The long-term prognosis of patients with acute chest pain, but without myocardial infarction

Danish Medical Bulletin

Volumn 44, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 365-379

  Launbjerg, Jeppe ^a,b  

^a HILLERØD HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

^b NONE   (Denmark)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACUTE HEART INFARCTION; ADULT; AGED; ANGINA PECTORIS; ARTICLE; CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT; DENMARK; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; ESOPHAGUS DISEASE; HEART SCINTISCANNING; HOLTER MONITORING; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MENTAL DISEASE; MORTALITY; PROGNOSIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; STOMACH DISEASE; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY; THORAX WALL DEFECT; TRANSLUMINAL CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY; UNSTABLE ANGINA PECTORIS;

ACUTE DISEASE; AGED; ANGINA PECTORIS; ANGINA, UNSTABLE; CHEST PAIN; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; MALE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 0030759159     PISSN: 09078916     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (148)

1. Launbjerg J, Fruergaard P, Madsen JK, Hansen JF, DAVIT-II study group. The 3-year mortality in patients suspected of acute myocardial infarction with and without confirmed diagnosis. Am Heart J 1991; 122: 1270-3.
2. Launbjerg J, Fruergaard P, Jacobsen HL, Madsen JK. Risk factors related to the 7-year prognosis for patients suspected of myocardial infarction with and without confirmed diagnosis. Cardiology 1992; 80: 294-301.
3. Launbjerg J, Fruergaard P, Jacobsen HL, Madsen JK. Long-term cardiac mortality in patients admitted with non-coronary chest pain under suspicion of acute myocardial infarc-tion. Cardiology 1993; 82: 36-41.
4. Launbjerg J, Fruergaard P, Jacobsen HL, Madsen JK. The long-term predictive value of an exercise thallium-201 scintigraphy for patients with acute chest pain but without myocardial infarction. Coronary Artery Dis 1993; 4: 195-200.
5. Launbjerg J, Fruergaard P, Madsen JK, Mortensen LS, Hansen JF, DAVIT Study Group. Ten-year mortality in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Br Med J 1994; 308: 1196-9.
6. Launbjerg J, Fruergaard P, Mortensen LS, Madsen JK, Hansen JF. Ten-year mortality of patients admitted to coronary care units with and without myocardial infarction. Cardiology 1994; 85: 259-66.
7. Launbjerg J, Fruergaard P, Jacobsen HL, Madsen JK. Long-term risk factors from non-invasive evaluation of patients with acute chest pain, but without myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 1995; 16: 30-7.
8. Launbjerg J, Fruergaard P, Hesse B, Jørgensen FB, Elsborg L, Petri A, Mellemgaard K. The long-term risk of death, cardiac events and recurrent chest pain in patients with acute chest pain of different origin. Cardiology 1996: 87:60-6.
9. Areskog M, Tibbling L, Wranne B. Non-infarction coronary care unit patients. Acta Med Scand 1981; 209: 51-7.
10. Ballenger JC. Unrecognized prevalence of panic disorders in primary care, internal medicine and cardiology. Am J Cardiol 1987; 60: 39J-47J.
11. Bass C. Wade C. Chest pain with normal coronary arteries; a comparative study of psychiatric and social morbidity. Psycholog Med 1984; 14: 51-61.
12. Bechgaard P. Segmental thoracic pain in patients admitted to a medical department and a coronary care unit. Acta Med Scand 1981; (suppl. 644) 87-9.
13. Beitman BD, Mukerji V, Lamberti JW, Schmid L, DeRosear L, Kushner M, Flager G, Basha I. Panic disorder in patients with chest pain and angiographically normal coronary arteries. Am J Cardiol 1989,63: 1399-1403.
14. Bennet JR, Atkinson M. The differentiation between oesophageal and cardiac pain. Lancet 1966; II: 1123-7.
15. Berning J, Steensgaard-Hansen. Early estimation of risk by echocardiographic determination of wall motion index in an unselected population with acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1990; 65: 567-76.
16. Betriu A, Heras M, Cohen M, Fuster V. Unstable angina: Outcome according to clinical presentation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992; 19: 1659-63.
17. Braunwald E. Unstable angina. A classification. Circculation 1989; 80: 410-4.
18. Brown KA. Prognostic value of thallium-201 myocardial perfusion imaging. A diagnostic tool comes of age. Circulation 1991; 83: 363-81.
19. Brown KA, Boucher CA, Okada RD, Guiney TE, Newell JB, Strauss HW, Pohost GM. Prognostic value of exercise thalliurn-201 imaging in patients presenting for evaluation of chest pain. J Am Coll Cardiol 1983; 1: 994-1001.
20. Bruschke AVG, Proutfit WL, Sones FM. Clinical course of patients with normal, slightly or moderately abnormal coronary arteriograms. Circulation 1973; 47: 936-45.
21. Butman SM, Olson HG, Gardin JM, Piters KM, Hullet M, Butman LK. Submaximal exercise testing after stabilization of unstable angina pectoris. J Am Coll Cardiol 1984; 4: 667-73.
22. Caestecker JSD, Blackwell JN, Brown J, Heading RC. The oesophagus as a cause of recurrent chest pain: which patients should be investigated and which test should be used? Lancet 1985; 2: 1143-6.
23. Cairns JA, Gent M, Singer J, Finnie KJ, Froggatt GM, Holder DA et al. Aspirin, sulfinpyrazone, or both in unstable angina. N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 1369-75.
24. Cairns JA, Singer J, Gent M, Holder DA, Rogers D, Sackett DL, Sealey B, Tanser P, Vandervoort M. One year mortality outcomes of all coronary and intensive care units patients with acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina or other chest pain in Hamilton, Ontario, a city of 375,000 people. Can J Cardiol 1989; 5: 239-46.
25. Califf RM, McKinnis RA, Burks J, Lee KL, Harrell FE, Behar VS, Pryor DB, Wagner GS, Rosati RA. Prognostic implications of ventricular arrhythmias during 24 hours ambulatory monitoring in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization for coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1982; 50: 23-31.
26. Cannon RO, Epstein SE. Microvascular angina as a cause of chest pain with angiographically normal coronary arteries. Am J Cardiol 1988; 61: 1338-43.
27. Castaner A, Roig E, Serra A, de Flores T, Magrina J, Azqueta M, Sanz G, Betriu A. Risk stratification and prognosis of patients with recent onset angina. Eur Heart J 1990; 11: 868-875.
28. Cohen M, Hawkins L, Greenberg S, Fuster V. Usefulness of ST-segment changes in 2 leads on the emergency room electrocardiogram in either unstable angina pectoris or non-Q-wave myocardial infarction in predicting outcome. Am J Cardiol 1991; 67: 1368-73.
29. Conti CR. Prognosis of coronary artery spasm patients. Clin Cardiol 1994; 17: 411-3.
30. Currie PJ, Kelly MJ, Harper RW, Federman J, Kalff V, Anderson ST, Pitt A. Incremental value of clinical assessment, supine exercise electrocardiography, and biplane radionuclide ventriculography in prediction of coronary artery disease in men with chest pain. Am J Cardiol 1983; 53: 927-35.
31. Danish multicenter study group. Verapamil in acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 1984; 5: 516-28.
32. The Danish Study Group on Verapamil in Myocardial Infarction. The effect of verapamil on mortality and major events after myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1990; 66: 779-85.
33. Davies HA, Jones DB, Rhodes J. "Oesophageal angina" as the cause of chest pain. JAMA 1982; 248: 2274-8.
34. Davies HA, Jones DB, Rhodes J, Newcombe RG. Angina-like chest pain: Differentiation from cardiac pain by history. J Clin Gastroenterology 1985; 7:477-481.
35. De Servi, S, Berzuini C, Poma E, Ferrario M, Ghio S, Scire A, Cioffi P, Ardissino D, Montemartini C, Specchia G. Long-term survival and risk stratification in patients with angina at rest undergoing medical treatment. Int J Cardiol 1989; 22: 43-50.
36. DeMeester TR, O'Sullivan GC, Bermudez G, Midell AI, Cimochowski GE, O'Drobinak J. Esophageal function in patients with angina-type chest pain and normal coronary angiograms. Ann Surg 1982; 196: 488-97.
37. Depace NL, Hakki A-H, Weinreich DJ, Iskandrian AS. Noninvasive assessment of coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1983; 52: 714-20.
38. Dussia EE, Cromartie D, McCraney J, Mead G, Wenger NK. Myocardial infarction with and without laboratory documentation - one year prognosis. Am Heart J 1976; 92: 148-51.
39. Engby B, Strunge P, Olsen J. The prognosis for patients referred with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Acta Med Scand 1985; 217: 465-71.
40. Fesmire FM, Percy RF, Wears RL, MacMath TL. Risk stratification according to the initial electrocardiogram in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med 1989; 149: 1294-7.
41. Freeman MR, Chisholm RJ, Armstrong PW. Usefulness of exercise electrocardiography and thallium scintigraphy in unstable angina pectoris in predicting the extent and severity of coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1988; 62: 1164-70.
42. Fruergaard P, Launbjerg J, Hesse B, Jørgensen FB, Petri A, Eiken P, Aggestrup S, Elsborg L, Mellemgaard K. The diagnoses of patients admitted with acute chest pain but without myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 1996; 17: 1028-34.
43. Fruergaard P, Launbjerg J, Jacobsen HL, Madsen JK. Seven-year prognostic value of the electrocardiogram at rest and an exercise test in patients admitted for, but without confirmed myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 1993: 14; 499-504.
44. Fruergaard P, Launbjerg J, Hesse B. Frequency of pulmonary embolism in patients admitted with chest pain and suspicion of acute myocardial infarction but in whom this diagnosis is ruled out. Cardiology 1996; 87: 331-4.
45. Frøbert O, Funch-Jensen P, Jacobsen NO, Kruse A, Bagger JP. Upper endoscopy in patients with angina and normal coronary angiograms. Endoscopy 1995; 27: 365-70.
46. Frøbert O, Funch-Jensen P, Bagger JP. Diagnostic value of esopbageal studies in patients with angina-like chest pain and normal coronary angiograms. Ann Intern Med 1996; 124: 959-69.
47. Gaspoz J-M, Lee TH, Cook EF, Weisberg MC, Goldman L. Outcome of patients who were admitted to a new short-stay unit to "rule-out" myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1991; 68: 145-9.
48. Gheorghiade M, Anderson J, Rosman H, Lakier J, Velardo B, Goldberg D, Friedman A, Schultz L, Tilley B, Goldstein S. Risk identification at the time of admission to coronaary care unit in patients with suspected myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1988; 116: 1212-7.
49. Goldman L. Cook EF, Brand DA, Lee TH, Rouan GW, Weisberg MC et al. A computer protocol to predict myocardial infarction in emergency department patients with chest pain. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 797-803.
50. Granborg J, Grande P, Petersen A. Diagnostic and prognostic implications of transient isolated negative T waves in suspected acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1986; 57: 203-7.
51. Hamberg J, Lindahl O. Angina pectoris symptoms caused by thoracic spine disorders. Clinical examination and treatment. Acta Med Scand 1981; (suppl 644)): 84-6.
52. Hammermeister KE, DeRouen TA, Dodge HT. Variables Predictive of survival in patients with coronary disease. Selection by univariate and multivariate analyses from the clinical electrocardiographic, exercise, arteriographic and quantitative angiographic evaluations. Circulation 1979; 59: 421-430.
53. Harris PJ, Harrell FE, Lee KL, Behar VS, Rosati RA. Survival in medically treated coronary artery disease. Circulation 1979; 60: 1259-69.
54. Herlitz J, Hjalmarson Å, Karlson BW, Bengtson A. 5-year mortality rate in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction in relation to early diagnosis. Cardiology 1988; 75: 250-9.
55. Herlitz J, Hjalmarson Å, Karlson BW, Nyberg G. Long-term morbidity in patients where the initial suspicion of myocardial infarction was not confirmed. Clin Cardiol 1988; 11: 209-14.
56. Herlitz J, Karlson BW, Hjalmarson Å. Mortality and morbidity during one-year of follow-up in suspected acute myocardial infarction in relation to early diagnosis: experiences from the MIAMI trial. J Intern Med 1990; 228: 125-31.
57. Herlitz J, Karlson B, Hjalmarson Å. Risk indicators for death and prognosis among patients in whom acute myocardial infarction was not confirmed in relation to prescription of beta-blockers at discharge. Clin Cardiol 1995; 18: 21-5.
58. Hilton TC, Chaitman BR. The prognosis in stable and unstable angina. Cardiology Clinics 1991; 9: 27-38.
59. Hofvendahl S. Influence of treatment in a coronary care uunit on prognosis in acute myocardial infarction. Acta Med Scand 1971; suppl.519: 1-78.
60. Hung J, Chaitman BR, Lam J, Lesparance J, Dupras G, Fines P, Cherkaoui O, Robert P, Bourassa MG. A logistic regression analysis of multiple noninvasive tests for the prediction of the presence and extent of coronary artery disease in men. Am Heart J 1985; 110: 460-9.
61. ISIS-2 collaborative group. Randomized trial if intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both or neither among 17.187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1988; 349-360.
62. Iskandrian AS, Hakki A-H, Kane-Marsch S. Prognostic implications of exercise thallium-201 scintigraphy in patients with suspected or known coronary artery disease. Am Heart J 1985; 110: 135-43.
63. Johnson SH, Bigelow C, Lee KL, Pryor DB, Jones RH. Prediction of death and myocardial infarction by radionuclide angiography in patients with suspected coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1991; 67: 919-926.
64. Juelsgaard P, Sand NPR. Somatic and social prognosis of patients with angina pectoris and normal coronary arteriography: a follow-up study. Int J Cardiol 1993; 39: 49-57.
65. Kannel WB, Feinleib M. Natural history of angina pectoris in the Framingham Study. Am J Cardiol 1972; 29: 154-63.
66. Karlson BW, Herlitz J, Emanuelsson H, Edvardsson N, Wiklund O, Richter A, Hjalmarson H. One-year mortality rate after discharge from hospital in relation to whether or not a confirmed myocardiat infarction was developed. Intern J Cardiol 1991; 32: 381-8.
67. Karlson BW. Characteristics and prognosis in patients with chest pain or other symptoms suggestive of acute myocardial infarction in the emergency room. Thesis. Eget forlag. Göteborg 1993.
68. Karlson BW, Wiklund I, Bengtson A, Herlitz J. Prognosis, severity of symptoms, and aspects of well-being among patients in whom myocardial infarction was ruled out. Clin Cardiol 1994; 17: 427-31.
69. Kaski JC, Rosano CMC, Collins P, Nihoyannopoulos P, Maseri A, Poole-Wilson PA. Cardiac syndrom X: Clinical characteristics and left ventricular function. Long-term follow-up study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 25: 807-14.
70. Katon W, Hall ML, Rosso J, Cormier L, Hollifireld M, Vitaliano PP. Chest Pain: Relationship of psychiatric illness to coronary arteriographic results. Am J Med 1988; 84: 1-9.
71. Kaul S, Finkelstein DM, Homma S, Leavitt M, Okada RD, Boucher CA. Superiority of quantitative exercise thallium-201 variables in determining long-term prognosis in ambulatory patients with chest pain. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988; 12: 25-34.
72. Kaul S, Lilly DR, Gscho JA, Watson DD, Gibson RS, Oliner CA, Ryan JM, Beller GA. Prognostic utility of the exercise thallium-201 test in ambulatory petients with chest pain: Comparison with cardiac catheterization. Circulation 1988; 77: 745-58.
73. Kemp HG, Kronmal RA, Vlietstra RE, Frye RL. Seven year survival of patients with normal or near normal coronary arteriograms. J Am Coll Cardial 1986; 7: 479-83.
74. Kjøller E. Langtidsprognosen efter myokardieinfarkt. Eget forlag. Copenhagen 1980.
75. Ladenheim ML, Kotler TS, Pollock BH, Berman DS, Diamond GA. Incremental prognostic power of clinical history, exercise electrocardiography and myocardial perfusion scintigraphy in suspected coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1987; 59: 270-277.
76. Lam HGT, Dekker W, Kan G, Breedijk M, Smout AJPM. Acute non-cardiac chest pain in a coronary care unit. Gastroenterology 1992; 102: 453-60.
77. Launbjerg J, Fruergaard P, Jørgensen FB, Madsen JK, Hesse B. Prognosis and diagnostic work-up in patients admitted for, but without myocardial infarction. Clin Physiol 1990; 10: 273-7.
78. Launbjerg J, Fruergaard P, Madsen JK, Hansen JF, DAVIT-II study group. The 3-year mortality in patients suspected of acute myocardial infarction with and without confirmed diagnosis. Am Heart J 1991; 122: 1270-3.
79. Launbjerg J, Fruergaard P, Jacobsen HL, Madsen JK. Risk factors related to the 7-year prognosis for patients suspected of myocardial infarction with and without confirmed diagnosis. Cardiology 1992; 80: 294-301.
80. Launbjerg J, Berning J, Fruergaard P, Eliasen P, Borch-Johnsen K, Eiken P, Appleyard M. Risk stratification after acute myocardial infarction by means of echocardiographic wall motion sccoring and Killip classification. Cardiology 1992; 80: 375-81.
81. Launbjerg J, Berning J, Fruergaard P, Appleyard M. Sensitivity and specificity of echocardiographic identification of patients eligible for save early discharge after acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1992; 124: 846-53.
82. Launbjerg J, Fruergaard P, Jacobsen HL, Madsen JK. The long-term predictive value of an exercise thallium-201 scintigraphy for patients with acute chest pain but without myocardial infarction. Coronary Artery Dis 1993; 4: 195-200.
83. Launbjerg J, Fruergaard P, Jacobsen HL, Madsen JK. Long-term cardiac mortality in patients admitted with noncoronary chest pain under suspicion of acute myocardial infarction. Cardiology 1993; 82: 36-41.
84. Launbjerg J, Fruergaard P, Madsen JK, Hansen JF, DAVIT Study Group. Ten-year mortality in patients suspected of acute myocardial infarc-tion with and without confirmed diagnosis. Br Med J 1994; 308: 1196-9.
85. Launbjerg J, Fruergaard P, Mortensen LS, Madsen JK, Hansen JF. Ten-year mortality of patients admitted to coronary care units with and without myocardial infarction. Cardiology 1994; 85: 259-66.
86. Launbjerg J, Fruergaard P, Jacobsen HL, Madsen JK. Long-term risk factors from non-invasive evaluation of patients with acute chest pain, but without myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 1994; 16: 30-7.
87. Launbjerg J, Fruergaard P, Hesse B, Jørgensen F, Elsborg L, Petri A. The long-term risk of death, cardiac events and recurrent chest pain in patients with acute chest pain of different origin. Cardiology 1996; 87: 60-6.
88. Lee TH, Cook EF, Weisberg M, Sargent RK, Wilson C, Goldman L. Acute chest pain in the emergency room. Arch Intern Med 1985; 145: 65-9.
89. Lee TH, Juarez G, Cook EF, Weisberg M, Rouan GW, Brand DA, Goldman L. Ruling out acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 1239-46.
90. Lette J, Waters D, Champagne P, Picard M, Cerino M, Lapointe J. Prognostic implications of a negative dipyridamole-thallium scan: Results in 360 patients. Am J Med 1992; 92: 615-20.
91. Lewis HD, Davis JW, Archibald DG, Steinke WE, Smitherman TC, Doherty JE et al. Protective effects of aspirin against acute myocardial infarction and death in men with unstable angina. N Engl J Med 1983; 309: 396-403.
92. Lichtlen PR, Bargheer K, Wenzlaff P. Long-term prognosis of patients with anginalike chest pain and normal coronary angiographic findings. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 25: 1013-8.
93. Lindberg K, Nyquist O, Edhag O. The significance of ST and T changes for the development of coronary events in patients with coronary chest pain, treated in a coronary care unit without verified acute myocardial infarction. Acta Med Scand 1985; 217: 559-65.
94. Lindenfeld J, Morrison DA. Toward a stable clinical classification of unstable angina. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 25: 1293-4.
95. Lopez MG, Spivack P, Harrison DC, Schroeder JS. Prognosis in coronary care unit noninfarction cases. JAMA 1974; 228: 1558-62.
96. Luwaert RJ, Melin JA, Brohet CR, Rousseau MF, Ponlot R, D'Hondt AM et al. Non-invasiv data provide independent prognostic information in patients with chest pain without previous myocardial infarction: Findings in male patients who have had cardiac catheterization. Eur Heart J 1988: 9; 418-26.
97. Maddahi J, Abdulla A, Garcia EV, Swan HJC, Berman DS. Noninvasive identification of left main and triple vessel coronary artery disease: Improved accuracy using quantitative analysis of regional myocardial stress distribution and washout of Thallium-201. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986; 7: 53-60.
98. Madsen EB, Gilpin E, Henning H. Evaluation of prognosis one year after myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1983; 1: 985-93.
99. Madsen JK, Hansen JF. The prognosis for patients admitted to a coronary care unit due to suspected myocardial infarction with and without confirmed diagnosis. Acta Med Scand 1982; 211: 453-7.
100. Madsen JK, Thomsen BL, Sorensen JN, Kjeldgaard KM, Kromann-Andersen B. Risk factors and prognosis after discharge for patients admitted because of suspected acute myocardial infarction with and without confirmed diagnosis. Am J Cardiol 1987; 59: 1064-70.
101. Madsen JK, Thomsen BL, Mellemgaard K, Hansen JF. Independent prognostic risk factors for patients referred because of suspected acute myocardial infarction without confirmed diagnosis. Prognosis after discharge in relation to medical history and non-invasive investigations. Eur Heart J 1988; 9:610-8.
102. Madsen JK. Prognosen for patienter indlagt på mistanke om akut myokardieinfarkt, men som fik diagnosen afkræftet. Copenhagen 1989. Eget forlag.
103. Mark DB, Shaw L, Harrell FE, Hlatky MA, Lee KL, Bengtson JR, McCants CB, Califf RM, Pryor DB. Prognostic value of a treadmill exercise score in outpatients with suspected coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 849-53.
104. Metcalfe MJ, Rawles JM, Shirreffs C, Jennings K. Six year follow-up of a consecutive series of patients presenting to the coronary care unit with acute chest pain; prognostic importance of the electrocardiogram. Br Heart J 1990; 63:267-72.
105. van Miltenburg-van Zijl AJM, Simoons ML, Veerhoek RJ, Bossuyt PMM. Incidence and follow-up of Braunwald subgroups in unstable angina pectoris. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 25: 1286-92.
106. Mock MB, Ringqvist I, Fisher LD, Davis KB, Chaitman BR, Kouchoukos NT et al. Survival of medically treated patients in the coronary artery surgery study. Circulation 1982; 66: 562-8.
107. Morris CK, Morrow K, Froelicher VF, Hideg A, Hunter D, Kawaguchi T, Ribisl PM, Ueshiina K, Wallis J. Prediction of cardiovascular death by means of clinical and exercise test variables in patients selected for cardiac catheterization. Am Heart J 1993; 125: 1717-26.
108. Mulcahy R, Daly L, Graham I, Hickey N, O'Donoghue S, Owens A, Ruane P, Tobin G. Unstable angina: Natural history and determinants of prognosis. Am J cardiol 1981; 48: 525-8.
109. Mulcahy R, Awadhi AHA, Buitleor M, Tobin G, Johnson H, Contoy R. Natural history of unstable angina. Am Heart J 1985; 109: 753-8.
110. Murphy JJ, Connell PA, Hampton JR. Predictors of risk in patients with unstable angina admitted to a district general hospital. Br Heart J 1992; 67: 395-401.
111. The multicentre postinfarction research group. Risk stratification and survival after acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1983; 309: 331-6.
112. Nordlander R, Nyquist O. Patients treated in a coronary care unit without acute myocardial infarction. Br Med J 1979; 41: 647-53.
113. Norell M, Lythall D, Gohglan G, Cheng A, Kushwaha S, Swan J, Ilsley C, Mitchell A. Limited value of the resting electrocardiogram in assessing patients with recent onset chest pain: lessons from a chest pain clinic. Br Heart J 1992; 67: 53-6.
114. Nyman I, Areskog M, Areskog NH, Swahn E, Wallentin L, The RISC Study Group. Very early risk stratification by electrocardiogram at rest in men with suspected unstable coronary heart disease. J Intern Med 1993; 234: 293-301.
115. Ockene IS, Shay MJ, Alpert JS, Weiner BH, Dalen JE. Unexplained chest pain in patients with normal coronary arteriograms. N Engl J Med 1980; 303: 1249-52.
116. Olson HG, Lyons KP, Aronow WS, Stinson PJ, Kuperus J, Waters HJ. The high risk angina patient. Identification by clinical features, hospital course, electrocardiography and technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate scintigraphy. Circulation 1981; 64: 674-84.
117. Ouyang P, Brinker JA, Mellits ED, Weisfeldt ML, Gerstenblith G. Variables predictive of successful medical theraphy in patients with unstable angina: Selection by multivariate analysis from clinical, electrocardiographic, and angiographic evaluations. Circulation 1984; 70: 367-76.
118. Pamelia FX, Gibson RS, Watson DD Craddock GB, Sirowatka J, Beller GA. Prognosis with chest pain and normal thallium-201 exercise scintigrams. Am J Cardiol 1985; 55: 920-6.
119. Papanicolaou MN, Califf RM, Hlatky MA, McKinnis RA, Harrell FE, Mark DB et al. Prognostic implications of angiographically normal and insignificantly narrowed coronary arteries. Am J Cardiol 1986; 58: 1181-7.
120. Parisi AF, Khuri S, Deupree RH, Sharma GVRK, Scott SM, Luchi RJ. Medical compared with surgical management of unstable angina. 5-year mortality and morbidity in the veterans administration study. Circulation 1989; 80: 1176-89.
121. Pasternak GC, Thibault GE, Savoia M, DeSanctis RW, Hutter RM. Chest pain with angiographically insignificant coronary arterial obstruction. Clinical presentation and long-term follow-up. Am J Med 1980; 68: 813-7.
122. Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moye LA, Basta L, Brown EJ, Cuddy TE et al. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 669-77.
123. Proutfit WL, Bruschke AVG, Sones FM. Clinical course of patients with normal or slightly or moderately abnormal coronary arteriograms: 10-year follow-up of 521 patients. Circulation 1980; 62: 712-7.
124. Ramanathan KB, EL-Zeky F, Zwaag RV, Sullivan JM, Mirvis DM. Long-term survival of patients with coronary artery disease during the 1970s. A cohort study. Chest 1995; 107: 20-7.
125. Ravkilde J, Hansen AB, Hørder M, Jørgensen PJ, Thygesen K. Risk stratification in suspected acute myocardial infarction based on a sensitive immunoassey for serum creatine kinase isoenzyme MB. Cardiology 1992; 80: 143-51.
126. Ravkilde J, Nissen H, Hørder M, Thygesen K. Independent prognostic value of serum creatine kinase isoenzyme MB mass, cardiac troponin T and myosin light chain levels in suspected acute myocardial infarction: Analysis of 28 months of follow-up in 196 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 25: 574-81.
127. Roll M, Kollind M, Theorell T. Five-year follow-up of young adults visiting an emergency unit because of atypical chest pain. J Intern Med 1992; 231: 59-65.
128. Saunainäki KI, Andersen JD. Early exercise test in the assessment of long-term prognosis after myocardial infarction. Acta Med Scand 1981; 209: 185-91.
129. The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study. Randomized trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease. Lancet 1994; 344: 1383-9.
130. Schofield PM, Bennett DH, Whorwell PJ, Brooks NH, Bray CL, Ward C, Jones PE. Exertional gastro-oesophageal reflux: a mechanism for symptoms in patients with angina pectoris and normal coronary angiograms. Br Med J 1987; 294: 1459-61.
131. Schofield PM, Whorwell PJ, Brooks NH, Bennet DH, Jones PE. Oesophageal function in patients with angina pectoris: A comparison of patients with normal coronary angiograms and patients with coronary artery disease. Digestion 1989; 42: 70-8.
132. Schroeder JS, Lamb HI, Harrison DC. Patients admitted to the coronary care unit for chest pain: High risk subgroup for subsequent cardiovascular death. Am J Cardiol 1977; 39: 829-32.
133. Schroeder JS, Lamb IH, Hu M. Do patients in whom myocardial infarction has been ruled out have a better prognosis after hospitalization than those surviving infarction ? N Engl J Med 1980; 303: 1-5.
134. Sharma GVRK, Deupree RH, Luchi RJ, Scott SM. Identification of unstable angina patients who have favorable outcome with medical or surgical therapy. Am J Cardiol 1994; 74: 454-458.
135. Slater DK, Hlatky MA, Mark DB, Harrell FE, Pryor DB, Califf RM. Outcome in suspected acute myocardial infarction with normal or minimally abnormal admission electrocardiographic findings. Am J Cardiol 1987; 60: 766-70.
136. Smyllie HC. Prognosis in patients discharged from a coronary care unit. Br Med J 1986; 293: 541-2
137. The SOLVD Investigators. Effect of enalapril on mortality and the developement of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 685-91.
138. Stevenson R, Ranjadayalan K, Wilkinson P, Roberts R, Timmis AD. Short and long term prognosis of acute myocardial infarction since introduction of thrombolysis. Br Med J 1993; 307: 349-53.
139. Swahn E, Areskog M, Berglund U, Walfridsson H, Wallentin L. Predictive importance of clinical findings and a predischarge exercise test in patients with suspected unstable coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1987; 59: 208-214.
140. Swahn E, Areskog M, Wallentin L. Prognostic importance of early exercise testing in men with suspected unstable coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J 1987; 8: 861-9.
141. Tibbling L. Oesophageal dysfunction and angina pectoris in a Swedish population selected at random. Acta Med Scand 1981; suppl.: 71-4.
142. TIMI-IIIB Investigators. Effects of tissue plasminogen activator and a comparison of early invasive and conservative strategies in unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Circulation 1994; 89: 1545-56.
143. Wackers FJT, Russo PJ, Russo D, Clements JP. Prognostic significance of normal quantitative planar thallium-201 stress scintigraphy in patients with chest pain. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985; 6: 27-30.
144. White RD, Grande P, Califf L, Palmeri ST, Califf RM, Wagner GS. Diagnostic and prognostic significance of minimally elevated creatine kinase-MB in suspected acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1985; 55: 1478-84.
145. Wiklund I, Herlitz J, Bengtson A, Hjalmarson Å, Long-term follow-up of health related quality of life in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction when the diagnosis was not confirmed. Scand J Prim Health care 1991; 9: 47-52.
146. Wilcox I, Freedman SB, Allman KC, Collins FL, Leiten JW, Kelly DT, Harris PJ. Prognostic significancce of a predischarge exercise test in risk stratification after unstable angina pectoris. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991; 18: 677-83.
147. Wilcox RG, Roland JM, Hampton JR. Prognosis of patients with "chest pain? cause". Br Med J 1981; 282: 431-3.
148. Young MJ, McMahon LF, Stross JK. Prediction rules for patients with suspected myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med 1987; 147: 1219-22.