Aldesleukin (recombinant interleukin-2). A review of its pharmacological properties, clinical efficacy and tolerability in patients with renal cell carcinoma

BioDrugs

Volumn 7, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 285-317

  Jeal, Wendy ^a   Goa, Karen L ^a  

^a ADIS INTERNATIONAL LIMITED   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPHA INTERFERON; CYTOKINE; FLUOROURACIL; INTERLEUKIN 2; OKT 3; RECOMBINANT INTERLEUKIN 2;

ANTIBODY PRODUCTION; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; BLOOD VESSEL PERMEABILITY; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; DEATH; DIARRHEA; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG APPROVAL; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG RESPONSE; DRUG TOLERABILITY; FEVER; HEART DISEASE; HEMATOPOIETIC CELL; HOST RESISTANCE; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; IMMUNOMODULATION; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; KIDNEY CARCINOMA; KIDNEY DISEASE; LUNG DISEASE; LYMPHOKINE ACTIVATED KILLER CELL; NATURAL KILLER CELL; NAUSEA; NONHUMAN; PHASE 3 CLINICAL TRIAL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; SUBCUTANEOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; SURVIVAL RATE; SURVIVAL TIME; T LYMPHOCYTE; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; VOMITING;

EID: 0030757157     PISSN: 11738804     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00063030-199707040-00005     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. Chiron BV. Proleukin: product monograph
2. Taneja SS, Pierce W, Figlin R, et al. Immunotherapy for renal cell carcinoma: the era of interleukin-2-based treatment. Urology 1995; 45 (6): 911-24
3. 125 and native interleukin-2. J Biol Response Mod 1985; 4: 96-109
4. Whittington R, Faulds D. Interleukin-2: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in patients with cancer. Drugs 1993 Sep; 46: 446-514
5. Bruton JK, Koeller JM. Evaluation of new drugs: recombinant interleukin-2. Pharmacotherapy 1994; 14 (6) 1: 635-56
6. Monson JRT, Ramsden C, Guillou PJ. Decreased interleukin-2 production in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. Br J Surg 1986 Jun; 73: 483-6
7. Lissoni P, Viviani S, Santoro A, et al. Serum levels of interleukin-2 in cancer patients: preliminary considerations. Int J Biol Markers 1989; 4 (4): 203-6
8. Cimino G, Avvisati G, Amadori S, et al. High serum IL-2 levels are predictive of prolonged survival in multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 1990; 75: 373-7
9. Yasumura S, Lin W, Weidmann E, et al. Expression of interleukin 2 receptors on human carcinoma cell lines and tumor growth inhibition by interleukin 2. Int J Cancer 1994; 59: 225-34
10. Lissoni P, Tisi E, Brivio F, et al. Increase in soluble interleukin-2 receptor and neopterin serum levels during immunotherapy of cancer with interleukin-2. Eur J Cancer 1991; 27 (8): 1014-6
11. Farace F, Angevin E, Dietrich P-Y, et al. Low-dose IL-2 treatment: activation of discrete T- and NK-cell sub-populations in vivo. Int J Cancer 1995; 62 (5): 523-8
12. Lopez-Hänninen EL, Körfer A, Hadam M, et al. Biological monitoring of low-dose interleukin 2 in humans: soluble interleukin 2 receptors, cytokines, and cell surface phenotypes. Cancer Res 1991; 51 (23): 6312-6
13. Alexander JP, Kudoh S, Melsop KA, et al. T-cells infiltrating renal cell carcinoma display a poor proliferative response even though they can produce interleukin 2 and and express interleukin 2 receptors. Cancer Res 1993 Mar 15; 53: 1380-7
14. Weil-Hillman G, Schell K, Segal DM, et al. Activation of human T cells obtained pre and post-interleukin-2 (IL-2) therapy by anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody plus IL-2: implications for combined in vivo treatment. J Immunother 1991; 10: 267-77
15. 1. J Immunol 1987 Apr 15; 138 (8): 2728-33
16. Abbate I, Correale M, Musci MD, et al. Modification of soluble immunological parameters during treatment with interleukin-2. Int J Biol Markers 1993; 8 (4): 227-32
17. Dilloo D, Laws H-J, Hanenberg H, et al. Induction of two distinct natural killer-cell populations, activated T cells and antineoplastic cytokines, by interleukin-2 therapy in children with solid tumors. Exp Hematol 1994; 22(11): 1081-8
18. Fosså SD, Aamdal S, Naume B, et al. Serum levels of cytokines and soluble cytokine receptors in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma or malignant melanoma receiving IL-2/ interteron-α combination therapy. Acta Oncol 1995; 34 (5): 599-603
19. Janssen RAJ, Buter J, Straatsma E, et al. HLA-Dr-expressing CD8bright cells are only temporarily present in the circulation during subcutaneous recombinant interleukin-2 therapy in renal cell carcinoma patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1993; 36(3): 198-204
20. Lissoni P, Barni S, Ardizzoia A, et al. Second line therapy with low-dose subcutaneous interleukin-2 alone in advanced renal cancer patients resistant to interferon-alpha. Eur J Cancer 1992; 28 (1): 92-6
21. Bergmann L, Fenchel K, Weidmann E, et al. Daily alternating administration of high-dose alpha-2b-interferon and interleukin-2 bolus infusion in metastatic renal cell cancer: a phase II study. Cancer 1993; 72 (5): 1733-42
22. Schneekloth C, Körfer A, Hadam M, et al. Low-dose interleukin-2 in combination with interferon-α effectively modulates biological response in vivo. Acta Haematol 1993; 89 (1): 13-21
23. von Rohr A, Ghosh AK, Thatcher N, et al. Immunomodulation during prolonged treatment with combined interleukin-2 and interferon-alpha in patients with advanced malignancy. Br J Cancer 1993; 67 (1): 163-71
24. Casamassima A, Guida M, Latorre A, et al. Effects of subcutaneous recombinant IL-2 on humoral immunity in advanced cancer patients. Int J Oncol 1993; 3 (2): 171-6
25. Atzpodien J, Kirchner H, Körfer A, et al. Expansion of peripheral blood natural killer cells correlates with clinical outcome in cancer patients receiving recombinant subcutaneous interleukin-2 and interferon-α-2. Tumor Biol 1993; 14 (6): 354-9
26. Lissoni P, Barni S, Ardizzoia A, et al. Immunological effects of a single evening subcutaneous injection of low-dose interleukin-2 in association with the pineal hormone melatonin in advanced cancer patients. J Biol Regul Homeostatic Agents 1992; 6 (4): 132-6
27. Kirchner H, de Riese W, Allhoff E, et al. Immunotherapy of advanced renal cell cancer using subcutaneous recombinant interleukin-2 and interferon- alpha. World J Urol 1991; 9 (4): 219-22
28. Angevin E, Valteau-Couanet D, Farace E, et al. Phase I study of prolonged low-dose subcutaneous recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2) in patients with advanced cancer. J Immunother 1995; 18 (3): 188-95
29. (+) lymphocyte counts as predictors of clinical response to interleukin-2 therapy in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1991; 34 (2): 111-4
30. Baars JW, Wolbink G-J, Hart MHL, et al. The release of interleukin-8 during intravenous bolus treatment with interleukin-2. Ann Oncol 1994; 5 (10): 929-34
31. Rivoltini L, Viggiano V, Spinazzé S, et al. In vitro anti-tumor activity of eosinophils from cancer patients treated with subcutaneous administration of interleukin 2. Role of interleukin 5. Int J Cancer 1993; 54 (1): 8-15
32. Lissoni P, Barni S, Tancini G, et al. A study of the mechanisms involved in the immunostimulatory action of the pineal hormone in cancer patients. Oncology 1993; 50 (6): 399-402
33. Thiounn N, Mathiot C, Dorval T, et al. Lack of efficacy of low-dose subcutaneous recombinant interleukin-2 and interferon- alpha in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Br J Urol 1995; 75 (5): 586-9
34. Lindemann A, Brossart P, Höffken K, et al. Immunomodulatory effects of ultra-low-dose interleukin-2 in cancer patients: a phase-IB study. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1993; 37 (5): 307-15
35. Schomburg A, Menzel T, Körfer A, et al. In vivo and ex vivo antitumor activity in patients receiving low-dose subcutaneous recombinant interleukin-2. Nat Immun 1992; 11 (3): 133-43
36. Sarna G, Machleder H, Collins J, et al. A comparative study of intravenous versus intralymphatic interleukin-2, with assessment of effects of interleukin-2 on both peripheral blood and thoracic-duct lymph. J Immunother 1994; 15 (2): 140-6
37. Zambello R, Trentin L, Cerutti A, et al. Independent expression of p55 and p75 interleukin-2 receptors (IL-2R) during intravenous or subcutaneous administration of recombinant interleukin- 2 (rIL-2) by T-lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Cancer 1994; 74 (9): 2562-9
38. Wersäll P, Mellstedt H. Increased LAK and T cell activation in responding renal cell carcinoma patients after low dose cyclophosphamide, IL-2 and α-TFN. Med Oncol 1995; 12 (2): 69-77
39. Schaafsma MR, Falkenburg JHF, Landegent JE, et al. In vivo production of interleukin-5, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and interleukin-6 during intravenous administration of high-dose interleukin-2 in cancer patients. Blood 1991; 78 (8): 1981-7
40. Lissoni P, Tisi E, Brivio F, et al. Modulation of interleukin-2-induced macrophage activation in cancer patients by the pineal hormone melatonin. J Biol Regul Homeostatic Agents 1991; 5 (4): 154-6
41. Funke I, Späth Schwalbe-E, Stohlmann G, et al. Subcutaneous IL-2 and low-dose IFN-α 2a in the treatment of unselected patients with advanced renal cell cancer. Onkologie 1994; 17 (3): 263-9
42. Landmann R, Keilholz U, Scheibenbogen C, et al. Relationship between soluble tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors and TNF alpha during immunotherapy with interleukin-2 and/or interferon alpha. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1994; 38 (2); 113-8
43. Miles DW, Aderka D, Engelmann H, et al. Induction of soluble tumour necrosis factor receptors during treatment with interleukin-2. Br J Cancer 1992; 66 (6): 1195-9
44. Tilg H, Atkins MB, Dinarello CA, et al. Induction of circulating interleukin 10 by interleukin 1 and interleukin 2, but not interleukin 6 immunotherapy. Cytokine 1995; 7 (7): 734-9
45. Lopez Hänninen E, Knüver Hopf J, Atzpodien J. Immunogenicity of recombinant human interleukin-2: biological features and clinical relevance. Biotherapy 1993; 6 (4): 251-61
46. Baars JW, de Boer JP, Wagstaff J, et al. Interleukin-2 induces activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis: resemblance to the changes seen during experimental endotoxaemia. Br J Haematol 1992; 82 (2): 295-301
47. Weijl NI, Van der-Harst-D, Brand A, et al. Hypothyroidism during immunotherapy with interleukin-2 is associated with antithyroid antibodies and response to treatment. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11 (7): 1376-83
48. Lissoni P, Brivio F, Pittalis S, et al. Decrease in cholesterol levels during the immunotherapy of cancer with interleukin-2. Br J Cancer 1991; 64 (5): 956-8
49. Lissoni P, Barni S, Rovelli F, et al. Neuroendocrine effects of subcutaneous interleukin-2 injection in cancer patients. Tumori 1991; 77 (3): 212-5
50. Mercatello A, Hadj Aïssa-A, Négrier S, et al. Acute renal failure with preserved renal plasma flow induced by cancer immunotherapy. Kidney Int 1991; 40 (2): 309-14
51. Lissoni P, Barni S, Ardizzoia A, et al. Prognostic factors of the clinical response to subcutaneous immunotherapy with interleukin-2 alone in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Oncology 1994; 51: 59-62
52. Blay J-Y, Négrier S, Combaret V, et al. Serum level of interleukin 6 as a prognosis factor in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Res 1992 Jun 15; 52: 3317-22
53. Tartour E, Dorval T, Mosseri V, et al. Serum interleukin 6 and C-reactive protein levels correlate with resistance to IL-2 therapy and poor survival in melanoma patients. Br J Cancer 1994; 69: 911-3
54. Kintzel PE, Calis KA. Recombinant interleukin-2: a biological response modifier [see comments]. Clin Pharm 1991 Feb; 10: 110-28
55. Konrad MW, Hemstreet G, Hersh EM, et al. Pharmacokinetics of recombinant interleukin 2 in humans. Cancer Res 1990 Apr 1; 50: 2009-17
56. Bocci V, Pessina GP, Nicoletti C, et al. The lymphatic route. VII. Distribution of recombinant human inlerleukin-2 in rabbit plasma and lymph. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 1990; 4 (1): 25-9
57. Bocci V, Carraro F, Zeuli M, et al. The lymphatic route. VIII. Distribution and plasma clearance of recombinant human interleukin-2 after SC administration with albumin in patients. Biotherapy 1993; 6 (1): 73-7
58. Vlasveld LT, Rankin EM. Recombinant interleukin-2 in cancer: basic and clinical aspects. Cancer Treat Rev 1994; 20 (3): 275-311
59. Winkelhake JL, Gauny SS. Human recombinant interleukin-2 as an experimental therapeutic. Pharmacol Rev 1990; 42 (1): 1-28
60. Montie JE, Stewart BH, Straffon RA, et al. The role of adjunctive nephrectomy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 1977 Mar; 117: 272-5
61. Geertsen PF, Hermann GG, von der Maase H, et al. Treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma by continuous intravenous infusion of recombinant interleukin-2: a single-center phase II study. J Clin Oncol 1992 May; 10: 753-9
62. Lopez M, Carpano S, Cancrini A, et al. Phase II study of continuous intravenous infusion of recombinant interleukin-2 in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol 1993; 4 (8): 689-91
63. Palmer PA, Atzpodien J, Philip T, et al. A comparison of 2 modes of administration of recombinant interleukin-2-continuous intravenous infusion alone versus subcutaneous administration plus interferon-alpha in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Biother 1993; 8 (2): 123-36
64. von der Maase H, Geertsen P, Thatcher N, et al. Recombinant interleukin-2 in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a European multicentre Phase II study. Eur J Cancer 1991; 27 (12): 1583-9
65. Fyfe G, Fisher RI, Rosenberg SA, et al. Results of treatment of 255 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma who received high-dose recombinant interleukin-2 therapy. J Clin Oncol 1995 Mar; 13: 688-96
66. Rosenberg SA, Yang JC, Topalian SL, et al. Treatment of 283 consecutive patients with metastatic melanoma or renal cell cancer using high-dose bolus interleukin 2. JAMA 1994 Mar 23; 271 (12): 907-13
67. Miller AB, Hoogstraten B, Staquet M, et al. Reporting results of cancer treatment. Cancer 1981; 47: 207-14
68. Négrier S, Mercatello A, Bret M, et al. Intensive regimen of cytokines with interleukin-2 and interferon alfa-2b in selected patients with metastatic renal carcinoma. J Immunother 1995; 17 (1): 62-8
69. Palmer PA, Vinke J, Evers P, et al. Continuous infusion of recombinant interleukin-2 with or without autologous lymphokine activated cells for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma. Eur J Cancer 1992 May; 28A: 1038-44
70. Whitehead RP, Friedman KD, Clark DA, et al. Phase I trial of simultaneous administration of interleukin 2 and interleukin 4 subcutaneously. Clin Cancer Res 1995; 1 (10): 1145-52
71. Wersall JP, Masucci G, Hjelm A-L, et al. Low dose cyclophosphamide, alpha-interferon and continuous infusions of interleukin-2 in advanced renal cell carcinoma. Med Oncol Tumor Pharmacother 1993; 10 (3): 103-11
72. Indrová M, Bubeník J, Jakoubková J, et al. Subcutaneous interleukin-2 in combination with vinblastine for metastatic renal cancer: cytolytic activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Neoplasma 1994; 41 (4): 197-200
73. Krigel RL, Padavic-Shaller K, Toomey C, et al. Phase I study of sequentially administered recombinant tumor necrosis factor and recombinant interleukin-2. J Immunother 1995 Apr; 17: 161-70
74. Lissoni P, Barni S, Tancini G, et al. Immunoendocrine therapy with interleukin-2 (IL-2) and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA): a randomized study with or without MPA in metastatic renal cancer patients during IL-2 maintenance treatment after response or stable disease to IL-2 subcutaneous therapy. Tumori 1993; 79 (4): 246-9
75. Gore ME, Galligioni E, Keen CW, et al. The treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma by continuous intravenous infusion of recombinant interleukin-2. Eur J Cancer A 1994; 30A (3): 329-33
76. Buter J, Sleijfer DT, van der Graaf WTA, et al. A progress report on the outpatient treatment of patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma using subcutaneous recombinant interleukin-2. Semin Oncol 1993 Dec; 20 (6 Suppl. 9): 16-21
77. Tourani JM, Lucas V, Mayeur D, et al. Subcutaneous recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) in outpatients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Results of a SCAPP1 trial. Ann Oncol 1996; 7: 525-8
78. Tourani JM. Subcutaneous recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) in out-patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: results of a muticenter SCAPP1 trial. Bull Cancer 1997. In press
79. Perkins J, Partyka J. Update on interleukins and interferons. PT 1994; 19 (12): 1128-37
80. Atkins MB, Sparano J, Fisher RI, et al. Randomized phase II trial of high-dose interleukin-2 either alone or in combination with interferon alfa-2b in advanced renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 1993 Apr; 11: 661-70
81. Besana C, Borri A, Bucci E, et al. Treatment of advanced renal cell cancer with sequential intravenous recombinant interleukin-2 and subcutaneous α-interferon. Eur J Cancer 1994; 30A (9): 1292-8
82. Cassidy J, Poole C, Sharkie E, et al. The importance of added albumin during continuous intravenous infusion of interleukin-2 with alpha-interferon. Eur J Cancer 1991; 27 (12): 1633-4
83. Fosså SD, Aune H, Baggerud E, et al. Continuous intravenous interleukin-2 infusion and subcutaneous interferon-α in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Eur J Cancer 1993; 29A (9): 1313-5
84. Négrier S, Escudier B, Lasset C, et al. The FNCLCC CRECY trial: interleukin 2 (IL2) + interferon (IFN) in the optimal treatment to induce responses in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (MRCC).[abstract no. 629]. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1996 May; 15: 248
85. Morant R, Richner J, Aapro M, et al. Treatment of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma with subcutaneous recombinant interferon-alpha 2b and continuous infusion of recombinant interleukin-2: a phase II study. Onkologie 1994; 17 (3): 254-60
86. Atzpodien J, Kirchner H, Lopez-Hänninen E, et al. Interleukin-2 in combination with interferon-α and 5-fluorouracil for metastatic renal cell cancer. Eur J Cancer 1993; 29a Suppl. 5: S6-8
87. Atzpodien J, Hänninen EL, Kirchner H, et al. Multiinstitutional home-therapy trial of recombinant human interleukin-2 and interferon alfa-2 in progressive metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 1995; 13 (2): 497-501
88. Facendola G, Locatelli MC, Pizzocaro G, et al. Subcutaneous administration of interleukin 2 and interferon-alpha-2b in advanced renal cell carcinoma: a confirmatory study. Br J Cancer 1995; 72 (6): 1531-5
89. Ravaud A, Négrier S, Cany L, et al. Subcutaneous low-dose recombinant interleukin 2 and alpha-interferon in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 1994; 69 (6): 1111-4
90. Anon. Corrigendum for study of Ravaud et al. Br J Cancer 1994; 69: 1111-4
91. Vuoristo M, Jantunen I, Pyrhönen S, et al. A combination of subcutaneous recombinant interleukin-2 and recombinant interferon-α in the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma or melanoma. Eur J Cancer 1994; 30A (4): 530-2
92. Buter J, Janssen RAJ, Martens A, et al. Phase I/II study of low-dose intravenous OKT3 and subcutaneous interleukin-2 in metastatic cancer. Eur J Cancer 1993; 29A (15): 2108-13
93. Joffe JK, Banks RE, Forbes MA, et al. A phase II study of interferon-alpha, interleukin-2 and 5-fluorouracil in advanced renal carcinoma: clinical data and laboratory evidence of protease activation. Br J Urol 1996 May; 77: 638-49
94. Lopez-Hänninen E, Kirchner H, Atzpodien J. Interleukin-2 based home therapy of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: risks and benefits in 215 consecutive single institution patients. J Urol 1996; 155 (1): 19-25
95. Ochoa AC, Hasz DE, Rezoznew R, et al. Lymphokine-activated killer activity in long-term cultures with anti-CD3 plus interleukin 2: identification and isolation of effector subsets. Cancer Res 1989 Feb 15; 49: 963-8
96. Jones M, Philip T, Palmer P, et al. The impact of interleukin-2 on survival in renal cancer: a multivariate analysis. Cancer Biother 1993; 8 (4): 275-88
97. Palmer PA, Vinke J, Philip T, et al. Prognostic factors for survival in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma treated with recombinant interleukin-2. Ann Oncol 1992; 3 (6): 475-80
98. Sreenivasan T, Sheridan E, Rodgers S, et al. Experience with Aldesleukin (human recombinant interleukin-2) on a general oncology ward. J Cancer Care 1993 Oct; 2: 216-21
99. Hamblin TJ. Clinical parameters for evaluating biological response modifier therapy. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1989; 25 Suppl. 3: S7-9
100. Parkinson DR, Sznol M. High-dose interleukin-2 in the therapy of metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. Semin Oncol 1995; 22 (1): 61-6
101. White J RL, Schwartzentruber DJ, Guleria A, et al. Cardiopulmonary toxicity of treatment with high dose interleukin-2 in 199 consecutive patients with metastatic melanoma or renal cell carcinoma. Cancer 1994; 74 (12): 3212-22
102. Guleria AS, Yang JC, Topalian SL, et al. Renal dysfunction associated with the administration of high-dose interleukin-2 in 199 consecutive patients with metastatic melanoma or renal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 1994; 12 (12): 2714-22
103. MacFarlane MP, Yang JC, Guleria AS, et al. The hematologic toxicity of interleukin-2 in patients with metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. Cancer 1995 Feb 15; 75: 1030-7
104. Lam JS, Hillman GG, Younes E, et al. Effect of local tumor irradiation and interleukin-2 therapy in different murine tumors. J Immunother 1995; 18 (1): 28-34
105. Memoli B, De Nicola L, Libetta C, et al. Interleukin-2-induced renal dysfunction in cancer patients is reversed by low-dose dopamine infusion. Am J Kidney Dis 1995; 26 (1): 27-33
106. Vlasveld LT, Rodenhuis S, Rutgers EJT, et al. Catheter-related complications in 52 patients treated with continuous infusion of low dose recombinant interleukin-2 via an implanted central venous catheter. Eur J Surg Oncol 1994; 20 (2): 122-9
107. Parker MG, Atkins MB, Ucci AA, et al. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis after immunotherapy for cancer. J Am Soc Nephrol 1995; 5 (10): 1740-4
108. Fenner MH, Lopez HE, Kirchner HH. Neuropsychiatric symptoms during treatment with interleukin-2 and interferon-α [letter]. Lancet 1993 Feb 6; 341: 372
109. Anon. FDA approves release of recombinant interleukin-2 product. Clin Pharm 1992; 11 (8): 669-70
110. Whitehead RP, Hauschild A, Christophers E, et al. Diabetes mellitus in cancer patients treated with combination interleukin 2 and α-interferon. Cancer Biother 1995; 10 (1): 45-51
111. Motzer RJ, Bander NH, Nanus DM. Renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1996 Sep 19; 335 (12): 865-75
112. Rugarli C. Progress in therapy of renal cell cancer. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1989; 25 Suppl. 3: S19-20
113. West WH. Clinical application of continuous infusion of recombinant interleukin-2. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1989; 25 Suppl. 3: S11-5