Change and democratisation in the Arab world: The role of political parties

Third World Quarterly

Volumn 18, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 149-164

  AbuKhalil, As'ad ^a,b  

^a CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARAB POLITICS; ARAB WORLD; DEMOCRATISATION; DEVELOPING WORLD; PARTY POLITICS; POLITICAL CHANGE; POLITICAL TRENDS;

AFRICA, (NORTH); MIDDLE EAST;

EID: 0030762221     PISSN: 01436597     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01436599715109     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. See David Held, Prospects for Democracy, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1993; and Held, Models of Democracy, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987.
2. See David Held, Prospects for Democracy, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1993; and Held, Models of Democracy, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987.
3. The best book on the subject is John Esposito & John Voll, Islam and Democracy, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
4. See in this regard, Michael Hudson, "After the Gulf War: prospects for democratization in the Arab world', Middle East Journal, 45(3), 1991 pp??; and John Esposito & James Piscatori, 'Democratisation and Islam', Middle East Journal, 45(3), Summer 1991.
5. See in this regard, Michael Hudson, "After the Gulf War: prospects for democratization in the Arab world', Middle East Journal, 45(3), 1991 pp??; and John Esposito & James Piscatori, 'Democratisation and Islam', Middle East Journal, 45(3), Summer 1991.
6. James Bill & Robert Springborg, Politics in the Middle East, New York: HarperCollins, 1994, p 20.
7. The first study of political parties in the Middle East came out in 1994. See Frank Tachau, ed, Political Parties of the Middle East and North Africa, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994.
8. See As'ad AbuKhalil, 'The study of political parties in the Arab world: the case of Lebanon', Journal of Asian and African Affairs, V(I), 1993. pp 49-61.
9. See Joseph LaPalombara & Myron Weiner, eds, Political Parties and Political Development, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966.
10. Roy Macridis, ed, Political Parties: Contemporary Trends and Ideas, New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1967, p 9.
11. This has been eloquently represented in the writings of the influential Orientalist Bernard Lewis.
12. This does not mean, of course, that colonial powers fought traditional forms of organisation and loyalty. In many cases, colonial governments used the tribal and sectarian systems to their own advantage, especially when faced with the sophisticated political threat of effective political parties, like the communists in Iraq during the monarchist period.
13. Bill & Springborg, Politics in the Middle East, pp 91-98.
14. See, for example, Yehoshua Porath, The Palestinian Arab National Movement, 1929-1939: From Riots to Rebellion, London: Frank Cass, 1977;
15. Ann Mosely Lesch, Arab Politics in Palestine, 1917-1939: The Frustration of a Nationalist Movement, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1979;
16. and Philip Mattar, The Mufti of Jerusalem, New York: Columbia University Press, 1988.
17. See Philip Khoury, Syria and the French Mandate: The Politics of Arab Nationalism, Princeton, NY: Princeton University Press, 1987.
18. As'ad Abukhalil, The Politics of Sectarian Ethnicity: Segmentation and the Clash of Political Identities in Lebanon, forthcoming.
19. For a treatment of the prewar history of the Lebanese Phalange Party, see John Entelis, Pluralism and Party Transformation in Lebanon: Al-Kata'ib, 1936-1970, Leiden, the Netherlands: EJ Brill, 1975.
20. Life in Iraq under Saddam Hussein is depicted in Samir Al-Khalil, Republic of Fear, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1989.
21. See David Pryce-Jones, The Closed Circle: An Interpretation of the Arabs, New York: HarperCollins, 1991.
22. Friedrich Nietzsche, On the Genealogy of Morality, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
23. On the domineering role of Bakdash, see Maxime Rodinson, Marxisme et le Monde Musulman, Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1972.
24. See the section on the party in Michael W Suleiman, Political Parties in Lebanon: The Challenge of a Fragmented Political Culture, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1967.
25. Yasir Arafat denies the existence of such a problem although he complains that his movement is 'too democratic'. See the interview with Arafat in Al-Musawwar, 30 December 1994.
26. The table is adapted from John Waterbury & Alan Richards, A Political Economy of the Middle East: State, Class, and Economic Development, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1990, p 362.
27. As-Sayyad, 13 January 1972.
28. See the list in FBIS (Foreign Broadcast Information Service), NES-95-021, 1 February 1995.
29. I am grateful to my sister Mirvat AbuKhalil, a founding member of Greenline Association in Lebanon, for this information.
30. Data for this table come from United Nations Children's Fund, United Nations Development Programme, UNESCO, World Resources, 1992-1993.
31. See Augustus Richard Norton, ed, Civil Society in the Middle East, 2 Vols, Leiden: E J Brill, 1994.
32. The contributions on the subject in Political Science prove that the theoretical value of the application is still minimal. See Political Science, September 1994.
33. For an introduction to the subject, see Keith Tester, Civil Society, London: Routledge, 1992.
34. Al-Hayat, 21 February 1995.