Antarctica and the modern geographical imagination (1918-1960)

Polar Record

Volumn 33, Issue 184, 1997, Pages 47-62

  Dodds, Klaus J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AERIAL MAPPING; EXPLORATION; HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE; MAPPING ROLE; PERCEPTION; POLAR REGION;

ANTARCTICA;

EID: 0030762620     PISSN: 00322474     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0032247400014169     Document Type: Article

References (82)

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39. Mackinder, H. 1919. Democratic ideals and reality. London: Constable.
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51. Scott, R. 1913. Scott's last expedition. 2 vols. London: Smith Elder.
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58. Sullivan, W. 1957. Quest for a continent New York: McGraw-Hill.
59. Triggs, G. 1986. International law and Australian sovereignty in Antarctica. Sydney: Legal Books.
60. Wohl, R. 1994. A passion for wings: aviation and the western imagination 1908-1918. New Haven: Yale University Press.
61. The terms 'militant' and 'triumphant' geography are derived from the writings of Joseph Conrad. They refer to different phases of geographical exploration between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries. 'Militant geography' was defined by Conrad as concerned with a rigorous quest for certainty about the Earth. Exploration of the polar regions and the heart of Africa was considered the final phase of 'militant geography.' Triumphant geography' was, however, considered characterised by the decline of mystery about the Earth and the subsequent triumph of science over exploration in the twentieth century.
62. PRO CO 532/34/58368: Memorandum from the Admirality, entitled 'Antarctic regions: territorial claims,' 10 October 1919.
63. NAC RG25 G1 Vo1 1263: Letter from L. Amery to the Governor-Generals of Australia and New Zealand, 6 February 1920.
64. CO 532/134: Letter from the Hydrographer to the Admirality to the Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies, 5 December 1919.
65. For example, FO 371 4328 159163: Minute from Edward Parkes at the Foreign Office, 24 December 1919.
66. PRO DO 35 163/5: 39th Meeting of the Polar Commit-tee, 18 January 1934. The Committee concluded that American flying endeavours had made it crucial that the proposed expedition by John Rymill was successful in reasserting British claims in the Antarctic. Moreover, concern was expressed over the ability of polar flight to be used as a base for a subsequent territorial claim.
67. PRO DO 35 143/2: Memorandum on 'Polar territorial claims,' 27 January 1934. Changing conceptions of effective occupation are acknowledged in this file.
68. BAS AD1/D1/S: The origins of the Trans-Antarctic Expedition have been traced by Vivian Fuchs to a conversation he had with a colleague in the Antarctic in 1948.
69. Official statement of the TAE. Reproduced in SAAS BLO 16/1: Telegram from the South African High Commissioner to the Department of External Affairs, 1 September 1955.
70. BAS AD3/1/A5/164 B (3) Part 1 : Minutes of the FIDS Scientific Committee, 29 July 1959. See also FIDS Scientific Committee Memorandum, June 1954.
71. BAS AD3/1/A5/164 B (3) Part 1: FIDS Scientific Committee Memorandum June 1954.
72. NAC RG25 4765 50070-40 Part 3: This file contains a copy of a Foreign Office document on 'Future UK policy in the Antarctic,' produced in August 1954. It concluded that the UK had to increase its scientific activity in the face of possible changes to the international politics of the Antarctic.
73. BAS AD1/D1/5: Handwritten note on the idea of a Trans-Antarctic Expedition by Vivian Fuchs, 16 August 1948. Fuchs argued that the objectives of a Trans-Antarctic Expedition would be: to cross the continent and see if there was a structural linkage with the Ross Sea and Graham Land, to test cold weather gear, to give polar experience to new personnel, and to find out the weather conditions at the centre of the continent.
74. BAS AD1/D1/5: The proceedings of the Polar Committee, 19 August 1954.
75. BASAD3/1/A5/155/A(1): Letter to M.A. Willis of the Colonial Office to the FIDS Scientific Committee, 2 July 1956. This letter confirmed that the Colonial Office was increasingly worried about the activities of FIDS in relation to ther political effectiveness in the face of South American competition.
76. NAC RG25 4765 50070-40 Part 3: Minutes of a meeting between the Commonwealth Relations Office and Commonwealth representatives in London, February 1955.
77. SAAS BLO 16/1: Letter from the South African High Commissioner to the Department of External Affairs, 18 February 1955.
78. NAC RG25 4765 50070-40 Part 3: Memorandum produced by the Department of External Affairs, 4 September 1954.
79. A4940/1 C1438: Cabinet Minute produced by the Prime Minister's Department, 16 August 1955.
80. See the newspaper coverage of the event. For example, Daily Express: This is it: hello Ed,' 22 January 1958. Hillary used his Everest camera to record his meeting with Fuchs at the South Pole.
81. NANZ PM 208 7/1 Part 4: Minutes of the Second Annual Meeting of the Management Committee, 20 December 1957.
82. Quoted in Daily Express, 'Dr Fuchs makes 50 miles a day,'3 Januay 1958.