Cell model systems in plant cytoskeleton studies

International Review of Cytology

Volumn 175, Issue , 1997, Pages 1-27

  Sonobe, Seiji ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HYOGO   (Japan)

Author keywords

Actin filament; Cell model; Cytoskeleton; Microtubule; Plant cell; Tobacco BY 2 cell

Indexed keywords

ACTIN; CYTOSKELETON PROTEIN; VEGETABLE PROTEIN;

ARTICLE; CELL MOTION; CELL ULTRASTRUCTURE; CYTOSKELETON; FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY; MICROTUBULE; MITOSIS; MODEL; NONHUMAN; PLANT CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTOPLAST;

ANIMALIA; NICOTIANA TABACUM;

EID: 0030756270     PISSN: 00747696     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62124-5     Document Type: Article

References (144)

1. Adams, R. J., and Pollard, T. D. (1986). Propulsion of organelles isolated from Acanthamoeba along actin filaments by myosin-I. Nature 322, 754-756.
2. Akashi.T., and Shibaoka, H. (1991). Involvement of transmembrane proteins in the association of cortical microtubules with the plasma membrane in tobacco BY-2 cells. J. Cell Sci. 98, 169-174.
3. Akashi,T., Izumi, K., Enomoto, M., Mizuno, K., and Shibaoka, H. (1988). Effects of propyzamide on tobacco cell microtubules in vitro and in vivo. Plant Cell Physiol. 29, 1053-1062.
4. Asada, T., and Shibaoka, H. (1994). Isolation of polypeptides with microtubule-translocating activity from phragmoplasts of tobacco BY-2 cells. J. Cell Sci. 107, 2249-2257.
5. Asada, T., Sonobe, S., and Shibaoka, H. (1991). Microtubule translocation in the cytokinetic apparatus of cultured tobacco cells. Nature 350, 238-241.
6. Bajer, A. (1968). Fine structure studies on the phragmoplast and cell plate formation. Chromosoma 24, 383-417.
7. Baskin, T. I., and Cande, W. Z. (1990). The structure and function of the mitotic spindle in flowering plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Diol. 41, 277-315.
8. Bergen, L. G., Kuriyama, R., and Borisy, G. G. (1980). Polarity of microtubules nucleated by centrosomes and chromosomes of Chinese hamster ovary cells in vitro. J. Cell Biol. 84, 151-159.
9. Brinkley, B. R. (1985). Microtubule organizing centers. Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 1, 145-172.
10. Brinkley, B. R. (1990). Centromeres and kinetochores: Integrated domains on eukaryotic chromosomes. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 2, 446-452.
11. Brinkley, B. R., Cox, S. M., Pepper, D. A., Wible, L., Brenner, S. L., and Pardue, R. L. (1981). Tubulin assembly sites and the organization of cytoplasmic microtubules in cultured mammalian cells. J. Cell Biol. 90, 554-562.
12. Cande, W. Z. (1982). Nucleotide requirements for anaphase chromosome movement in permeabilized mitotic cells: Anaphse B but not anaphase A requires ATP. Cell 28, 15-22.
13. Cande, W. Z. (1989). Mitosis in vitro. In "Mitosis, Molecules and Mechanisms" (J. Hyams and B. R. Brinkley, Eds.), pp. 303-326, Academic Press, London.
14. Cande, W. Z., and McDonald, K. L. (1985). In vitro reactivation of anaphase spindle elongation using isolated diatom spindles. Nature 316, 168-170.
15. Cande, W. Z., and Wolniak, S. M. (1978). Chromosome movement in lysed mitotic cells is inhibited by vanadate. J. Cell Biol. 79, 573-580.
16. Clark, M., Schatten, G., Mazia, D., and Spudich, J. A. (1975). Visualization of actin fibers associated with the cell membrane in amoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 1758.
17. Coue, M., Lombillo, V. A., and McIntosh, J. R. (1991). Microtubule depolymerization promotes particle and chromosome movement in vitro. J. Cell Biol. 112, 1165-1175.
18. Cyr, R. J. (1991). Calcium/calmodulin affects microtubule stability in lysed protoplasts. J. Cell Sci. 100, 311-317.
19. Delmer, D. P. (1987). Cellulose biosynthesis. Aiwii. Rev. Plant Physiol. 38, 259-290.
20. De Mey, J., Lambert, A.-M., Bajer, A. S., Moremans, M., and De Brabander, M. (1982). Visualization of microtubules on interphase and mitotic plant cells of Hacinanthus endosperm with immuno-gold staining method. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79, 1898-1902.
21. Euteneuer, U., and Mclntosh, R. (1980). Polarity of midbody and phragmoplast microtubules. J. Cell Biol. 87, 509-515.
22. Falconer, M. M., Donaldson, G., and Seagull, R. W. (1988). MTOCs in higher plant cells: An immunofluorescence study of microtubule-assembly sites following depolymerization by APM. Protoplasma 44, 46-55.
23. Gibbons, B. H., and Gibbons, I. R. (1972). Flagellar movement and adenosine triphosphate activity in sea urchin sperm extracted with Triton X-100. J. Cell Biol. 54, 72-80.
24. Giddings, T. H., and Staehelin, L. A. (1991). Microtubule-mediated control of microfibril deposition: A re-examination of the hypothesis. In "The Cytoskeletal Basis of Plant Growth and Form" (C. W. Lloyd, Ed.), pp. 85-99. Academic Press, London.
25. Gunning, B. E. S. (1982). The cytokinetic apparatus: Its development and spatial regulation. In "The Cytoskeleton in Plant Growth and Development" (C. W. Lloyd, Ed.), pp. 229-292. Academic Press, London.
26. Gunning, B. E. S., and Hardham, A. R. (1982). Microtubules. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 33, 651-698.
27. Hardham, A. R., and Gunning, B. E. S. (1978). Structure of cortical microtubule arrays in plant cells. J. Cell Biol. 77, 14-34.
28. Hasezawa, S., and Nagata, T. (1991). Dynamic organization of plant microtubule at the 3 distinct transition points during the cell cycle progression on synchronized tobacco BY-2 cells. Bot. Acta 104, 206-211.
29. Hasezawa, S., and Nagata, T. (1993). Microtubule organizing centers in plant cells: Localization of a 49 kDa protein that is immunologically cross-reactive to a 51 kDa protein from sea urchin centrosomes in synchronized tobacco BY-2 cells. Protoplasma 176, 64-74.
30. Hepler, P. K. (1982). Endoplasmic reticulum in formation of the cell plate and plasmodesmata. Protoplasma 11, 121-133.
31. Hepler, P. K., and Jackson, W. T. (1968). Microtubules and early stage of cell plate formation in the endosperm of Haemantlius kallierinae Baker. J. Cell Biol. 38, 437-446.
32. Higashi-Fujime, S. (1980). Active movement in vitro of bundles of microfilaments isolated from Nitella cell. J. Cell Biol. 87, 569-578.
33. Hoffmann-Berling, H. (1954a). Adenosintriphosphat als Betriebsstoff von Zellbewegungen. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 14, 182-194.
34. Hoffman-Berling, H. (1954b). Die Glycerin-wasserextrahierte Telophasenzelle als Modell der Zytokinese. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 15, 332-339.
35. Hogetsu, T. (1986). Re-formation of microtubules in Closteriitm ehrenbergliii Meneghini after cold-induced depolymerization. Planta 167, 437-443.
36. Hogetsu.T., and Ohshima, Y. (1986). Immunofluorescence microscopy of microtubule arrangement in root cells of Pisitm saliva L. var. Alaska. Plant Cell Physiol. 27, 939-945.
37. Hyman, A. A., and Mitchison, T. J. (1991). Two different microtubule-based motor activities with opposite polarities in kinetochores. Nature 351, 206-211.
38. Inoué, S. (1954). Organization and function of the mitotic spindle. In "Primitive Motile Systems in Cell Biology" (R. D. Allen and N. Kamiya, Eds.), pp. 549-598, Academic Press, New York.
39. Iwata, K., and Hogetsu, T. (1989). The effects of light irradiation on the orientation of microtubules in seedling of A vena saliva L. and Pisum salive L. Plant Cell Physiol. 30,1011-1016.
40. Jarosh, R. (1956). Plasmastromung und Chloroplastenrotation. Pliyton (Buenos Aires) 6, 87-107.
41. Jiang, C.-J., and Sonobe, S. (1993). Identification and preliminary characterization of a 65 kDa higher-plant microtubule-associated protein. J. Cell Sci. 105, 891-901.
42. Jiang, C.-J., Sonobe, S., and Shibaoka, H. (1992). Assembly of microtubules in a cytoplasmic extract of tobacco BY-2 miniprotoplasts in the absence of microtubule-stabilizing agents. Plant Cell Physiol. 33, 497-501.
43. Kakimoto, T., and Shibaoka, H. (1986). Calcium-sensitivity of cortical microtubules in the green alga Mougeotia. Plant Cell Physiol. 27, 91-101.
44. Kakimoto, T., and Shibaoka, H. (1987). Actin filaments and microtubules in the preprophase band and phragmoplast. Protoplasma 140, 151-156.
45. Kakimoto, T., and Shibaoka, H. (1988). Cytoskeletal ultrastructure of phragmoplast-nuclei complexes isolated from cultured tobacco cells. Protoplasma (Suppl.) 2, 95-103.
46. Kakimoto, T., and Shibaoka, H. (1992). Synthesis of polysaccharides in phragmoplasts isolated from tobacco BY-2 cells. Plant Cell Physiol. 33, 353-361.
47. Kamiya, N. (1981). Physical and chemical basis of cytoplasmic streaming. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 32, 205-236
48. Kamiya, N., and Kuroda, K. (1955). Some experiments on cell amputation. Paper presented at the XXth Annual Meeting of the Botanical Society of Japan.
49. Kamiya, N., and Kuroda, K. (1957). Cell operation in Nitella. II. Behaviour of isolated endoplasm. Proc. Jpn. Acad. 33, 201-205.
50. Katsuta, J., and Shibaoka, H. (1988). The roles of the cytoskeleton and the cell wall in nuclear positioning in tobacco BY-2 cells. Plant Cell Physiol 29, 403-413.
51. Katsuta, J., and Shibaoka, H. (1992). Inhibition by kinase inhibitors of the development and the disappearance of the preprophase band of microtubules in tobacco BY-2 cells. J. Cell Sci. 103, 397-405.
52. Katsuta, J., Hashiguchi, Y., and Shibaoka, H. (1990). The role of the cytoskeleton in positioning of the nucleus in premitotic tobacco BY-2 cells. J. Cell Sci. 95, 413-422.
53. 2+. J. Cell Biol. 106, 1539-1543.
54. Koshland, D. E., Mitchison, T. J., and Kirschner, M. W. (1988). Polewards chromosome movement driven by microtubule depolymerization in vitro. Nature 331, 499-504.
55. Kron, S. J., and Spudich, J. A. (1986). Fluorescent actin filaments move on myosin fixed to a glass surface. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA S3, 6272-6276.
56. Kumagai, F., Hasezawa, S., Takahashi, Y., and Nagata, T. (1995). The involvement of protein synthesis elongation factor la in the organization of microtubules on the perinuclear region during the cell cycle transition from M phase to Gl phase in tobacco BY-2 cells. Bot. Ada 108, 467-473.
57. Kuroda, K. (1979). Movement of demembranated slime mould cytoplasm. Cell Biol. Int. Rep. 3, 135-140.
58. Kuroda, K. (1983). Cytoplasmic streaming in characean cells cut open by microsurgery. Proc. Jpn. Acad. 59B, 126-130.
59. Kuroda, K. (1990). Cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells. //;J. Rev. Cylol. 121, 267-307.
60. Kuroda, K., and Kamiya, N. (1975). Active movement of Nitella chloroplast HI vitro. Proc. Jpn. Acad. 51, 774-777.
61. La Claire, J. W. (1984). Cell motility during wound healing in giant algal cells: Contraction in detergent-permeabilized cell models of Ernodesmis. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 33, 180-189.
62. Lambert, A.-M. (1980). The role of chromosomes in anaphase trigger and nuclear envelope activity in spindle formation. Chromosome 76, 295-308.
63. Lambert, A.-M. (1993). Microtubule-organizing centers in higher plants. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 5, 116-122.
64. Lambert, A.-M., Vantard, M., Schmit, A.-C, and Stoeckel, H. (1991). Mitosis in plants. In "The Cytoskeletal Basis of Plant Growth and Form" (C. W. Lloyd, Ed.), pp. 199-208. Academic Press, London.
65. Lancelle, S. A., Callaham, D. A., and Hepler, P. K. (1986). A method for rapid freeze fixation of plant cells. Protoplasma 131, 153-165.
66. Laskowski, M. J. (1990). Microtubule orientation in pea stem cells: A change in orientation follows the initiation of growth rate decline. Planta 181, 44-52.
67. Ledbetter, M. C. (1967). The disposition of microtubules in plant cells during interphase and mitosis. Symp. Int. Soc. Cell Biol. 6, 55-70.
68. Ledbetter, M. C., and Porter, K. R. (1963). A "microtubule" in plant cell fine structure. J. Cell Biol. 19, 239-250.
69. Lesney, M. S., Callow, P. W., and Sink, K. C. (1986). A technique for bulk production of cytoplasts and miniprotoplasts from suspension culture-derived protoplasts. Plant Cell Rep. 5, 115-118.
70. Liu, B., Marc, J., Joshi, H. C., and Palevitz, B. A. (1993). A γ-tubulin related protein associated with the microtubule arrays of higher plants in a cell-cycle dependent manner. J. Cell Sci. 104, 1217-1228.
71. Lloyd, C. W. (1987). The plant cytoskeleton: The impact of fluorescence microscopy. Annu. Rev. Plant Pliysiol. 38, 119-139.
72. Lorz, H., Paszkowski, J., Dierks-Ventling, C., and Potrykus, I. (1981). Isolation and characterization of cytoplasts and miniprotoplasts derived from protoplasts of cultured cells. Physiol. Plant 53, 385-391.
73. Maliga, P., Lorz, H., Lazar, G., and Nagy, F. (1982). Cytoplast-protoplast fusion for interspecific chloroplast transfer in Nicotiana. Mol. Gen. Genet. 185, 211-215.
74. Marchant, H. J. (1978). Microtubules associated with the plasma membrane isolated from protoplasts of the green alga Mongeotia. Exp. Cell Res. 115, 25-30.
75. Masuda, H., and Cande, W. Z. (1987). The role of tubulin polymerization during spindle elongation in vitro. Cell 49, 193-202.
76. Masuda, H., McDonald, K. L., and Cande, W. Z. (1988). The mechanism of anaphase spindle elongation: Uncoupling of tubulin incorporation and microtubule sliding in vitro spindle reactivation. J. Cell Biol. 107, 623-633.
77. Masuda, H., Hirano, T., Yanagida, M., and Cande, W. Z. (1990). In vitro reactivation of spindle elongation in fission yeast nuc2 mutant cells. J. Cell Biol. 110, 417-425.
78. Mayumi, K., and Shibaoka, H. (1996). The cyclic reorientation of cortical microtubules on walls with a crossed polylamellate structure: Effects of plant hormones and inhibitor of protein kinases on the progression of the cycle. Protoplasma 195, in press.
79. Mazia, D., and Dan, K. (1952). The isolation and biochemical characterization of the mitotic apparatus of dividing cells. Proc. Nail. Acad. Sci. USA 38, 826-838.
80. Melan, M. A. (1990). Taxol maintains organized microtubule patterns in protoplasts which lead to the resynthesis of organized cell wall microfibrils. Protoplasma 153, 169-177.
81. Menzel, D., and Elsner-Menzel, C. (1989). Co-localization of particle transport with microtubules in cytoplasmic exudates of the Siplwnous green alga. Bot. Acta 102, 241-248.
82. Mimura, T., and Shimmen, T. (1992). Permeabilization of the plasma membrane and maintenance of the integrity of organelles in higher plant cells. Plant Cell Pliysiol. 33, 703-707.
83. Mitchison, T., and Kirschner, M. (1984). Microtubule assembly nucleated by isolated centro-somes. Nature 312, 232-237.
84. Mitchison, T. J., and Kirschner, M. W. (1985). Properties of the kinetochore in vitro. II. Microtubule capture and ATP-dependent translocation. J. Cell Biol. 101, 766-777.
85. Mizuno, K. (1992). Induction of cold stability of microtubules in cultured tobacco cells. Plant Physiol. 100, 740-748.
86. Mizuno, K. (1993). Microtubule-nucleation sites on nuclei of higher plant cells. Protoplasma 173, 77-85.
87. Morejohn, L. C, and Fosket, D. E. (1982). Higher plant tubulin identified by self-assembly into microtubules. Nature 297, 426-428.
88. Murray, A. \V., and Kirschner, M. W. (1989). Cyclin synthesis drives the early embryonic cell cycle. Nature 339, 275-286.
89. Nagai, R., and Fukui, S. (1985). Role of Ca2z.ast;in the reactivated cytoplasmic streaming of Acetabitlaria. In "Cell Motility: Mechanism and Regulation" (H. Ishikawa, S. Hatano, and H. Sato, Eds.), pp. 321-337. Univ. of Tokyo Press, Tokyo.
90. Nagata, T., Okada, K., Takabe, I., and Matsui, C. (1981). Delivery of tobacco mosaic virus RNA into plant protoplasts mediated by reverse-phase evaporation vesicles (liposomes) Mol. Gen. Genet. 184, 161-165.
91. Nagata, T., Nemoto, Y., and Hasezawa, S. (1992). Tobacco BY-2 cell line as the "Hela" cell in the cell biology of higher plants. Int. Rev. Cytol. 132, 1-30.
92. Oakley, B. R. (1992). y-Tubulin: The microtubule organizer. Trends Cell Biol. 2, 1-5.
93. Palevitz, B. A., and Hepler, P. K. (1974). The control of the plane of division during stomatal differentiation in Allium. Chromosoma 46, 327-341.
94. Ponstein, A. S., Vos-Scheperkeuter, G. H., Jacobsen, E., Feenstra, W. J., and Witholt, B. (1990). Selective measurement of starch synthesizing enzymes in permeabilized potato tuber slices. Plant Pliysiol. 92, 234-241.
95. Prescott, D. M., Myerson, D., and Wallace, J. (1972). Enucleation of mammalian cells with cytochalasin B. Exp. Cell Res. 71, 480-485.
96. Rebhun, L. I., and Palazzo, R. E. (1988). In vitro reactivation of anaphase B in isolated spindles of the sea urchin egg. Cell Motil. Cytoskel. 10, 197-209.
97. Saleem, M., and Cutler, A. J. (1986). Prepararation and characterization of chemically and osmotically permeabilized soybean [Glycine max. (L.) Merr.] protoplasts. J. Plant Pliysiol. 124, 11-21.
98. Sato, H., Hatano, S., and Sato, Y. (1981). Contractility and protoplasmic streaming preserved in artificially induced plasmodial fragments, the "caffeine drops." Protoplasma 109,91-102.
99. Seagull, R. W., and Heath, I. B. (1980). The organization of cortical microtubule arrays in the radish root hair. Protoplasma 103, 205-229.
100. Sheetz, M. P., and Spudich, J. A. (1983a). Movement of myosin-coated fluorescent beads on actin cables in vitro. Nature 303, 31-35.
101. Sheetz, M. P., and Spudich, J. A. (1983b). Movement of myosin coated structures on actin cable. Cell Motil. Cytoskel. 3, 485-489.
102. Shibaoka, H. (1994). Plant hormone-induced changes in the orientation of cortical microtubules: Alterations in the cross-linking between microtubules and the plasma membrane. Annu. Rev. Plant Pliysiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 45, 527-544.
103. Shibaoka, H., Asada, T., Yamamoto, S., and Sonobe, S. (1996). The use of model systems prepared from tobacco BY-2 cells for studies of the plant cytoskeleton. J. Microsc. 181, 145-152.
104. Shimmen, T., and Tazawa, M. (1982a). Reconstitution of cytoplasmic streaming in Cliaraceae. Protoplasma 113, 127-131.
105. Shimmen, T., and Tazawa, M. (1982b). Cytoplasmic streaming in the cell model of Nitella. Protoplasma 112, 101-106.
106. 2+ and cytochalasin B in permeabilized Characea cell. Protoplasma 115, 18-24.
107. Shimmen, T., and Tazawa, M. (1983b). Permeabilization of Nitella internodal cell with electrical pulses. Protoplasma 117, 93-96.
108. Shimmen, T., and Yano, M. (1984). Active sliding movement of latex beads coated with skeletal muscle myosin on Cliara actin bundles. Protoplasma 121, 132-137.
109. Shimmen, T., and Yokota, E. (1994). Physiological and biochemical aspects of cytoplasmic streaming. Int. Rev. Cytol. 155, 97-139.
110. Shimmen, T., Mimura, T., Kikuyama, M., and Tazawa, M. (1994). Cliaracean cells as a tool for studying electrophysiological characteristics of plant cells. CellStruct. Funct. 19,263-278.
111. Shimmen, T., Tominaga, Y., and Tazawa, M. (1984). Involvement of Ca2+ and flowing endo-plasm in recovery of cytoplasmic streaming. Protoplasma 121, 178-185.
112. Snyder, J. A., and Mclntosh, J. R. (1975). Initiation and growth of microtubules from mitotic centers in lysed mammalian cells. J. Cell Biol. 67, 744-760.
113. Sonobe, S. (1990). Cytochalasin B enhances cytokinetic cleavage in miniprotoplasts isolated from cultured tobacco cells. Protoplasma 155, 239-242.
114. Sonobe, S., and Shibaoka, H. (1989). Cortical fine actin filaments in higher plant cells visualized by rhodamine-phalloidin after pretreatment with m-maleimidobenzoyl N-hydroxysuccinimide ester. Protoplasma 148, 80-86.
115. Sonobe, S., and Shibaoka, H. (1990). ATP-dependent depolymerization of cortical microtubules by an extract in tobacco BY-2 cells. Plant Cell Pliysiol. 31, 1147-1153.
116. Sonobe, S., and Takahashi, S. (1994). Association of microtubules with the plasma membrane of tobacco BY-2 cells in vitro. Plant Cell Pliysiol. 35, 451-460.
117. Sonobe, S., Yamamoto, S., and Shibaoka, H. (1994). Isolation of plasma membrane-cortical microtubule complexes from tobacco BY-2 cells. Plant Cell Pliysiol. 35, s53.
118. Spangenberg, G., Neuhaus, G., and Schweiger, H.-G. (1986). Expression of foreign genes in a higher plant cell after electrofusion-mediated cell reconstitution of a microinjected karyoplast and a cytoplast. EUT. J. Cell Biol. 42, 236-238.
119. Stearns, T., and Kirschner, M. (1994). In vitro reconstitution of centrosome assembly and function: The central role of γ-tubulin. Cell 76, 623-637.
120. Stoppin, V., Vantard, M., Schmit, A.-C, and Lambert, A.-M. (1994). Isolated plant nuclei nucleate microtubule assembly: The nuclear surface in higher plants has centrosome-like activity. Plant Cell 6, 1099-1106.
121. Szent-Györgi, A. (1949). Free-energy relations and contraction of actomyosin. Biol. Bull. 96, 140-161.
122. Takata, M. (1961). Studies on the protoplasmic streaming in the marine alga Acetabularia calyatlus. Anmi. Rep. Sci. Works. Fac. Sci. Osaka Univ., No. 9-63-70.
123. Taylor, D. L., Condeelis, J. S., Moor, P. L., and Allen, R. D. (1973). The contractile basis of amoeboid movement. I. The chemical control of motility in isolated cytoplasm. J. Cell Biol. 59, 378-394.
124. Tazawa, M. (1964). Studies on Nilella having artificial cell sap. I. Replacement of the cell sap with artificial solutions. Plant Cell Pliysiol. 5, 33-43.
125. Tazawa, M., Kikuyama, M., and Shimmen, T. (1976). Electric characteristics and cytoplasmic streaming of Characea cell lacking tonoplast. Cell Struct. Funct. 1, 165-176.
126. Toriyama, M., Ohta, K., Endo, S., and Sakai, H. (1988). 51 kD protein, a component of microtubule-organizing granules in the mitotic apparatus involved in aster formation in vitro. CellMotil. Cytoskel. 9, 117-128.
127. Vale, R. D., and Yano-Toyoshima, Y. (1988). Rotation and translocation of microtubules in vitro induced by dyneins from Tetraliymena cilia. Cell 52, 459-469.
128. Vantard, M., Levilliers, N., Hill, A-M., Adoutte, A., and Lambert, A.-M. (1990). Incorporation of Parameciiim axoneraal tubulin into higher plant cells reveals functional sites of microtubule assembly. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 8825-8829.
129. Wallin, A., Glimelius, K., and Eriksson, T. (1978). Enucleation of protoplasts by cytochalasin B. Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 87, 333-340.
130. Wasteneys, G. O., and Williamson, R. E. (1987). Microtubule orientation in developing internodal cells of Nitella: A quantitative analysis. EUT. J. Cell Biol. 43, 14-22.
131. Wasteneys, G. O., and Williamson, R. E. (1989a). Assembly of purified brain tubulin at cortical and endoplasmic sites in perfused internodal cells of the alga Nitella tasmanica. Cell Biol. Int. Rep. 13, 513-528.
132. Wasteneys, G. O., and Williamson, R. E. (1989b). Reassembly of microtubules in Nitella tasmanica: Assembly of cortical microtubules in branching clusters and its relevance to steady-state microtubule assembly. J. Cell Sci. 93, 705-714.
133. Wasteneys, G. O., Gunning, B. E. S., and Hepler, P. K. (1993). Microinjection of fluorescent brain tubulin reveals dynamic properties of cortical microtubules in living cells. Cell Motil. Cytoskel. 24, 205-213.
134. Whaley, W. G., and Mollenhauser, H. H. (1963). The Golgi apparatus and cell plate formation - A postulate. J. Cell Biol. 17, 216-221.
135. Wick, S. M. (1991). The preprophase band. In "The Cytoskeletal Basis of Plant Growth and Form" (C. W. Lloyd, Ed.), pp. 231-244. Academic Press, London.
136. Williamson, R. E. (1975). Cytoplasmic streaming in Cliara: A cell model activated by ATP and inhibited by cytochalasin B. J. Cell Sci. 17, 655-668.
137. Williamson, R. E. (1990). Alignment of cortical microtubules by anisotropic wall stresses. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 17, 601-613.
138. Williamson, R. E. (1991). Orientation of cortical microtubules in interphase plant cells. Int. Rev. Cytol. 129, 135-206.
139. Yamamoto, S., Sonobe, S., and Shibaoka, H. (1994). Isolation of cortical microtubules from tobacco BY-2 cells. Plant Cell Physiol. 35, s53.
140. Yasuhara, H., Sonobe, S., and Shibaoka, H. (1992). ATP-sensitive binding to microtubules of polypeptides extracted from isolated phragmoplasts of tobacco BY-2 cells. Plant Cell Physiol. 33, 601-608.
141. Yasuhara, H., Sonobe. S., and Shibaoka, H. (1993). Effects of taxol on the development of the cell plate and of the phragmoplast in tobacco BY-2 cells. Plant Cell Physiol. 34,21-29.
142. Yumura, S. (1996). Spatial distribution of fluorescently labeled actin in living Dictyostelium amoeba. Cell Struct. Fund. 21, 189-197.
143. Zandomeni, K., and Schopfer, P. (1993). Reorientation of microtubules at the outer epidermal wall of maize coleoptiles by phytochrome, blue-light photoreceptor, and auxin. Protoplasma 173, 103-112.
144. Zhang, D., Wadsworth, P., and Hepler, P. K. (1990). Microtubule dynamics in living plant cells: Confocal imaging of microinjected fluorescent brain tubulin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 8820-8824.