The influence of dominance rank on the reproductive success of female chimpanzees

Science

Volumn 277, Issue 5327, 1997, Pages 828-831

  Pusey, Anne ^a   Williams, Jennifer ^a   Goodall, Jane ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHIMPANZEE; DOMINANCE; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; SOCIAL RANK;

ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; ARTICLE; CHIMPANZEE; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REPRODUCTION; SOCIAL DOMINANCE; SURVIVAL;

ANIMALS; BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; LONGEVITY; MALE; PAN TROGLODYTES; REPRODUCTION; SEXUAL MATURATION; SOCIAL DOMINANCE; TANZANIA;

ANIMALIA; PAN (APE); PAN TROGLODYTES; TROGLODYTES;

EID: 0030762816     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.277.5327.828     Document Type: Article

References (43)

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22. _ and B. B. Smuts, J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl. 28, 13 (1980).
23. Jane Goodall Institute's Center for Primate Studies at the University of Minnesota, unpublished data.
24. Our unpublished data suggest that time spent alone is even higher, and 80% core area size smaller, than published figures.
25. Of 14 females of known birth date born in the habituated community who experienced their first full anogenital swelling during the study, 6 settled as adults in the community, 5 transferred to other communities, and 3 disappeared. At the end of 1995, 5 of the 11 resident adult females in the community were born there, and 6 were immigrants.
26. Each year 11 to 18 adult females were observed in the community, of which a median of 16 (range 11 to 17) were observed for more than 10 days. Of these, a median of 87.5% (range 38.5 to 100%) could be assigned ranks in each 2-year block.
27. High-ranking females either gave no pant-grunts to any females or gave occasional pant-grunts to other high-ranking females, and received pant-grunts from middle-and low-ranking females. Middle-ranking fenales gave pant-grunts to high-ranking and some middle-ranking females and received them from low-ranking females and some other middle-ranking females. Low-ranking females rarely, if ever, received pant-grunts from any adult females but often gave them to middle-and high-ranking females. Fourteen females were assigned ranks of 1.5 or 2.5 during transitional periods.
28. Individuals are weighed by luring them up a rope attached to a spring balance by placing a piece of banana in a tin attached to the top of the rope. We fitted the natural logarithm of all weights of nonpregnant females to a curve using LOWESS. For females carrying infants, we subtracted the weight of an average infant of that age. This method makes no assumptions about the underlying shape of the curve, so the curve reflects the patterns in the data as accurately as possible. This standardizes weights by age, so we can find the residuals for a specific individual and determine whether she is bigger or smaller than average. We then regressed the average residual for each individual against dominance and found no significant relation. Thus, high-ranking individuals are not larger or smaller than lower ranking chimps.
29. L. E. Moses, L. C. Gale, J. Altmann, Am. J. Primatol. 28, 49 (1992).
30. Eight females observed for at least two periods showed an increase in rank with age, one female showed a decrease, and 14 females showed no change (P = 0.04, n = 9, Sign test).
31. A. E. Pusey, Behaviour 115, 203 (1990); J. Wallis, J. Reprod. Fertil. 109, 297 (1997).
32. A. E. Pusey, Behaviour 115, 203 (1990); J. Wallis, J. Reprod. Fertil. 109, 297 (1997).
33. 2 = 3.22) when females who reach age 20 are placed into two ranks at age 21, high (n = 9) and low (n = 6). This test compensates for the reduction in sample size at later ages by weighting earlier deaths more heavily. However, statistical power of the test remains low because n = 15.
34. 2 = 0.60, P < 0.01, n = 10).
35. J. Goodall, Folia Primatol. 28, 259 (1977).
36. 2 = 0.02. P = 0.5, n = 12 when average number of banana days was regressed against average rank for each individual).
37. A. E. Pusey, Anim. Behav. 28, 543 (1980).
38. _, ibid. 31, 363 (1983).
39. _, in (14), p. 465.
40. _ and C. Packer, in (7), p. 250.
41. The highest ranking female currently in the central community, FF, is 38 years old and has seven offspring, five over the age of 5 years. Two of her sons currently hold the alpha and beta position in the community, and one of her daughters resides in an adjacent community. She is the daughter of a high-ranking female (FLO) who produced at least 3 adult offspring, one of which was alpha male for 8 years. This family's genes are likely to gain significant representation in the total population in Gombe of less than 150 individuals.
42. G. A. Fox, in Design and Analysis of Experiments, S. M. Scheiner and J. Gurevitch, Eds. (Chapman & Hall, New York, 1993), p. 253.
43. We thank the government of Tanzania. Tanzania National Parks, and Serengeti Wildlife Ftesearch Institute for permission; A. Collins for ensuring the continuity of long-term data collection; numerous field assistants, students, and volunteers for data cohection and analysis; T. Susman for organizing the demography database; and M. Tatar for assistance in performing the survival analyses. Many organizations have funded the project over the years, including the National Geographic Society, W. T. Grant Foundation, Wenner Gren Foundation, L. S. B. Leakey Foundation, Jane Goodall Institute, Carnegie Corporation, and NSF.