Clinical pharmacokinetics and dose optimisation of carboplatin

Clinical Pharmacokinetics

Volumn 33, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 161-183

  Duffull, Stephen B ^a   Robinson, Bridget A ^a  

^a CHRISTCHURCH HOSPITAL   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BLEOMYCIN; CARBOPLATIN; CISPLATIN; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; ETOPOSIDE; FLUOROURACIL; IFOSFAMIDE; METHOTREXATE; PACLITAXEL; PLATINUM DERIVATIVE; THIOTEPA; VINBLASTINE;

ADULT; AREA UNDER THE CURVE; ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY; BAYES THEOREM; BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; BONE MARROW TOXICITY; CHILD; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPARTMENT MODEL; CONCENTRATION RESPONSE; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG CLEARANCE; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG RESPONSE; EXTRACELLULAR SPACE; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION RATE; HEAD AND NECK CANCER; HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; HUMAN; LEUKOPENIA; LIVER TOXICITY; LUNG CANCER; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; NEPHROTOXICITY; NEUROTOXICITY; NEUTROPENIA; OVARY CANCER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TESTIS CANCER; THROMBOCYTE COUNT; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; TREATMENT FAILURE;

EID: 0030753473     PISSN: 03125963     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00003088-199733030-00002     Document Type: Review

References (177)

1. Canetta R, Bragman K, Smaldone L, et al. Carboplatin: current status and future prospects. Cancer Treat Rev 1988; 15 Suppl. B: 17-32
2. Alberts DS, Mason-Liddil N, Carboplatin in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Semin Oncol 1989; 16 Suppl. 5: 19-26
3. Van Echo DA, Egorin MJ, Aisner J, The pharmacology of carboplatin. Semin Oncol 1989; 16: 1-6
4. Alberts DS, Canetta R, Mason-Liddil N, Carboplatin in the first-line chemotherapy of ovarian cancer. Semin Oncol 1990; 17 Suppl. 2:54-60
5. Van der Vijgh WJF. Clinical pharmacokinetics of carboplatin. Clin Pharmacokinet 1991; 21: 242-61
6. Culvert AH, Judson I. van der Vijgh WFM. Platinum complexes in cancer medicine: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in relation to toxicity and therapeutic activity. Cancer Surv 1993; 17: 189-217
7. Bin P, Boddy AV, English MW. et al. The comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cisplatin and carboplatin in paediatric patients: a review. Anticancer Res 1994; 14: 2279-84
8. Doses of cancer chemotherapy should he individualised, say oncologists. Pharm J 1996; 257: 920
9. Liliemark J, Peterson C. Pharmacokinetic optimisation of anticancer therapy. Clin Pharmacokinet 1991; 21: 213-31
10. Calvert AH, Boddy A, Bailer NP, et al. Carboplatin in combination with paclitaxel in advanced ovarian cancer: dose determination and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions. Semin Oncol 1995; 22: 91-8
11. Giaccone G, Huizing M, Postmus PE, et al. Dose-finding and sequencing study of paclitaxel and Carboplatin in non-small cell lung cancer. Semin Oncol 1995; 22 (4 Suppl. 9): 78-82
12. Kearns CM, Belani CP, Erkmen K, el al. Pharmacokinetics of paclitaxel and carboplatin in combination. Semin Oncol 1995;22(5 Suppl. 12): 1-7
13. Obsaju CK, Johnson SW, Rogatko A, et al. Evaluation of carboplatin pharmacokinetics in the absence and presence of paclitaxel. Clin Cancer Res 1996; 2: 549-52
14. Soørensen BT, Strömgren A, Jakobsen P. et al. A limited sampling method for estimation of the carboplatin area under the curve. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1993; 31: 324-7
15. Chalelut E, Canal P, Brumner V, et al. Prediction of carboplatin clearance from standard morphological and biological patient characteristics. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 573-80
16. Chatelut E, Chevreau C, Brunner V, el al. A pharmacologically guided phase I study of carboplatin in combination with methotrexate and vinblastine in advanced urothelial cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1995; 35: 391-6
17. van Warmerdam LJC, Rodenhuis S. ten Bokkel Huinink WW, et al. Evaluation of formulas using the serum creatinine level to calculate the optimal dosage of carboplatin. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1996; 37: 266-70
18. Newell DR, Eeles RA, Gumbrell LA, et al. Carboplatin and etoposide pharmacokinetics in patients with testicular teratoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1989; 23: 367-72
19. Trump DI, Grem JL, Tutsch KD, et al. Platinum analogue combination chemotherapy: cisplatin and carboplatin - a phase I trial with pharmacokinetic assessment of the effect of cisplatin administration on carboplatin excretion. J Clin Oncol 1987; 5: 1281-9
20. Van Echo DA, Egorin MJ, Whitacre MY. el al. Phase I clinical and pharmacologic trial of carboplatin daily for 5 days. Cancer Treat Rep 1984; 68: 1103-14
21. Oguri S, Sakakibara T, Mase H. et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics of carboplatin. J Clin Pharmacol 1988; 28: 208-15
22. Smyth RD, Oguri S, Sakakibara T. et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics of carboplatin. J Clin Pharmacol 1987; 27: 719
23. Obune T, Fujiwara Y, Sumiyoshi H. et al. Phase I study and clinical pharmacological evaluation of daily oral etoposide combined with carboplatin in patients with lung cancer. Jpn J Cancer Res 1995; 86: 490-500
24. Sørensen BT, Strömgren A, Jakobsen P. et al. Renal handling of carboplatin. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1992; 30: 317-20
25. Van Hennik MB, Van der Vijgh WJF, Klein I. et al. Human pharmacokinetics of carboplatin after oral administration. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1989;23: 126-7
26. Ghazal-Aswad S, Calvert AH, Newell DR. A single-sample assay for the estimation of the area under the free carboplatin plasma concentration versus time curve. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1996; 37: 429-34
27. de Waal WAJ, Maessen FJMJ, Kraak JC. Analytical methodologies for the quantitation of platinum anti-cancer drugs and related compounds in biological media. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1990; 8: 1-30
28. van Warmerdam LJC, van Tellingen O, ten Bokkel Huinink WW. et al. Monitoring carboplatin concentrations in saliva: a replacement for plasma ultrafiltrate measurements? Ther Drug Monit 1995; 17: 465-70
29. 2 divided over three consecutive days. Br J Cancer 1990; 61: 460-4
30. Gaver RC, Colombo N, Green MD. el al. The disposition of carboplatin in ovarian cancer patients. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1988; 22: 263-70
31. Newell DR, Siddik ZH, Gumbrell LA, et al. Plasma free platinum pharmacokinetics in patients treated with high dose carboplatin. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1987;23: 1399-405
32. Koeller JM, Trump DL, Tutsch KD, et al. Phase I clinical trial and pharmacokinelics of carboplatin (NSC 241240) by single monthly 30-minute infusion. Cancer 1986; 57: 222-5
33. Elferink F, Van der Vijgh WJF. Klein I. et al. Pharmacokinetics of carboplatin alter iv administration. Cancer Treat Rep 1987; 71: 1231-7
34. Sasaki Y, Tamura T, Eguchi K. et al. Pharmacokinetcis of (glycolato-00)-diammine platinum (II) a new platinum derivative in comparison with cisplatin and carboplatin. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1989; 23: 243-6
35. Reece PA, Bishop JF, Olver IN. et al. Pharmacokinetics of unchanged carboplatin (CBDCA) in patients with small cell lung carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1987; 19: 326-30
36. Duffull SB, Begg EJ, Robinson BA, et al. A sequential Bayesian algorithm for dose individualisation of carboplatin. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1997; 39: 317-26
37. van Warmerdam LJC, Rodenhuis S, van der Wall E, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of carboplatin administered in a high-dose combination regimen with Thiotepa cyclophosphamide and peripheral stem cell support. Br J Cancer 1996; 73: 979-84
38. EI-Yazigi A, Amer M, Martin C, Pharmacokinetics of platinum in cancer patients treated with carboplatin in combination with high-dose methotrexate. Pharm Res 1989; 6: 492-8
39. Newell DR, Pearson ADJ. Bulmanno K. et al. Carboplatin pharmacokinetics in children: the development of a pediatric dosing formula. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11: 2314-23
40. Peng B, Boddy AV, Cole M, et al. Comparison of methods for the estimation of carboplatin pharmacokinetics in paediatric cancer patients. Eur J Cancer 1995; 31 A: 1804-10
41. 2 in children. Med Paediatr Oncol 1990; 18: 459-65
42. Wagner JG. Pharmacokinetics for the pharmaceutical scientist. Basel: Technomic Publishing Co Inc. 1993
43. Hande KR. Pharmacological-based dosing of carboplatin: a better method. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11: 2295-6
44. Desoize B, Robert J. Individual dose adaptation of anticancer drugs. Eur J Cancer 1994; 30A: 844-51
45. van Warmerdam LJC. ten Bokkel Huinink WW, Maes RAA, et al. Limited-sampling models for anticancer agents. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1994; 120: 427-33
46. Egorin MJ. Further refinement of carboplatin dosing. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 555-6
47. Judson IR. Pharmacokinetic modelling: a prelude to therapeutic drug monitoring for all cancer patients? Eur J Cancer 1995; 31 A: 1733-5
48. Freireich EJ, Gehan EA, Rall DP, et al. Quantitative comparison of toxicity of anticancer agents in mouse rat hamster dog monkey and man. Cancer Chemother Rep 1966; 50: 219-44
49. Holford NHG. A size standard for pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacokinet 1996; 30: 329-32
50. Sørensen BT, Strömgren A, Jakobsen P, et al. Dose-toxicity relationship of carboplatin in combination with cyclophosphamide in ovarian cancer patients. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1991; 28: 397-401
51. Harland SJ, Gumbrell LA, Horwich A. Carboplatin dose in combination chemotherapy for testicular cancer. Eur J Cancer 1991; 27: 651-5
52. Taguchi J, Saijo N, Miura K. et al. Prediction of hematological toxicity of carboplatin by creatinine clearance rate. Jpn J Cancer Res 1987; 78: 977-82
53. Calvert AH, Harland SJ, Newell DR. el al. Early clinical studies with cis-diammine-1l-cyclubutanedicarboxylate platinum II. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1982; 9: 140-7
54. Egorin MJ, Van Echo DA, Tipping SJ, et al. Pharmacokinetics and dosage reduction of cis-diammine(1l-cyclobutanedi-carboxylato)platinum in patients with impaired renal function. Cancer Res 1984; 44: 5432-8
55. Egorin MJ. Van Echo DA, Olman EA. et al. Prospective validation of a pharmacologically based dosing scheme for the cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) analogue diamminecyclobutanedicarboxylatoplatinum. Cancer Res 1985; 45: 6502-6
56. Shea TC, Flaherty M, Elias A. et al. A phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of carboplatin and autologous hone marrow support. J Clin Oncol 1989; 7: 651-61
57. Doz F, Pinkerton R. What is the place of carboplatin in paediatric oncology. Eur J Cancer 1994; 30A: 194-201
58. Groen HJM, van der Leest AHD, de Vries EGE, el al. Continuous carboplatin infusion during 6 weeks' radiotherapy in locally inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase I and pharmacokinetic study. Br J Cancer 1995; 72: 992-7
59. Wright JE, Elias A, Tretyakov O, el al. High-dose ifosfamide carboplatin and etoposide pharmacokinetics: correlation of plasma drug levels with renal toxicity. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1995; 36: 345-51
60. Uziely B, Formenti SC, Watkins K, et al. Calvert's formula and high-dose carboplatin. J Clin Oncol 1995; 12: 1740-1
61. Daley Yates PT, McBrien DC. The renal fractional clearance of platinum antitumour compounds in relation to nephrotoxicity. Biochem Pharmacol 1985; 34: 1423-8
62. Jodrell DI, Egorin MJ, Canetta RM, et al. Relationships between carboplatin exposure and tumor response and toxicity in patients with ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol 1992; 10: 520-8
63. Culvert AH, Newell DR, Gumbrell LA, et al. Carboplatin dosatze: prospective evaluation of a simple formula based on renal function. J Clin Oncol 1989; 7: 1748-56
64. Fish RG, Shelley MD, Griffiths H, et al. Pharmacokinetics and dosage reduction of cis-diammine (1l -cyclobutanedicarboxylolplatinum in patients with impaired renal function. Cancer Res 1987; 47: 3606-7
65. Suzuki K, Matsumoto K, Hashimoto K, et al. Carboplatin-based combination chemotherapy for testicular cancer: relationship among administration dose of carboplatin renal function and myelosuppression. Acta Urol Jpn 1995; 41: 775-80
66. Lind MJ, Ghazal-Aswad S, Gumbrell L. et al. Phase I study of pharmacologically based dosing of carboplatin with filgrastim support in women with epithelial ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14: 800-5
67. Reyno LM, Egorin MJ, Canetta RM. et al. Impact of cyclophosphamide on relationships between carboplatin exposure and response or toxicity when used in the treatment of advanced ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11: 1156-64
68. Egorin MJ, Reyno LM, Canetta RM. et al. Modeling toxicity and response in carboplatin-based combination chemotherapy. Semin Oncol 1994; 21: 7-19
69. Marina NM, Rodman J, Shema SJ. et al. Phase I study of escalating targeted doses of carboplatin combined with ifosfamide and etoposide in children with relapsed solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11: 554-60
70. Olver IN, Webster LK, Millward MJ, el al. A phase I and pharmacokinetics study of prolonged ambulatory-infusion carboplatin. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1995; 37: 79-85
71. Smit EF, Willemse PHB, Sleijfer DT. et al. Continuous infusion of carboplatin on a 21-day schedule: a phase I and pharmacokinetic study. J Clin Oncol 1991; 9: 100-10
72. Kerr DJ, Lewis C, O'Neil B. et al. The myelotoxicity of carboplatin is influenced by the time of its administration. Hematol Oncol 1990; 8: 59-63
73. Stewart DLF, and the Advanced Ovarian Cancer Trialists Group. Chemotherapy in advanced ovarian cancer: an overview of randomised clinical trials. BMJ 1991; 303: 884-93
74. Bunn PA. Clin experiences with carboplatin (paraplatin) in lung cancer. Semin Oncol 1992; 19: 1-11
75. Kjorstad K, Harris A, Bertelsen K, et al. A multicentre phase II study of carboplatin in advanced ovarian carcinoma: final report. Ann Oncol 1992; 3: 217-22
76. Andersson H, Friberg L, Horvath G. et al. Carboplatin in combination with epirubicin and cyclophosphamide in patients with advanced ovarian cancer. Acta Oncol 1995; 34: 821-7
77. Runowicz, CD, Mandeli J, Speyer JL, el al. Phase I/II study of PIXY321 in combination with cyclophosphamide and carboplatin in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 174: 1151-60
78. Gore ME, Preston N, A'Hern RP, et al. Platinum-Taxol noncross resistance in epithelial ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 1995; 71: 1308-10
79. Kavanagh J, Tresukosol D, Edwards C, et al. Carboplatin reinduction after taxane in patients with platinum-refractory epithelial ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol 1995; 13: 1584-8
80. Smith HO, Goldberg GL, Carol L, el al. Dose escalation combination carboplatin/cyclophosphamide chemotherapy for epithelial ovarian cancer. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 1994; 15: 411-7
81. Giaccone G, Huizing M, ten Bokkel Huinink W, et al. Preliminary results of two dose-finding studies of paclitaxel (Taxol) and carboplatin in non-small cell lung and ovarian cancers: a Eur Cancer Centre Effort. Semin Oncol 1994; 21 (5 Suppl. 8): 34-8
82. Taylor AE, Wiltshaw E, Gore ME, et al. Long-term follow-up of the first randomised study of cisplatin versus carboplatin for advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol 1994; 12: 2066-70
83. Reed E, Janik J, Bookman MA, et al. High-dose carboplatin and recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in advanced-stage recurrent ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11: 2118-26
84. Rusthoven JJ, Eisenhauer E, Mazurka J, et al. Phase I clinical trial of recombinant human interleukin-3 combined with carboplatin in the treatment of patients with recurrent ovarian carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1991; 85: 823-5
85. Lambert HE, Rustin GJ, Gregory WM, et al. A randomized trial comparing single-agent carboplatin with carboplatin followed by radiotherapy for advanced ovarian cancer: a North Thames Group Study. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11: 440-8
86. Cornelison TL, Reed E. Dose intensity analysis of high-dose carboplatin in refractory ovarian carcinoma relative to age. Cancer 1993; 71: 650-5
87. Markman M, Reichman B, Hakes T, et al. Phase 2 trial of intraperitoneal carboplatin and etoposide as salvage treatment of advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 1992; 47: 353-7
88. ten Bokkel Huinink WW, Dalesio O, Rodenhuis S. et al. Replacement of cisplatin with carboplatin in combination chemotherapy against ovarian cancer: long term treatment results of a study of the Gynaecological Cancer Cooperative Group of the EORTC and experience at the Netherlands Cancer Institute. Semin Oncol 1992; 19(1 Suppl. 2): 99-101
89. Teeling M, Hayes Y, Fitzmaurixe B, et al. Carboplatin/cyclophosphamide combination chemotherapy for advanced ovarian cancer. Semin Oncol 1992; 19: 102-6
90. Lund B, Hansen OP. Hansen HH, et al. Combination therapy with carboplatin/cisplatin/ifosfamide/etoposide in ovarian cancer. Semin Oncol 1992; 19 (1 Suppl. 1): 26-9
91. Swenerton K, Jeffrey J, Stuart G, et al. Cisplatin-cyclophosphamide versus carboplatin-cyclophosphamide in advanced ovarian cancer: a randomized phase III study of the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. J Clin Oncol 1992; 10: 718-26
92. Alberts DS, Green S, Hanigan EV, et al. Improved therapeutic-index of carboplatin plus cyclophosphamide: final report by the Southwest Oncol Group of a phase III randomized trial in stages III and IV ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol 1992; 10: 706-17
93. Van der Burg ME, Hoff AM, van Lent M, et al. Carboplatin and cyclophosphamide salvage therapy for ovarian cancer patients relapsing after cisplatin combination chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer 1991; 27: 248-50
94. Grem J, O'Dwyer P, Elson P. et al. Cisplatin carboplatin and cyclophosphamide combination chemotherapy in advanced-stage ovarian carcinoma: an Eastern Cooperative Oncol Group pilot study. J Clin Oncol 1991; 9: 1793-1800
95. Trask C, Silverstone A, Ash CM, et al. A randomized trial of carboplatin versus iproplatin in untreated advanced ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol 1991; 9: 1131-7
96. Eiermann W, Achterrath W, Lenaz L. et al. Carboplatin/etoposide as first-line chemotherapy in advanced ovarian carcinoma: a pilot study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1991 ; 27: 389-93
97. Repetto L, Chiara S, Mammoliti S, et al. Crossover study with cisplatin or carboplatin in advanced ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 1990; 39: 146-9
98. Jones A, Wiltshaw E, Harper P. et al. A randomised study of high versus conventional dose carboplatin for previously untreated ovarian cancer (abstract). Br J Cancer 1993; 65 Suppl. 16: 15
99. Meerpohl H, du Bois A, Kuhnle H. et al. Paclitaxel combined with carboplatin in the first-line treatment of advanced ovarian cancer. Semin Oncol 1995; 22: 7-12
100. Calvert AH, Lind MJ, Ghazal-Aswad S, et al. Carboplatin and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor as first-line treatment for epithelial ovarian cancer: a phase I dose-intensity escalation study. Semin Oncol 1994; 21: 1-6
101. Alberts DS, Garcia DJ. Total platinum dose versus platinum dose intensification in ovarian cancer treatment. Semin Oncol 1994; 21: 11-5
102. Kobayashi K, Kudoh S, Takemoto T, et al. In vitro investigation of a combination of two drugs cisplatin and carboplatin as a function of the area under the c/t curve. Jpn Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1995; 121: 715-20
103. Rodenhuis S, Vlasveld LT, Dubbleman R. et al. Feasibility study of high-dose carboplatin and etoposide in the salvage treatment of testicular cancer. Ann Oncol 1993; 3: 463-7
104. Tjulandin SA, Garin AM, Mescheryakov AA, et al. Cisplatin-etoposide and carboplatin-etoposide induction chemotherapy for good-risk patients with germ cell tumors. Ann Oncol 1993; 4: 663-7
105. Lotz JP, Andre T, Donsimoni R. et al. High dose chemotherapy with ifosfamide carboplatin and etoposide combined with autologous bone marrow transplantation for the treatment of poor-prognosis germ cell tumors and metastatic trophoblastic disease in adults. Cancer 1995; 75: 874-85
106. Mencel PJ, Motzer RJ, Mazumdar M, et al. Advanced seminoma: treatment results survival and prognostic factors in 142 patients. J Clin Oncol 1994; 12: 120-6
107. Yao WQ, Fossa SD, Dearnaley DP. el al. Combined single-course carboplatin with radiotherapy in treatment of stage IIA B seminoma - a preliminary report. Radiother Oncol 1994; 33: 88-90
108. Bosl GJ, Bajorin DF, Etoposide plus carboplatin or cisplatin in good-risk patients with germ cell tumors: a randomized comparison. Semin Oncol 1994; 21 (5 Suppl. 12): 61-4
109. Motzer RJ, Gulati SC, Tong W P. et al. Phase I trial with pharmacokinetic analyses of high-dose carboplatin etoposide and cyclophosphamide with autologous bone marrow transplantation in patients with refractory germ cell tumors. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 3730-5
110. Horwich A, Dearnaley DP, A'Hern R. et al. The activity of single-agent carboplatin in advanced seminoma. Eur J Cancer 1992; 28A (8/9): 1307-10
111. Horwich A, Dearnaley DP, Nicholls J, et al. Effectiveness of carboplatin etoposide and bleomycin combination chemotherapy in good-prognosis metastatic testicular non-seminomatous germ cell tumors. J Clin Oncol 1991; 9: 62-9
112. Childs WJ, Nicholls EJ, Horwich A. The optimisation of carboplatin dose in carboplatin etoposide and bleomycin combination chemotherapy for good prognosis metastatic nonseminomatous germ cell tumours of the testis. Ann Oncol 1992; 3: 291-6
113. Kattan J, Mahjoubi M, Droz JP. et al. High failure rate of carboplatin-etoposide combination in good risk non-seminomatous germ cell tumours. Eur J Cancer 1943; 29A: 1504-9
114. O'Rielly SM, Rustin CJS, Smith DB. et al. Single agent activity of carboplatin in patients with previously untreated non-seminomatous germ cell tumours. Ann Oncol 1992; 3: 163-4
115. Pronzato P, Ghio F, Losardo PL. et al. Carboplatin and vinorelbine in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1996; 37: 610-2
116. Mandanas R, Einhorn L, Wheeler B. et al. Carboplatin (CBDCA) plus alpha interferon in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Am J Clin Oncol 1993; 16; 519-21
117. Pronzato P. Landucci M, Vaira F. et al. Carboplatin and etoposide as outpatient treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Chemotherapy 1994; 40; 144-8
118. Ball D, Bishop J, Smith J. el al. A phase III study of accelerated radiotherapy with and without carboplatin in nonsmall cell lung cancer: an interim toxicity analysis of the first 100 patients Int J Rad Oncol Biol Phys 1995; 31: 267-72
119. Belani CP, Egorin MJ, Abrams JS. el al. A novel pharmacodynamically based approach to dose optimization of carboplatin when used in combination with etoposide. J Clin Oncol 1989; 7: 1896-902
120. Bonomi P, Faber LP, Racine D. et al. Carboplatin/etoposide/radiation plus escalating doses of paclitaxel in stage III nonsmall cell lung cancer: a preliminary report. Semin Oncol 1995; 22 (4Suppl. 9). 42-7
121. Belticher DC, Anderson H, Ranson M. et al. Carboplatin combined with amifostine a bone marrow protectant in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer: a randomised phase II study. Br J Cancer 1995; 72: 1551-5
122. Bunn Jr PA, Kelly K. Phase I study of carboplatin and paclitaxel in non-small cell lung cancer: a University of Colorado Cancer Centre Study. Semin Oncol 1995; 22 (4 Suppl. 9): 2-6
123. Langer CJ, Leighton JC, Comis JL. et al. Paclitaxel by 24- or 1-hour infusion in combination with carboplatin in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: the Fox Chase Cancer Centre experience. Semin Oncol 1995; 22 (4 Suppl. 9): 18-29
124. Straus GM, Lynch TJ, Elias AD. et al. A phase I study of itosfamide/carboplatin/etoposide/paclitaxel in advanced lung cancer. Semin Oncol 1995; 22 (4 Suppl. 9): 70-4
125. Bishop JF, Ball D, Crennan E. et al. Radiation and carboplatin combined-modality therapy in non-small cell lung cancer. Semin Oncol 1994; 21:91-6
126. Crawford J, O'Rourke MA. Vinorelbine (Navelbine)/carboplatin combination therapy: dose intensification with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Semin Oncol 1994; 21 (5 Suppl. 10): 73-8
127. Gatzemeier U, Hossfeld DK, Neuhauss R. et al. Phase II and III studies with carboplatin in small cell lung cancer. Semin Oncol 1992; 19 (1 Suppl. 2): 28-36
128. Goss GD, Vincent M, Corringham R. et al. Teniposide (VM-26 and carboplatin as initial therapy for small cell lung cancer. Semin Oncol 1992; 19 (2 Suppl. 6): 69-74
129. Johnson DH, DeVore R, Greco FA. et al. Carboplatin plus oral etoposide in the management of advanced non-small cell lung cancer: preliminary results of a Vanderbilt trial. Semin Oncol 1992; 19(1 Suppl. 2): 50-6
130. Postmus PE, Smit EF, Berendsen HH. et al. Second-line carboplatin-based chemotherapy for small cell lung cancer: the Groningen experience. Semin Oncol 1992; 19 (1 Suppl. 2): 17-23
131. Raghavan D, Bishop JF, Stuart-Harris R. el al. Carboplatin-containmg regimens for small cell lung cancer: implications for management in the elderly. Semin Oncol 1992; 19 (1 Suppl. 2): 12-16
132. Bretti S, Bonardi GM, Celano A. et al. Non small cell lung cancer treatment with carboplatin and vindesine: a phase II study. Anticancer Res 1992; 12: 1459-62
133. Postmus PE, Splinter TA, Palmen FM, et al. Comparison of two carboplatin-containing regimens with standard chemotherapy for small cell lung cancer in a randomised phase II study: the EORTC Lung Cancer Cooperative Group, Eur J Cancer 1992; 28: 96-100
134. Ball D, Bishop J, Crennan E, et al. Concurrent radiotherapy and carboplatin in non small-cell lung cancer: a pilot study using conventional and accelerated fractionation. Aus Radiol 1991 : 35: 66-7
135. Pallares C, Izquierdo MA, Paredes A. et al. A phase II trial of carboplatin in untreated patients with extensive stage small cell lung cancer. Cancer 1991; 68: 40-2
136. Le Chevalier T, Thomas F, Subirana R. et al. A phase II study of the combination of carboplatin and ifosfamide in previously untreated metastatic small cell lung carcinoma. Cancer 1991; 67: 2980-3
137. Gatzemeier U, Heckmayr M, Hossfeld DK, el al. Phase II study of carboplatin in untreated inoperable non-small -cell lung cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1990; 26: 369-72
138. Lippoo K, Nikkanen V, Heinonen E, Carboplatin and etoposide in advanced lung cancer- a phase I study Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1990; 27: 229-33
139. Hainsworth JD, Stroup SL, Greco FA. Paclitaxel carboplatin and extended schedule etoposide in the treatment of small cell lung carcinoma. Cancer 1996; 77: 2458-63
140. Muggia FM, Vafai D, Natale R, et al. Paclitaxel 3-hour infusion given alone and combination with carboplatin: preliminary results of dose-escalation trials. Semin Oncol 1995; 22 (4 Suppl. 9): 63-6
141. Rowinsky EK, Flood WA, Sartorius SE. et al. Phase I study of paclitaxel as a 3-hour infusion followed by carboplatin in untreated patients with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer. Semin Oncol 1995; 22 (4 Suppl. 9): 48-54
142. Johnson DH, Paul DM, Hande KR. et al. Paclitaxel plus carboplatin for advanced lung cancer: preliminary results of a Vanderbilt University phase II trial -LUN-46. Semin Oncol 1995; 22 (4 Suppl. 9): 30-3
143. Belani CP, Aisner J, Hiponia D, et al. Paclitaxel and carboplatin with and without filgrastim support in patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Semin Oncol 1995; 22: 18-29
144. Natale RB, A phase I/II trial of combination paclitaxel and carboplatin in advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: preliminary results of an ongoing study. Semin Oncol 1995; 22 (6 Suppl. 15): 34-7
145. Jeremic B, Zivic DJ, Djuric LJ, et al. Carboplatin and radiation therapy for stage IV carcinoma of the head and neck preliminary results of a phase II study. J Chemother 1992; 4: 180-4
146. Ausili-Cefaro G, Marmiroli L, Nardone L, et al. Prolonged conlinuous infusion of carboplatin and concomitant radiotherapy in advanced head and neck cancer. Am J Clin Oncol 1995; 18: 273-6
147. Gehanno P, Depondt J, Peunegre R. et al. Neoadjuvant combination of carboplatin and 5-FU in head and neck cancer: a randomized study. Ann Oncol 1992; 3 (Suppl. 31: S43-6
148. Orecchia R, Ragona R, Airoldi M, et al. Concomitant radiotherapy and daily low-dose carboplatin in locally advanced unreseclahle head and neck cancer. Acta Oncol 1994; 33: 541-5
149. Zamboglou N, Schnabel T, Kolotas C, et al. Carboplatin and radiotherapy in the treatment of head and neck cancer: six years' experience. Semin Oncol 1994;21 (5 Suppl. 12): 45-53
150. Pekkola-Heino K, Kulmala J, Grenman R. Carboplatin-radiation interaction in squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1992; 118: 1312-5
151. Osoba D, Flores AD, Hay JH, et al. Phase I study of concurrent carboplatin and radiotherapy in previously untreated patients with stage III and IV head and neck cancer. Head Neck 1991; 13:217-22
152. Volling P, Staar S, Achterrath W, et al. Carboplatin plus radiation therapy in head and neck cancer. Semin Oncol 1991; 18 (1 Suppl. 2): 17-22
153. Forastiere AA. Overview of platinum chemotherapy in head and neck cancer. Semin Oncol 1994; 21:5 (Suppl. 12): 20-7
154. Chatelut E, Boddy AV, Peng B. et al. Population pharmacokinetics of carboplatin in children. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996; 59: 436-43
155. Zoubek A, Kajtar P, Flucher-Wolfram B, et al. Response of untreated stage IV Wilms' tumor to single dose carboplatin assessed by 'up front' window therapy. Med Pediatr Oncol 1995; 25: 8-11
156. de Camargo B, Melargno R, Saba E, et al. Phase II study of carboplatin as a single drug for relapsed Wilms' tumor: experience of the Brazilian Wilms' Tumor Study Group. Med Pediatr Oncol 1994; 22: 258-60
157. Ettinger LJ, Gaynon PS, Krailo MD, et al. A phase II study of carboplatin in children with recurrent or progressive solid tumors A report from the childrens cancer group. Cancer 1994; 73: 1297-301
158. Ettinger LJ, Krailo MD, Gaynon PS, et al. A phase I study of carboplatin in children with acute leukemia in bone marrow relapse A report from the Childrens Cancer Group. Cancer 1993; 72: 917-22
159. Friedmand HS, Krischer JP, Burger P, et al. Treatment of children with progressive or recurrent brain tumors with carboplatin or iproplatin: a pediatric oncology group randomized phase II study. J Clin Oncol 1992; 10: 249-56
160. Gaynon PS, Ettinger LJ, Baum ES, et al. Carboplatin in childhood brain tumors A children's cancer study group phase II trial. Cancer 1990; 66: 2465-9
161. Colombo N, Speyer JL, Green M, et al. Phase II study of carboplatin in recurrent ovarian cancer: severe hematological toxicity in previously treated patients. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1989; 23: 323-8
162. Green JA, Smith K. Dose intensity of carboplatin in combination with cyclophosphamide or ifosfamide. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1990; 26 Suppl.: S22-5
163. Egorin MJ, Forrest A. Pharmacokinetics and dosage reduction of cis-diammine(11-cyclobutanedicarboxylato)platinum in patients with impaired renal function [reply to: RG Fish, et al. 1987]. Cancer Res 1987; 47: 3606-7
164. Fish RG, Shelley MD, Griffiths H, et al. A dosing scheme for carboplatin in adult cancer patients based upon pre-infusion renal function and platelet count. Anticancer Drugs 1994; 5: 527-32
165. Calvert HA, Harland SJ, Newell DR, et al. Phase I studies with carboplatin a the Royal Marsden Hospital. Cancer Treat Rev 1985; 12 Suppl. A: 51-7
166. Harland SJ, Newell DR, Siddik ZH, et al. Pharmacokinetics of cis-diammine-11-cyclobutane dicarboxylato platinum (II) in patients with normal and impaired renal function. Cancer Res 1984; 44: 1693-7
167. Calvert AH, Newell DR, Gumbrell LR, et al. Carboplatin: prospective pharmacokinetically guided dose-escalation in relation to renal function [abstract]. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1987; 6: 45
168. van Warmerdam LJC, Rodenhuis S, ten Bokkel Huinink WW, et al. The use of the Calvert formula to determine the optimal carboplatin dosage. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1995; 121:478-86
169. Shea T, Graham M, Bernard S, et al. A clinical and pharmacokinetic study of high-dose carboplatin paclitaxel granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and peripheral blood stem cells in patients with unresectable or metastatic cancer. Semin Oncol 1995; 22: 80-5
170. Sheiner LB, Beal SL. Some suggestions for measuring predictive performance. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1981; 9: 503-13
171. Cockcroft DW, Gault MH. Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Nephron 1976; 16: 31-41
172. Millward MJ, Rischin D, Webster LK, et al. Carboplatin dosing based on measurement of renal function - experience at the Peter MacCullum Cancer Institute. Aust NZ J Med 1996; 26: 372-9
173. Gaynon PS. Carboplatin in pediatric malignancies. Semin Oncol 1994; 21 (5 Suppl. 12): 65-76
174. van Warmerdam LJC, Rodenhuis S, van Tellingen O. et al. Validation of a limited sampling model for carboplatin in a high-dose chemotherapy combination. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1994; 35: 179-81
175. Ghazal-Aswad S, Newell DR, Calvert AH. A single sample assay for the calculation of the area under the free carboplatin plasma concentration vs time curve [abstract]. Br J Cancer 1991; 63: 44
176. Duffull SB, Begg EJ, Robinson BA. Comparison of two Bayesian methods with the method of Calvert for dose individualisation of carboplatin [abstract]. Proc Aust Soc Clin Exp Pharmacol Toxicol 1996; 3: 58
177. Ranson MR, Scarffe JH. Population and Bayesian pharmacokinetics in oncology. Clin Oncol 1994; 6: 254-60