaq of Jerusalem in the Sixteenth Century: Aspects of Topography and Population," Archivum Ottomanicum 9 (1984): 279-319.
39. Bernard Lewis, "The Ottoman Archives as a Source for the History of the Arab Lands," Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1951): 139-55; Bernard Lewis, Notes and Documents from the Turkish Archives (Jerusalem: Israel Oriental Society, 1952); Bernard Lewis, "Studies in Ottoman Archives," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 16 (Summer 1954): 469-501; Bernard Lewis, Studies in Classical and Ottoman Islam (London: Variorum Reprints, 1976); Bernard Lewis, "Acre in the Sixteenth Century According to the Ottoman Tapu Registers," Memorial Ömer Lûtfi Barkan (Paris: A. Maisonneuve, 1980), 135-39; Bernard Lewis, "Some Statistical Surveys of 16th Century Palestine," in Middle East Studies and Libraries: SRA Felicitation Volume for Professor J. D. Pearson, ed. B. C. Bloomfield (London: Mansell, 1980), 115-22; Lewis, "Ottoman Land Tenure and Taxation"; Harold Rhode, "The Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century" (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1979), 47-114; Alan Makovsky, "Sixteenth-Century Agricultural Production in the Liwā of Jerusalem: Insights from the Tapu Defters and an Attempt at Quantification," Archivum Ottomanicum 9 (1984): 91-128; Singer, Palestinian Peasants, 16-43; Ehud Toledano, "The Sanjaq of Jerusalem in the Sixteenth Century: Aspects of Topography and Population," Archivum Ottomanicum 9 (1984): 279-319.
40. Bernard Lewis, "The Ottoman Archives as a Source for the History of the Arab Lands," Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1951): 139-55; Bernard Lewis, Notes and Documents from the Turkish Archives (Jerusalem: Israel Oriental Society, 1952); Bernard Lewis, "Studies in Ottoman Archives," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 16 (Summer 1954): 469-501; Bernard Lewis, Studies in Classical and Ottoman Islam (London: Variorum Reprints, 1976); Bernard Lewis, "Acre in the Sixteenth Century According to the Ottoman Tapu Registers," Memorial Ömer Lûtfi Barkan (Paris: A. Maisonneuve, 1980), 135-39; Bernard Lewis, "Some Statistical Surveys of 16th Century Palestine," in Middle East Studies and Libraries: SRA Felicitation Volume for Professor J. D. Pearson, ed. B. C. Bloomfield (London: Mansell, 1980), 115-22; Lewis, "Ottoman Land Tenure and Taxation"; Harold Rhode, "The Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century" (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1979), 47-114; Alan Makovsky, "Sixteenth-Century Agricultural Production in the Liwā of Jerusalem: Insights from the Tapu Defters and an Attempt at Quantification," Archivum Ottomanicum 9 (1984): 91-128; Singer, Palestinian Peasants, 16-43; Ehud Toledano, "The Sanjaq of Jerusalem in the Sixteenth Century: Aspects of Topography and Population," Archivum Ottomanicum 9 (1984): 279-319.
41. Wolf D. Hütteroth and Kamal Abdulfattah, Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century (Erlangen: Palm & Enke, 1977), 2-3, 10-11, 20-21, 55; Poliak, "History of the Cadastres," 356-57.
42. Wolf D. Hütteroth and Kamal Abdulfattah, Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century (Erlangen: Palm & Enke, 1977), 2-3, 10-11, 20-21, 55; Poliak, "History of the Cadastres," 356-57.
43. Poliak, "History of the Cadastres," 356-57; Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, Historical Geography of Palestine, 54-63; Amnon Cohen, Palestine in the 18th Century, Patterns of Government and Administration (Jerusalem: Magnes, 1973), 293-98.
44. Poliak, "History of the Cadastres," 356-57; Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, Historical Geography of Palestine, 54-63; Amnon Cohen, Palestine in the 18th Century, Patterns of Government and Administration (Jerusalem: Magnes, 1973), 293-98.
45. Poliak, "History of the Cadastres," 356-57; Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, Historical Geography of Palestine, 54-63; Amnon Cohen, Palestine in the 18th Century, Patterns of Government and Administration (Jerusalem: Magnes, 1973), 293-98.
46. Solel, "Cadastral Mapping in Israel," 234-40; Poliak, "History of the Cadastres," 358; Lewis, Emergence of Modern Turkey; Kenneth M. Cuno, The Pasha's Peasants (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 67, 102-11. Cuno claims (p. 233) that neither the Ottoman nor the French surveys in Egypt recorded individual landholdings; before 1813 such records were kept in the villages. Jabarty was cited in Gabriel Baer, Introduction to the History of Agrarian Relations in the Middle East, 1800-1970 (in Hebrew) (Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad, 1971), 22-23.
47. Solel, "Cadastral Mapping in Israel," 234-40; Poliak, "History of the Cadastres," 358; Lewis, Emergence of Modern Turkey; Kenneth M. Cuno, The Pasha's Peasants (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 67, 102-11. Cuno claims (p. 233) that neither the Ottoman nor the French surveys in Egypt recorded individual landholdings; before 1813 such records were kept in the villages. Jabarty was cited in Gabriel Baer, Introduction to the History of Agrarian Relations in the Middle East, 1800-1970 (in Hebrew) (Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad, 1971), 22-23.
48. Solel, "Cadastral Mapping in Israel," 234-40; Poliak, "History of the Cadastres," 358; Lewis, Emergence of Modern Turkey; Kenneth M. Cuno, The Pasha's Peasants (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 67, 102-11. Cuno claims (p. 233) that neither the Ottoman nor the French surveys in Egypt recorded individual landholdings; before 1813 such records were kept in the villages. Jabarty was cited in Gabriel Baer, Introduction to the History of Agrarian Relations in the Middle East, 1800-1970 (in Hebrew) (Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad, 1971), 22-23.
49. Solel, "Cadastral Mapping in Israel," 234-40; Poliak, "History of the Cadastres," 358; Lewis, Emergence of Modern Turkey; Kenneth M. Cuno, The Pasha's Peasants (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 67, 102-11. Cuno claims (p. 233) that neither the Ottoman nor the French surveys in Egypt recorded individual landholdings; before 1813 such records were kept in the villages. Jabarty was cited in Gabriel Baer, Introduction to the History of Agrarian Relations in the Middle East, 1800-1970 (in Hebrew) (Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad, 1971), 22-23.
50. Solel, "Cadastral Mapping in Israel," 234-40; Poliak, "History of the Cadastres," 358; Lewis, Emergence of Modern Turkey; Kenneth M. Cuno, The Pasha's Peasants (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 67, 102-11. Cuno claims (p. 233) that neither the Ottoman nor the French surveys in Egypt recorded individual landholdings; before 1813 such records were kept in the villages. Jabarty was cited in Gabriel Baer, Introduction to the History of Agrarian Relations in the Middle East, 1800-1970 (in Hebrew) (Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad, 1971), 22-23.
51. Mordechai Abir, "Local Leadership and Early Reforms in Palestine, 1800-1834," in Studies on Palestine during the Ottoman Period, ed. Moshe Ma'oz (Jerusalem: Magnes, 1975), 285; Poliak, "History of the Cadastres," 356-57.
52. Mordechai Abir, "Local Leadership and Early Reforms in Palestine, 1800-1834," in Studies on Palestine during the Ottoman Period, ed. Moshe Ma'oz (Jerusalem: Magnes, 1975), 285; Poliak, "History of the Cadastres," 356-57.
53. Kemal H. Karpat, "Ottoman Population Records and the Census of 1881/82-1893," International Journal of Middle East Studies 9 (Spring 1978): 246-47; John F. Spry, "Memorandum of the History, Law and Practice of Land Registration and the Organization of the Department of Land Registration, with a Note on the Custody of the Records of Title to Land at the Termination of the British Mandate," October 1948, CO733/494/3/81465, Public Record Office, London; John F. Spry, "Memorandum," n.d., Draft A, Spry Papers, St. Antony's College, Oxford (hereafter Spry Papers); John F. Spry, "Memorandum," Draft B, Spry Papers; J. N. Stubbs, "Notes on the Land Law in Palestine," 8 September 1925, Le Ray Papers.
54. Kemal H. Karpat, "Ottoman Population Records and the Census of 1881/82-1893," International Journal of Middle East Studies 9 (Spring 1978): 246-47; John F. Spry, "Memorandum of the History, Law and Practice of Land Registration and the Organization of the Department of Land Registration, with a Note on the Custody of the Records of Title to Land at the Termination of the British Mandate," October 1948, CO733/494/3/81465, Public Record Office, London; John F. Spry, "Memorandum," n.d., Draft A, Spry Papers, St. Antony's College, Oxford (hereafter Spry Papers); John F. Spry, "Memorandum," Draft B, Spry Papers; J. N. Stubbs, "Notes on the Land Law in Palestine," 8 September 1925, Le Ray Papers.
55. Kemal H. Karpat, "Ottoman Population Records and the Census of 1881/82-1893," International Journal of Middle East Studies 9 (Spring 1978): 246-47; John F. Spry, "Memorandum of the History, Law and Practice of Land Registration and the Organization of the Department of Land Registration, with a Note on the Custody of the Records of Title to Land at the Termination of the British Mandate," October 1948, CO733/494/3/81465, Public Record Office, London; John F. Spry, "Memorandum," n.d., Draft A, Spry Papers, St. Antony's College, Oxford (hereafter Spry Papers); John F. Spry, "Memorandum," Draft B, Spry Papers; J. N. Stubbs, "Notes on the Land Law in Palestine," 8 September 1925, Le Ray Papers.
56. Kemal H. Karpat, "Ottoman Population Records and the Census of 1881/82-1893," International Journal of Middle East Studies 9 (Spring 1978): 246-47; John F. Spry, "Memorandum of the History, Law and Practice of Land Registration and the Organization of the Department of Land Registration, with a Note on the Custody of the Records of Title to Land at the Termination of the British Mandate," October 1948, CO733/494/3/81465, Public Record Office, London; John F. Spry, "Memorandum," n.d., Draft A, Spry Papers, St. Antony's College, Oxford (hereafter Spry Papers); John F. Spry, "Memorandum," Draft B, Spry Papers; J. N. Stubbs, "Notes on the Land Law in Palestine," 8 September 1925, Le Ray Papers.
57. Kemal H. Karpat, "Ottoman Population Records and the Census of 1881/82-1893," International Journal of Middle East Studies 9 (Spring 1978): 246-47; John F. Spry, "Memorandum of the History, Law and Practice of Land Registration and the Organization of the Department of Land Registration, with a Note on the Custody of the Records of Title to Land at the Termination of the British Mandate," October 1948, CO733/494/3/81465, Public Record Office, London; John F. Spry, "Memorandum," n.d., Draft A, Spry Papers, St. Antony's College, Oxford (hereafter Spry Papers); John F. Spry, "Memorandum," Draft B, Spry Papers; J. N. Stubbs, "Notes on the Land Law in Palestine," 8 September 1925, Le Ray Papers.
58. Baer, History of Agrarian Relations; Peter Sluglett and Marion Farouk-Sluglett, "The Application of the 1858 Land Code in Greater Syria: Some Preliminary Observations," in Land Tenure and Social Transformation in the Middle East, ed. Tarif Khalidi (Beirut: American University of Beirut, 1984); Spry, "Memorandum," Draft A; Dov Gavish, Land and Map (London: Palestine Exploration Fund, 1996, in press); Dov Gavish and Ruth Kark, "The Cadastral Mapping of Palestine, 1858-1928," Geographical Journal 159 (March 1993): 70-80; Kenneth W. Stein, The Land Question in Palestine (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984), 20-24; Stubbs, "Land Law in Palestine."
59. Baer, History of Agrarian Relations; Peter Sluglett and Marion Farouk-Sluglett, "The Application of the 1858 Land Code in Greater Syria: Some Preliminary Observations," in Land Tenure and Social Transformation in the Middle East, ed. Tarif Khalidi (Beirut: American University of Beirut, 1984); Spry, "Memorandum," Draft A; Dov Gavish, Land and Map (London: Palestine Exploration Fund, 1996, in press); Dov Gavish and Ruth Kark, "The Cadastral Mapping of Palestine, 1858-1928," Geographical Journal 159 (March 1993): 70-80; Kenneth W. Stein, The Land Question in Palestine (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984), 20-24; Stubbs, "Land Law in Palestine."
60. Baer, History of Agrarian Relations; Peter Sluglett and Marion Farouk-Sluglett, "The Application of the 1858 Land Code in Greater Syria: Some Preliminary Observations," in Land Tenure and Social Transformation in the Middle East, ed. Tarif Khalidi (Beirut: American University of Beirut, 1984); Spry, "Memorandum," Draft A; Dov Gavish, Land and Map (London: Palestine Exploration Fund, 1996, in press); Dov Gavish and Ruth Kark, "The Cadastral Mapping of Palestine, 1858-1928," Geographical Journal 159 (March 1993): 70-80; Kenneth W. Stein, The Land Question in Palestine (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984), 20-24; Stubbs, "Land Law in Palestine."
61. Baer, History of Agrarian Relations; Peter Sluglett and Marion Farouk-Sluglett, "The Application of the 1858 Land Code in Greater Syria: Some Preliminary Observations," in Land Tenure and Social Transformation in the Middle East, ed. Tarif Khalidi (Beirut: American University of Beirut, 1984); Spry, "Memorandum," Draft A; Dov Gavish, Land and Map (London: Palestine Exploration Fund, 1996, in press); Dov Gavish and Ruth Kark, "The Cadastral Mapping of Palestine, 1858-1928," Geographical Journal 159 (March 1993): 70-80; Kenneth W. Stein, The Land Question in Palestine (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984), 20-24; Stubbs, "Land Law in Palestine."
62. Baer, History of Agrarian Relations; Peter Sluglett and Marion Farouk-Sluglett, "The Application of the 1858 Land Code in Greater Syria: Some Preliminary Observations," in Land Tenure and Social Transformation in the Middle East, ed. Tarif Khalidi (Beirut: American University of Beirut, 1984); Spry, "Memorandum," Draft A; Dov Gavish, Land and Map (London: Palestine Exploration Fund, 1996, in press); Dov Gavish and Ruth Kark, "The Cadastral Mapping of Palestine, 1858-1928," Geographical Journal 159 (March 1993): 70-80; Kenneth W. Stein, The Land Question in Palestine (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984), 20-24; Stubbs, "Land Law in Palestine."
63. Baer, History of Agrarian Relations; Peter Sluglett and Marion Farouk-Sluglett, "The Application of the 1858 Land Code in Greater Syria: Some Preliminary Observations," in Land Tenure and Social Transformation in the Middle East, ed. Tarif Khalidi (Beirut: American University of Beirut, 1984); Spry, "Memorandum," Draft A; Dov Gavish, Land and Map (London: Palestine Exploration Fund, 1996, in press); Dov Gavish and Ruth Kark, "The Cadastral Mapping of Palestine, 1858-1928," Geographical Journal 159 (March 1993): 70-80; Kenneth W. Stein, The Land Question in Palestine (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984), 20-24; Stubbs, "Land Law in Palestine."
64. Moshe J. Doukhan, Land Laws in the Land of Israel (in Hebrew) (Jerusalem: Labors' Cooperative Press, 1925), 166-67.
65. Baer, History of Agrarian Relations, 35-36; Poliak, Feudalism, 79-80.
66. Baer, History of Agrarian Relations, 35-36; Poliak, Feudalism, 79-80.
67. Serapion Murad to Thankmar von Münchhausen, 12 June 1874, RG67/439, Israel State Archive (hereafter ISA); Spry, "Memorandum of the History, Law and Practice of Land Registration"; Yitzhak Schechter, "What Does a Secret Land Register from the Time of the Turks Reveal?(in Hebrew), Ikarei Israel 170 (February-March 1977): 5-8; Yitzhak Schechter, "Land Registration in Eretz-Israel in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century" (in Hebrew), Cathedra 45 (September 1987): 147-60.
68. Serapion Murad to Thankmar von Münchhausen, 12 June 1874, RG67/439, Israel State Archive (hereafter ISA); Spry, "Memorandum of the History, Law and Practice of Land Registration"; Yitzhak Schechter, "What Does a Secret Land Register from the Time of the Turks Reveal?(in Hebrew), Ikarei Israel 170 (February-March 1977): 5-8; Yitzhak Schechter, "Land Registration in Eretz-Israel in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century" (in Hebrew), Cathedra 45 (September 1987): 147-60.
69. Serapion Murad to Thankmar von Münchhausen, 12 June 1874, RG67/439, Israel State Archive (hereafter ISA); Spry, "Memorandum of the History, Law and Practice of Land Registration"; Yitzhak Schechter, "What Does a Secret Land Register from the Time of the Turks Reveal?(in Hebrew), Ikarei Israel 170 (February-March 1977): 5-8; Yitzhak Schechter, "Land Registration in Eretz-Israel in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century" (in Hebrew), Cathedra 45 (September 1987): 147-60.
70. Serapion Murad to Thankmar von Münchhausen, 12 June 1874, RG67/439, Israel State Archive (hereafter ISA); Spry, "Memorandum of the History, Law and Practice of Land Registration"; Yitzhak Schechter, "What Does a Secret Land Register from the Time of the Turks Reveal?(in Hebrew), Ikarei Israel 170 (February-March 1977): 5-8; Yitzhak Schechter, "Land Registration in Eretz-Israel in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century" (in Hebrew), Cathedra 45 (September 1987): 147-60.
71. Schechter, "What Does a Secret Land Register," 5-8; Schechter, "Land Registration in Eretz-Israel," 147-60; "Report on the Contents of the Shamsieh [shemīye] villages, which are presently found in the Nazareth Tabu Office," n.d., and "Shamsieh Land Books," n.d., File 11, Box 3528, RG22, ISA; Haim Gerber, Social Origin of the Modern Middle East (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner and Mansel, 1987), 76-77.
72. Schechter, "What Does a Secret Land Register," 5-8; Schechter, "Land Registration in Eretz-Israel," 147-60; "Report on the Contents of the Shamsieh [shemīye] villages, which are presently found in the Nazareth Tabu Office," n.d., and "Shamsieh Land Books," n.d., File 11, Box 3528, RG22, ISA; Haim Gerber, Social Origin of the Modern Middle East (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner and Mansel, 1987), 76-77.
73. Schechter, "What Does a Secret Land Register," 5-8; Schechter, "Land Registration in Eretz-Israel," 147-60; "Report on the Contents of the Shamsieh [shemīye] villages, which are presently found in the Nazareth Tabu Office," n.d., and "Shamsieh Land Books," n.d., File 11, Box 3528, RG22, ISA; Haim Gerber, Social Origin of the Modern Middle East (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner and Mansel, 1987), 76-77.
74. Schechter, "What Does a Secret Land Register," 5-8; Schechter, "Land Registration in Eretz-Israel," 147-60; "Report on the Contents of the Shamsieh [shemīye] villages, which are presently found in the Nazareth Tabu Office," n.d., and "Shamsieh Land Books," n.d., File 11, Box 3528, RG22, ISA; Haim Gerber, Social Origin of the Modern Middle East (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner and Mansel, 1987), 76-77.
75. Schechter, "What Does a Secret Land Register," 5-8; Schechter, "Land Registration in Eretz-Israel," 147-60; "Report on the Contents of the Shamsieh [shemīye] villages, which are presently found in the Nazareth Tabu Office," n.d., and "Shamsieh Land Books," n.d., File 11, Box 3528, RG22, ISA; Haim Gerber, Social Origin of the Modern Middle East (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner and Mansel, 1987), 76-77.
76. Spry, "Memorandum of the History, Law and Practice of Land Registration."
77. Report of Acting Director of Lands, 25 July 1931, File GP/10/23, Box 3470, RG22, ISA.
78. Ibid.
79. Ibid.
80. Ibid. In respect to the purchase of lands in Shatta by the Jewish National Fund, see letters from 17 December 1931, and 9 and 24 July 1932, S25/7621, Central Zionist Archive, Jerusalem (hereafter cited as CZA).
81. Avraham M. Luncz, Guide to the Land of Israel and Syria (in Hebrew) (Jerusalem: Avraham M. Luncz, 1891), 25-28; Spry, "Memorandum of the History, Law and Practice of Land Registration."
82. Avraham M. Luncz, Guide to the Land of Israel and Syria (in Hebrew) (Jerusalem: Avraham M. Luncz, 1891), 25-28; Spry, "Memorandum of the History, Law and Practice of Land Registration."
83. Samuel Bergheim, "Land Tenure in Palestine," Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement 26 (July 1894): 191-99.
84. Philip J. Baldensperger, "The Immovable East," Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement 38 (July 1906): 190-97.
85. Lewis, Emergence of Modern Turkey, 222-25; Dowson, "Notes on Land-Tax"; Doukhan, Land Laws in the Land of Israel, 167, 172; Fredrick M. Goadby and Moshe J. Doukhan, The Law of Palestine (Jerusalem: n.p., 1935), 14; Gabriel Bie Ravndal, "Turkey: A Commercial and Industrial Handbook," vol. 28 of Trade Promotion Series (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1926), 84-85.
86. Lewis, Emergence of Modern Turkey, 222-25; Dowson, "Notes on Land-Tax"; Doukhan, Land Laws in the Land of Israel, 167, 172; Fredrick M. Goadby and Moshe J. Doukhan, The Law of Palestine (Jerusalem: n.p., 1935), 14; Gabriel Bie Ravndal, "Turkey: A Commercial and Industrial Handbook," vol. 28 of Trade Promotion Series (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1926), 84-85.
87. Lewis, Emergence of Modern Turkey, 222-25; Dowson, "Notes on Land-Tax"; Doukhan, Land Laws in the Land of Israel, 167, 172; Fredrick M. Goadby and Moshe J. Doukhan, The Law of Palestine (Jerusalem: n.p., 1935), 14; Gabriel Bie Ravndal, "Turkey: A Commercial and Industrial Handbook," vol. 28 of Trade Promotion Series (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1926), 84-85.
88. Lewis, Emergence of Modern Turkey, 222-25; Dowson, "Notes on Land-Tax"; Doukhan, Land Laws in the Land of Israel, 167, 172; Fredrick M. Goadby and Moshe J. Doukhan, The Law of Palestine (Jerusalem: n.p., 1935), 14; Gabriel Bie Ravndal, "Turkey: A Commercial and Industrial Handbook," vol. 28 of Trade Promotion Series (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1926), 84-85.
89. Lewis, Emergence of Modern Turkey, 222-25; Dowson, "Notes on Land-Tax"; Doukhan, Land Laws in the Land of Israel, 167, 172; Fredrick M. Goadby and Moshe J. Doukhan, The Law of Palestine (Jerusalem: n.p., 1935), 14; Gabriel Bie Ravndal, "Turkey: A Commercial and Industrial Handbook," vol. 28 of Trade Promotion Series (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1926), 84-85.
90. Provisional Law of Survey and Registration of Immoveable Property, 5 February 1913 (2 Rabie Awal 1331), File 16, Box 3326, RG22, ISA; Gad Frumkin, "A Memorandum on Immoveable Property in Palestine," 20 August 1919, S25/7432, CZA.
91. Provisional Law, ISA.
92. Provisional Law, ISA; Frumkin, "Memorandum on Immovable Property," CZA.
93. Ibid.
94. Several maps of the Beiran Valley in Jewish Colonization Association, 1913, Map Collection, CZA; Ruth Kark and Haim Gerber, "Land Registry Maps in Palestine during the Ottoman Period," Cartographic Journal 21 (June 1984): 30-32.
95. Rosemary Sayigh, Palestinians: From Peasants to Revolutionaries (London: Zed Press, 1979), 30-32; Walid Khalidi, Palestine Reborn (London: I. B. Tauris, 1992), 31, 70; Ruth Kark, "Changing Patterns of Land Ownership in Nineteenth Century Palestine: The European Influence," Journal of Historical Geography 10 (Fall 1984): 357-84.
96. Rosemary Sayigh, Palestinians: From Peasants to Revolutionaries (London: Zed Press, 1979), 30-32; Walid Khalidi, Palestine Reborn (London: I. B. Tauris, 1992), 31, 70; Ruth Kark, "Changing Patterns of Land Ownership in Nineteenth Century Palestine: The European Influence," Journal of Historical Geography 10 (Fall 1984): 357-84.
97. Rosemary Sayigh, Palestinians: From Peasants to Revolutionaries (London: Zed Press, 1979), 30-32; Walid Khalidi, Palestine Reborn (London: I. B. Tauris, 1992), 31, 70; Ruth Kark, "Changing Patterns of Land Ownership in Nineteenth Century Palestine: The European Influence," Journal of Historical Geography 10 (Fall 1984): 357-84.
98. A. Bonne, Land of Israel, Land and Economy (in Hebrew) (Tel Aviv: Dvir, 1938), 116-18; Spry, "Memorandum of the History, Law and Practice of Land Registration"; Arthur Rupin, Syria: An Economic Survey (New York: Provisional Zionist Committee, 1918), 41; Doukhan, Land Laws, 163-71; Dowson, "Notes on Land-Tax"; Baer, Introduction to the History, 19, 21, 35.
99. A. Bonne, Land of Israel, Land and Economy (in Hebrew) (Tel Aviv: Dvir, 1938), 116-18; Spry, "Memorandum of the History, Law and Practice of Land Registration"; Arthur Rupin, Syria: An Economic Survey (New York: Provisional Zionist Committee, 1918), 41; Doukhan, Land Laws, 163-71; Dowson, "Notes on Land-Tax"; Baer, Introduction to the History, 19, 21, 35.
100. A. Bonne, Land of Israel, Land and Economy (in Hebrew) (Tel Aviv: Dvir, 1938), 116-18; Spry, "Memorandum of the History, Law and Practice of Land Registration"; Arthur Rupin, Syria: An Economic Survey (New York: Provisional Zionist Committee, 1918), 41; Doukhan, Land Laws, 163-71; Dowson, "Notes on Land-Tax"; Baer, Introduction to the History, 19, 21, 35.
101. A. Bonne, Land of Israel, Land and Economy (in Hebrew) (Tel Aviv: Dvir, 1938), 116-18; Spry, "Memorandum of the History, Law and Practice of Land Registration"; Arthur Rupin, Syria: An Economic Survey (New York: Provisional Zionist Committee, 1918), 41; Doukhan, Land Laws, 163-71; Dowson, "Notes on Land-Tax"; Baer, Introduction to the History, 19, 21, 35.
102. A. Bonne, Land of Israel, Land and Economy (in Hebrew) (Tel Aviv: Dvir, 1938), 116-18; Spry, "Memorandum of the History, Law and Practice of Land Registration"; Arthur Rupin, Syria: An Economic Survey (New York: Provisional Zionist Committee, 1918), 41; Doukhan, Land Laws, 163-71; Dowson, "Notes on Land-Tax"; Baer, Introduction to the History, 19, 21, 35.
103. A. Bonne, Land of Israel, Land and Economy (in Hebrew) (Tel Aviv: Dvir, 1938), 116-18; Spry, "Memorandum of the History, Law and Practice of Land Registration"; Arthur Rupin, Syria: An Economic Survey (New York: Provisional Zionist Committee, 1918), 41; Doukhan, Land Laws, 163-71; Dowson, "Notes on Land-Tax"; Baer, Introduction to the History, 19, 21, 35.