Transplant therapy: Recovery of function after spinal cord injury

Journal of Neurotrauma

Volumn 14, Issue 8, 1997, Pages 479-506

  Zompa, Edward A ^a   Cain, Lisa D ^a   Everhart, Alex W ^a   Moyer, Mary Pat ^b   Hulsebosch, Claire E ^a  

^a University of Texas Medical Branch School of Medicine   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER AT SAN ANTONIO   (United States)

Author keywords

Behavior; CNS; Human fetal spinal cord cells; Human fetal tissue; Human progenitor cells; Review; Spinal cord injury; Transplants

Indexed keywords

ADRENAL GLAND; ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; CELL RENEWAL; CELL TRANSPLANTATION; CONFERENCE PAPER; CONTROLLED STUDY; FETUS; FETUS CELL; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; HUMAN TISSUE; HYBRIDOMA; MALE; MOTONEURON; NERVE CELL; NERVE FIBER REGENERATION; NONHUMAN; OPEN FIELD BEHAVIOR; PERIPHERAL NERVE; RAT; SCHWANN CELL; SPINAL CORD INJURY; SPINAL GANGLION;

EID: 0030752112     PISSN: 08977151     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/neu.1997.14.479     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (159)

1. AGUAYO, A.J. (1985). Axonal regeneration from injured neurons in the adult mammalian central nervous system, in: Synaptic Plasticity, C.W. Cotman (ed), Guilford Press: NY, pp. 457-484.
2. ALOISI, F., GIAMPAOLO, A., RUSSO, G., PESCHLE, C., and LEVI, G. (1992). Developmental appearance, antigenic profile, and proliferation of glial cells of the human embryonic spinal cord: An immunocytochemical study using dissociated cultured cells. Glia 5, 171-181.
3. ANDERSON, D.K., HOWLAND, D.R., and REIER, P.J. (1995). Fetal neural grafts and repair of the injured spinal cord. Brain Path. 5, 451-457.
4. BACKES, M.G., LUND, R.D., LAGENAUR, C.F., KUNZ, H.W., and GILL, T.J. (1990). Cellular events associated with peripherally induced rejection of mature neural xenografts placed into neonatal rat brains. J. Comp. Neurol. 295, 428-437.
5. BARBEAU, H., and ROSSIGNOL, S. (1987). Recovery of locomotion after chronic spinalization in the adult cat. Brain Res. 386, 84-95.
6. BASSO, D.M., BEATTIE, M.S., and BRESHNAHAN, J.C. (1995). A sensitive and reliable locomotor rating scale for open field testing in rats. J. Neurotrauma 12, 1-21.
7. BERKOWITZ, M., HARVEY, C., GREENE, C.G., and WILSON, S.E. (1992). The Economic Consequences of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. Demos Publ., New York.
8. BERNSTEIN, J.J., and STANDLER, N. (1983). Dendritic alteration of spinal motoneuron after dorsal horn mince: Computer reconstruction of dendritic fields. Exp. Neurol. 82, 532-540.
9. BERNSTEIN, J.J., WACKER, W., and STANDLER, N. (1984). Spinal motoneuron dendritic alteration after spinal cord hemisection in the rat. Exp. Neurol. 83, 548-554.
10. BJORKLUND, A., STENEVI, U., SCHMIDT, R.H., DUNNET, S.B., and GAGE, F.H. (1983). Intracerebral grafting of neuronal suspensions. II. Survival and growth of nigral cell suspensions implanted in different brain sites. Acta Physiol. (Suppl) 522, 9-18.
11. BOTTENSTEIN, J.E., and SATO, G. (1979). Growth of a rat neuroblastoma cell line in serum-free supplemented medium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 76, 514-517.
12. BRAT, D.J., WINDEBANK, A.J., and BRIMIJOIN, S. (1992). Emulsifier for intravenous cyclosporine inhibits neurite outgrowth, causes deficits in rapid axonal transport and leads to structural abnormalities in differentiating N1E.115 neuroblastoma. J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 261, 803-810.
13. BREGMAN, B.S. (1987). Spinal cord transplants permits the growth of serotonergic axons across the site of neonatal spinal cord transection. Dev. Brain Res. 34, 265-279.
14. BREGMAN, B.S., and KUNKEL-BAGDEN, E. (1988). Effect of target and non-target transplants on neurons survival and axonal elongation after injury to the developing spinal cord. Prog. Brain Res. 78, 205-211.
15. BREGMAN, B.S., KUNKEL-BAGDEN, E., SCHNELL, L., DAI, H.N., GAO, D., and SCHWAB, M.E. (1995). Recovery from spinal cord injury mediated by antibodies to neurite growth inhibitors. Nature 378, 498-501.
16. BREGMAN, B.S., and REIER, P. (1986). Neural tissue transplants rescue axotomized rubrospinal cells from retrograde death. J. Comp. Neurol. 244, 86-95.
17. BRUNDIN, P., STRECKER, R.E., WIDNER, H., CLARK, D.J., NILSSON, O.G., ASTEDT, B., and BJORKLUND, A. (1988). Human fetal dopamine neurons grafted in a rat model of Parkinsons disease. Exp. Brain Res. 60, 204-208.
18. BUC-CARON, M.H. (1995). Neuroepithelial progenitor cells explanted from human fetal brain proliferate and differentiate in vitro. Neurobiol Dis 2, 37-47.
19. CALVET, M.C., LEVALLOIS, C., CALVET, J., and KAMENKA, J.M. (1993). GABAergic neurons in human spinal cord cultures: a computer aided analysis of normal and thienyl-phencycladine-treated cells. Brain Res. 608, 299-309.
20. CARONI, P., and SCHWAB, M.E. (1988). Two membrane protein fractions from rat central myelin with inhibitory properties for neunte growth and fibroblast spreading. J. Cell Biol. 106, 1281-1288.
21. CATTANEO, E., and MCKAY, R. (1990). Proliferation and differentiation of neuronal stem cells regulated by nerve growth factor. Nature 347, 762-765.
22. CHALMERS-REDMAN, R.M.E., PRIESTLEY, T., KEMP, J.A., and FINE, A. (1997). In vitro propagation and inducible differentiation of multipotential progenitor cells from human fetal brain. Neuroscience 76, 1121-1128.
23. CHENG, H., YIHAI, C., and OLSON, L. (1996). Spinal cord repair in adult paraplegic rats: Partial restoration of hind limb function. Science 273, 510-513.
24. CHRISTENSEN, M.D., EVERHART, A.W., PICKELMAN, J.T., and HULSEBOSCH, C.E. (1996). Mechanical and thermal allodynia in chronic central pain following spinal cord injury. Pain 68, 97-107.
25. CRUTCHER, K.A. (1989). Tissue sections from the mature rat brain and spinal cord as substrates for neurite outgrowth in vitro: extensive growth on grey matter but little growth on white matter. Exp. Neurol. 104, 39-54.
26. DARR, A.S., FUGGLE, S.V., and FABRE, J.W. (1984). The detailed distribution of HLA-A, B, C antigens in normal human organs. Transplantation 38, 287-292.
27. DE LA TORRE, J.C., and GOLDSMITH, H.S. (1990). Collagen-omental graft in experimental spinal cord transection. Acta Neurochir. 102, 152-163.
28. DEMIERRE, B., RUEZ-FLANDES, P., MARTINOU, J.C., and KATO, A.C. (1990). Grafting of embryonic motoneurons into adult spinal cord and brain. Prog. Brain Res. 82, 233-237.
29. DICKSON, J.G., KESSELRING, J., WALSH, F.S., and DAVISON, A.N. (1985). Cellular distribution of O4 antigen and galactocerebroside in primary cultures of human fetal spinal cord. Acta Neuropathol. 68, 340-344.
30. DIXON, C.E., LYRTH, B.C., POVLISHOCK, J.T., FINDLING, R.L., HAMM, R.J., MARMAROU, A., YOUNG, H.F., and HAYES, R.L. (1987). A fluid percussion model of experimental brain injury in the rat. J. Neurosurg. 67, 110-119.
31. ELDER, G.A., and MAJOR, E.O. (1988). Early appearance of type II astrocytes in developing human fetal brain. Dev. Brain Res. 42, 146-150.
32. ERKMAN, L., TOUZEAU, G., BERTRAND, D., BADER, C.R., and KATO, A.C. (1989a). Characterization of dissociated monolayer cultures of human spinal cord. Brain Res. Bull. 22, 57-65.
33. ERKMAN, L., WAURIN, L., CADELLI, D., and KATO, A.C. (1989b). Interferon induces astrocyte maturation causing an increase in cholinergic properties of cultured human spinal cord cells. Dev. Biol. 132, 375-388.
34. FINE, A. (1990). Transplantation of adrenal tissue into the central nervous system. Brain Res. Rev. 15, 121-133.
35. FOLKERTH, R.D., and DURSO, R. (1996). Survival and proliferation of nonneural tissues with obstruction of cerebral ventricles, in a parkinsonian patient treated with fetal allografts. Neurology 46, 1219-1225.
36. FRANK, B., PERDRIZET, G.A., WHITE, H.M., MARSH, J.W., LEMANN, W., and WOODLE, E.S. (1993). Neurotoxicity of FK-506 in liver transplant recipients. Transplantation Proc. 25, 1887-1888.
37. FREDERIKSEN, K., and MCKAY, R.D.G. (1988). Proliferation and differentiation of rat neuroepithelial precursor cells in vivo. J. Neurosci. 8, 1144-1151.
38. FREED, C.R., BREEZE, R.E., ROSENBERG, N.L., SCHNECK, S.A., KRIEK, E., QI, J.X., LONE, T., ZHANG, Y.B., SNYDER, J.A., and WELLS, T.H. (1992). Survival of implanted fetal dopamine cells and neurologic improvement to 46 months after transplantation for Parkinson's disease. New Engl. J. Med. 327, 1549-1555.
39. FRYER, J.P., FORTIER, M.V., METRAKOS, P., VERRAN, D.J., ASFAR, S.K., PELZ, D.M., WALL, W.J., GRANT, D.R., and GHENT, C.N. (1996). Central pontine myelinolysis and cyclosporine neurotoxicity following liver transplantation. Transplantation 61, 658-661.
40. GAGE, F.H., COATES, P.W., PALMER, T.D., KUHN, H.G., FISHER, L.J., SUHONEN, J.O., PETERSON, D.A., SUHR, S.T., and RAY, J. (1995). Survival and differentiation of adult neuronal progenitor cells transplanted to the adult brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 11879-11883.
41. GAGE, F.H., KAWAJA, M.D., and FISHER, L.J. (1991). Genetically modified cells: applications for intracerebral grafting. Trends in Neurosci. 14, 328-333.
42. GAGE, F.H., WOLFF, J.A., ROSENBURG, M.D., XU, L., YEE, J.K., SHULTS, C., and FRIEDMANN, T. (1987). Grafting genetically modified cells to the brain. Neuroscience 23, 795-807.
43. GENSBURGER, C., LABOURDETTE, G., and SENSENBRENNER, M. (1987). Brain basic fibroblast growth factor stimulates the proliferation of rat neuronal precursor cells in vitro. FEBS Lett. 217, 1-5.
44. GERDES, J., SCHWAB, U., LEMKE, H., and STEIN, H. (1983). Production of a mouse monoclonal antibody reactive with a human nuclear antigen associated with cell proliferation. Int. J. Cancer 31, 13-20.
45. GILDENBERG, P.L., PETTIGREW, L.C., MERREL, R., BUTLER, I., CONKLIN, A., KATZ, J., and DEFRANCE, J. (1990). Transplantation of adrenal medullary tissue to caudate nucleus using stereotactic techniques. Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg. 54, 268-271.
46. GILEROVICH, E.G., FEDEROVA, E.A., and OTELLIN, V.A. (1991). Transplantation of human embryonal tissue into the spinal cord of adult rats. Neurosci. Behav. Physiol. 21, 193-198.
47. GOLDBERGER, M.E. (1988). Spared-root deafferentation of a cat's hindlimb: Hierarchical regulation of pathways mediating recovery of motor behavior. Exp. Brain Res. 73, 329-342.
48. GOLDBERGER, M.E., and MURRAY, M. (1985). Recovery of function and anatomical plasticity after damage to the adult and neonatal spinal cord, in: Synaptic Plasticity, C.W. Cotman (ed.), Guilford Press: NY, pp. 77-100.
49. HALLAS, B.H. (1982). Transplantation into the mammalian adult spinal cord. Experientia 38, 699-701.
50. HALLAS, B.H. (1984). Transplantation of embryonic rat spinal cord or neocortex into the intact or lesioned adult spinal cord. Appl. Neurophysiol. 47, 43-50, 1984.
51. HATTON, J.D., LECHTMAN, A.N., and U, H.S. (1992). Formation of PC 12 tumors after transplantation into rat brains: Dependence of time ocurse on host age. Cancer Res. 52, 1933-1937.
52. MENSCHEN, A.F., STROMBERG, I., BYGDEMAN, M., DAHL, D., HOFFER, B., SEIGER, A., and OLSON, I. (1989). Human fetal spinal cord xenografts survive in the eye of athymic nude rat hosts. Exp. Brain Res. 75, 317-326.
53. HERNANDEZ, T.D., and SCHALLERT, T. (1988). Seizures and recovery from experimental brain damage. Exp. Neurol. 102, 318-324.
54. HIMES, B.T., GOLDBERGER, M.E., and TESSLER, A. (1994). Grafts of fetal central nervous system tissue rescue axotomized Clarke's nucleus neurons in adult and neonatal operates. J. Comp. Neurol. 339, 117-131.
55. HORELLOU, P., BRUNDIN, P., KALEN, P., MALLET, J., and BJORKLUNG, A. (1990). In vivo release of dopa and dopamine from genetically engineered cells grafted to the denervated rat striatum. Neuron 5, 393-402.
56. HORNER, P.J., and STOKES, B.T. (1995). Fetal transplantation following spinal contusion injury results in chronic alterations in CNS glucose metabolism. Exp. Neurol. 133, 231-243.
57. HOULE, J.D. (1992). The structural integrity of glial scar tissue associated with a chronic spinal cord lesion can be altered by transplanted fetal spinal cord tissue. J. Neurosci. Res. 31, 120-130.
58. HOULE, J.D. (1991). Demonstration of the potential for chronically injured neurons to regenerate axons into intraspinal peripheral nerve grafts. Exp. Neurol. 113, 1-9.
59. HOULE, J.D., and REIER, P.J. (1988). Transplantation of fetal spinal cord tissue into the chronically injured adult rat spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 269, 535-546.
60. HOULE, J.D., and REIER, P.J. (1989). Regrowth of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactive axons from the chronically injured rat cord into fetal spinal cord tissue transplants. Neurosci. Lett. 103, 253-258.
61. HOULE, J.D., SKINNER, R.D., GARCIA-RILL, E., and TURNER, K.L. (1996). Synaptic evoked potentials for regenerating dorsal root axons within fetal spinal cord tissue transplants. Exp. Neurol. 139, 278-290.
62. HOWLAND, D.R., BREGMAN, B.S., TESSLER, A., and GOLDBERGER, M.E. (1995). Transplants enhance locomotion in neonatal kittens whose spinal cords are transected: a behavioral and anatomical study. Exp. Neurol. 135, 123-145.
63. ITOH, Y., and TESSLER, A. (1990a). Ultrastructural organization of regenerated adult dorsal root axons within transplants of fetal spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 292, 396-411.
64. ITOH, Y., and TESSLER, A. (1990b). Regeneration of adult dorsal root axons into transplants of fetal spinal cord and brain: A comparison of growth and synapse formation in appropriate and inappropriate targets. J. Comp. Neurol. 302, 272-293.
65. JAKEMAN, L.B., REIER, P.J., BREGMAN, B.S., WADE, E.B., DAILEY, M., KASTNER, R.J., HIMES, B.T., and TESSLER, A. (1989). Differentiation of substantia gelatinosa-like regions in intraspinal and intracerebral transplants of embryonic spinal cord tissue in the rat. Exp. Neurol. 103, 17-33.
66. KATO, A.C., and LINDSAY, R.M. (1994). Overlapping and additive effects of neurotrophins and CNTF on cultured human spinal cord neurons. Exp. Neurol. 130, 196-201.
67. KATO, A.C., TOUZEAU, D., BERTRAND, D., and BADER, C.R. (1985). Human spinal cord neurons in dissociated monolayer cultures: morphological, biochemical, and electrophysiological properties. J Neurosci 5, 2750-2761.
68. KILPATRICK, T.J., and BARTLETT, P.E. (1993). Cloning and growth of multipotential neural precursors: Requirements for proliferation and differentiation. Neuron 10, 255-265.
69. KIM, S.U., KRIEGER, C., and EISEN, A. (1991). Human and rodent spinal cord neurons in culture. Adv Neurol 56, 57-66.
70. KIM, S.U., MORETTO, G., LEE, V., and YU, R.K. (1986). Neuroimmunology of gangliosides in human neurons and glial cells in culture. J. Neurosci. Res. 15, 303-321.
71. KIM, S.U., OSBORNE, D.N., KIM, M.W., SPIGELMAN. I., PUHL, E., SHIN, D.H., and EISEN, A. (1988). Long term culture of human fetal spinal cord neurons: morphological, immunocytochemical and electrophysiological characteristics. Neuroscience 25, 659-670.
72. KIM, S.U., YONG, V.W., WATABE. K., and SHIN, D.H. (1989). Human fetal Schwann cells in culture: phenotypic expressions and proliferative capacity. J. Neurosci. Res. 22, 50-59.
73. KOO SEEN LIN, L.C., WELSH, K.I., KOFFMAN, C.G., and MCCOLL, I. (1992). Regulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) products in fresh and cultured human fetal pancreatia aged 9-16 gestational weeks by gamma Interferon. Transplant Int. 5, 96-100.
74. KOZLOVA, E.N., ROSARIO, C.M., STROMBERG, I., BYDGEMAN, M., and ALDSKOGIUS, H. (1995). Peripherally grafted human fetal dorsal root ganglion cells extend axons into the spinal cord of adult host rats by circumventing dorsal root entry zone astrocytes. NeuroReport 6, 269-272.
75. KUNKEL-BAGDEN, E., and BREGMAN, B.S. (1990). Spinal cord transplants enhance the recovery of locomotor function after spinal cord injury at brith. Exp. Brain Res. 81, 25-34.
76. LAMPSON, L.A. (1987). Molecular bases of the immune response to neural antigens. Trends Neurosci. 10, 211, 216.
77. LAMPSON, L.A., and HICKEY, W.F. (1986). Monoclonal antibody analysis of MHC expression in human brain biopsies: tissue ranging from histologically normal to that showing differing levels of glial tumor involvement. J. Immun. 136, 4054-4062.
78. LENDAHL, U., ZIMMERMAN, L.B., and MCKAY, R.D.G. (1990). CNS stem cells express a new class of intermediate filament protein. Cell 60, 585-595.
79. LEVALLOIS, C., CALVET, C.M., PETITE, D., and KAMENKA, J.M. (1994). Neuroprotective effect of N-methyl-D-aspartate non-competitive antagonists (arylcyclohexylamine derivatives) on cultured spinal cord cells. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 12, 547-555.
80. LEVALLOIS, C., CALVET, C.M., KAMENKA, J.M., PETITE, D., and PRIVAT, A. (1992). TCP enhances the survival of human fetal spinal cord cells in culture. Brain Res 573, 327-330.
81. MACMILLAN, M., and STAUFFER, E.S. (1991). The effect of omental pedicle graft transfer on spinal microcirculation and laminectomy membrane formation. Spine 16, 176-180.
82. MARTIN, D., SCHOENEN, J., DELREE, P., LEPRINCE, P., REGISTER, B., and MOONEN, G. (1992). Grafts of syngenic cultured, adult dorsal root ganglion - derived Schwann cells to the injured spinal cord of adult rats: preliminary morphological studies. Neurosci Lett 124, 44-48.
83. MCNEILL, D.L., and HULSEBOSCH, C.E. (1987). Intraspinal sprouting of primary afferents after deafferentation. Neurosci. Lett. 81, 57-62.
84. MCNEILL, D.L., CARLTON, S.M., and HULSEBOSCH, C.E. (1991). Intraspinal sprouting of calcitonin gene - related peptide containing primary afferents after deafferentation in the rat. Exp. Neurol. 114, 321-329.
85. MORSHEAD, C.M., and VAN DER KOOY, D. (1992). Postmitotic death is the fate of constituitively proliferating cells in the subependymal layer of the adult mouse brain. J. Neurosci. 12, 249-256.
86. MOYER, M.P. (1991). Methods for propagation and characterization of human GI and other cells for study of HIV. J. Tiss. Cul. Meth. 13, 107-116.
87. MOYER, M.P. (1990). The in vitro propagation and characterization of normal, preneoplastic and neoplastic colonic epithelial cells. In: M.P. Moyer, G. Poste, eds. Colon Cancer Cells, San Diego: Academic Press, 85-136.
88. MUELLER, A.R., PLATZ, K.P., CHRISTIE, W., BECHSTEIN, W.O., BLUMHARDT, G., and NEUHAUS, P. (1994). Severe neurotoxicity after liver transplantation: association between FK-506 therapy and hepatitis C virus disease. Transplantation Proc. 26, 3131-3132.
89. MURPHY, M., DRAGO, J., and BARTLETT, P.E. (1990). Fibroblast growth factor stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of neural precursor cells in vitro. J. Neurosci. Res. 25, 463-475.
90. MURRAY, M., and GOLDBERGER, M.E. (1974). Restitution of function and collateral sprouting in the cat spinal cord: The partially hemisected animal. J. Comp. Neurol. 158, 19-36.
91. NOTHIAS, F., and PESCHANSKI, M. (1990). Homotypic fetal transplants into an experimental model of spinal cord neurodegeneration. J. Comp. Neurol. 301, 520-534.
92. PAINO, C., and BUNGE, M.B. (1991). Induction of axon growth into Schwann cell implants grafted into lesioned adult rat spinal cord. Exp. Neurol. 114, 254-257.
93. PAINO, C.L., FERNANDEZ-VALLE, C., BATES, M.L., and BUNGE, M.B. (1994). Regrowth of axons in lesioned adult rat spinal cord: promotion by implants of cultured Schwann cells. J. Neurocytol. 23, 433-452.
94. PAPPAS, G.D., and SAGEN, J. (1986). Fine structure of PC12 cell implants in the rat spinal cord. Neurosci. Lett. 70, 59-64.
95. PARK, S.H., BAE, Y.M., KIM, T.J., HA, I.S., KIM, S., CHI, J.G., and LEE, S.K. (1992). HLA-DR expression in human fetal thymocytes. Human Immunol. 33, 294-298.
96. POLISTINA, D.C., MURRAY, M., and GOLDBERGER, M.E. (1990). Plasticity of dorsal root and descending serotonergic projections after partial deafferentation of the adult rat spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 299, 349-363.
97. PRIVAT, A., MANSOUR, H., RAJAOFETRA, N., and GEFFARD, M. (1989). Intraspinal transplants of serotonergic neurons in the adult rat. Brain Res. Bull. 22, 123-129.
98. PUIL, E., SPIGELMAN, I., EISEN, A., and KIM, S.U. (1986). Electrophysiological responses of human spinal neurons in culture. Neurosci. Lett. 71, 77-82.
99. RAFF, M.C., MILLER, R.H., and NOBLE, M. (1983). A glial progenitor cell that develops in vitro into an astrocyte or an oligodendrocyte depending on culture medium. Nature 303, 390-396.
100. RAJAOFETRA, N., POULAT, P., MARLIER, L., SANDILLON, F., DRIAN, J., KONIG, V., FAMOSE, F., VERSCHUER, B., GOUY, D., GEFFARD, M., and PRIVAT, A. (1992). Transplantation of embryonic serotonin immunoreactive neurons into the transected spinal cord of adult monkey (Macaca fascicularis). Brain Res. 572, 329-334.
101. RAMON Y CAJAL, S. (1928). Degeneration and Regeneration of the Nervous System. (R.M. May, Trans.). Oxford University Press: NY.
102. RAY, J., and GAGE, F.H. (1994). Spinal cord neuroblasts proliferate in response to basic fibroblast growth factor. J. Neurosci. 14, 3548-3564.
103. REDMOND, D.E. (1993). Neural transplantation for neurodegenerative diseases: past, present, and future. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 24, 258-266.
104. REIER, P.J., ANDERSON, D.K., THOMSPON, F.J., and STOKES, B.T. (1992). Neural tissue transplantation and CNS trauma: Anatomical and functional repair of the injured spinal cord. J. Neurotrauma 9, Suppl. 1, S223-S248.
105. REIER, P.J., BREGMAN, B.S., and WUJEK, J.R. (1986). Intraspinal transplantation of embryonic spinal cord tissue in neonatal and adult rats. J. Comp. Neurol. 247, 275-296.
106. REIER, P.J., STOKES, B.T., THOMPSON, F.J., and ANDERSON, D.K. (1992). Fetal cell grafts into resection and contusion/compression injuries of the rat and cat spinal cord. Exp. Neurol. 115, 177-188.
107. REYNOLDS, B.A., TETZLAFF, W., and WEISS, S. (1992). A multipotent EGF responsive striatal embryonic progenitor cell produces neurons and astrocytes. Neuroscience 12, 4565-4574.
108. REYNOLDS, B.A., and WEISS, S. (1992). Generation of neurons and astrocytes from isolated cells of the adult mammalian central nervous system. Science 255, 1707-1710.
109. RIBS, F., KESSELRING, J., and MEIER, C. (1989). Human oligodendrocytes in dissociated cell culture. Acta Neuropathol 78, 317-324.
110. RICHARDSON, P.M., ISSA, V.M.K., and AGUAYO, A.J. (1984). Regeneration of long spinal axons in the rat. J. Neurocytol. 13, 165-182.
111. RICHARDSON, P.M., MCGUINNESS, U.M., and AGUAYO, A.J. (1980). Axons from CNS neurons regenerate into PNS grafts. Nature 284, 264-265.
112. RICHARDSON, P.M., MCGUINNESS, U.M., and AGUAYO, A,J. (1982). Peripheral nerve autografts to the rat spinal cord: studies with axonal tracing methods. Brain Res. 237, 147-162.
113. RONNETT, G.V., HESTER, L.D., NYE, J.S., CONNORS, K., and SNYDER, S.H. (1990). Human cortical neuronal cell line: establishment from a patient with unilateral megalencephaly. Science 248, 603-605.
114. RUHLAND, B., WALKER, L., and PETERSON, C.M. (1994). Human fetal islet response to interferon gamma. Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. 24, 312-323.
115. SABATE, O., HORELLOU, P., VIGNE, V., COLIN, P., PERRICAUDET, M., BUC-CARON, H., and MALLET, J. (1995). Transplantation to the rat brain of human neural progenitors that were genetically modified using adenoviruses. Nature Gen. 9, 256-260.
116. SAGEN, J., WANG, H., and PAPPAS, G.C. (1990). Adrenal medullary implants in the rat spinal cord reduce nociception in a chronic pain model. Pain 42, 69-79.
117. SASAKI, A., HIRATO, J., NAKAZATO, Y., and ISHIDA, Y. (1988). Immunohistochemical study of the early human fetal brain. Acta Neuropathol. 72, 128-134.
118. SATOH, J., and KIM, S.U. (1995). Ganglioside markers GD3, GD2, and A2B5 in fetal human neurons and glial cells in culture. Dev. Neurosci. 17, 137-148.
119. SATOH, J., and KIM, S.U. (1994). Proliferation and differentiation of fetal human oligodendrocytes in culture. J Neurosci Res 39, 260-272.
120. SATOH, J., MURAMATSU, H., MORETTO, G., MURAMATSU, T., CHANG, H.J., KIM, S.T., CHO, J.M., and KIM, S.U. (1993). Midkine that promotes survival of fetal human neurons is produced by fetal human astrocytes in culture. Brain Res. 75, 201-205.
121. SAVIO, T., and SCHWAB, M.E. (1989). Rat CNS white matter, but not gray matter, is nonpermissive for neuronal cell adhesion and fiber outgrowth. J. Neurosci. 9, 1126-1133.
122. SCHNELL, L., and SCHWAB, M.E. (1990). Axonal regeneration in the rat spinal cord produced by an antibody against myelin - associated neurite growth inhibitors. Nature 343, 269-272.
123. SCHNELL, L., and SCHWAB, M.E. (1993). Sprouting and regeneration of lesioned corticospinal tract fibres in the adult rat spinal cord. Eur. J. Neurosci. 5, 1156-1171.
124. SHIMOHAMA, S., ROSENBURG, M.B., FAGAN, A.M., WOLFF, J.A., SHORT, M.P., BREAKFIELD, X.O., FRIEDMANN, T., and GAGE, F.H. (1989). Grafting genetically modified cells into the rat brain: characteristics of E. coli beta-galactosidase as a reporter gene. Brain Res. 5, 271-278.
125. SIERADZAN, K., and VRBOVA, G. (1993). Observations on the survival of grafted embryonic motoneurons in the spinal cord of developing rats. Exp. Neurol. 122, 223-231.
126. SNYDER, E.Y. (1994). Grafting immortalized neurons to the CNS. Current Opinion Neurobiol. 4, 742-751.
127. SNYDER, E.Y., DEITCHER, D.L., WALSH, C., ARNOLDALDEA, S., HARTWEIG, E.A., and CEPKO, C.L. (1992). Multipotent neural cell lines can engraft and participate in development of mouse cerebellum. Cell 68, 33-51.
128. STAUFFER, J.S., MANZANO, L.A., BALCH, G.C., et al. (1995). Development and characterization of normal colonic epithelial cell lines derived from normal mucosa of patients with colon cancer. Am. J. Surg. 169, 190-196.
129. STEMPLE, D.L., and ANDERSON, D.J. (1992). Isolation of a stem cell for neurons and glia from the mammalian neural crest. Cell 71, 973-985.
130. STOKES, B.T., and REIER, P.J., (1991). Oxygen transport in intraspinal fetal grafts: graft-1 host relations Exp. Neurol. 111, 312-323.
131. STOLTENBURG-DIDlNGER, G., and BOEGNER, F. (1992). Glia toxicity in dissociation cell cultures induced by cyclosporine. Neurotoxicology 13, 179-184.
132. TARLOV, I.M., and KLINGER, H. (1954). Spinal cord compression studies. II. Time limits for recovery after acute compression in dogs. Arch. Neurol. Psych. 71, 271-290.
133. TESSLER, A. (1991). Intraspinal transplants. Ann. Neurol. 29, 115-123.
134. TESSLER, A., GLAZER, A.E., ARTYMYSHYN, R., MURRAY, M., and GOLDBERGER, M.E. (1980). Recovery of substance P in the cat spinal cord after unilateral lumbosacral deafferentation. Brain Res. 191, 459-470.
135. TESSLER, A., HIMES, B.T., ARTYMYSHYN, R., MURRAY, M., and GOLDBERGER, M.E. (1981). Spinal neurons mediate return of substance P following deafferentation of cat spinal cord. Brain Res. 230, 263-281.
136. TESSLER, A., HIMES, B.T., SOPER, K., MURRAY, M., GOLDBERGER, M.E., and REICHLIN, S. (1984). Recovery of substance P but not somatostatin in the cat spinal cord after unilateral lumbosacral dorsal rhizotomy: A quantitative study. Brain Res. 305, 95-102.
137. THEELE, D.P., SCHRIMSHER, G.W., and REIER, P.J. (1996). Comparison of the growth and fate of fetal spinal iso-and allografts in the adult rat injured spinal cord. Exp. Neurol. 142, 128-143.
138. THEELE, D.P., and REIER, P.J. (1996). Immunomodulation with intrathymic grafts or anti-lymphocyte serum promotes long-term intraspinal allograft survival. Cell Transplan. 5, 243-255.
139. TOUZEAU, G., and KATO, A.C. (1986). ALS serum has no effect on three enzymatic activities in cultured human spinal cord neurons. Neurology 36, 573-576.
140. TUSZYNSKI, M.H., GABRIEL, K., GAGE, F.H., SUHR, S., MEYER, S., and ROSETTI, A. (1996). Nerve growth factor delivery by gene transfer induces differential outgrowth of sensory, motor, and noradrenergic neuntes after adult spinal cord injury. Exp. Neurol. 137, 157-173, 1996.
141. TUSZYNSKI, M.H., PETERSON, D.A., RAY, J., BAIRD, A., and GAGE, F.H. (1994). Fibroblasts genetically modified to produce nerve growth factor induce robust neunte ingrowth after grafting to the spinal cord. Exp. Neurol. 126, 1-14.
142. UCHIDA, K., TAKAMATSU, K., KANEDA, N., TOYA, S., TSUKADA, Y., KUROSAWA, Y., FUJITA, K., NAGATSU, T., and KOHSAKA, S. (1989). Synthesis of L-3.4-dihydroxyphenylalanine by tyrosine hydroxylase cDNA-transfected C6 cells: application for intracerebral grafting. J. Neurochem. 53, 728-732.
143. VESCOVI, A.L., REYNOLDS, B.A., FRASER, D.D., and WEISS, S. (1993). BFGF regulates the proliferative fate of unipotent (neuronal) and bipotent (neuronal/astroglia) EGF-generated CNS progenitor cells. Neuron 11, 951-966.
144. WESTLUND, K.N., LU, Y., KADEKARO, M., HARMANN, P., TERRELL, M.L., PIZZO, D.P., HULSEBOSCH, C.E., EISENBERG, H.M., and PEREZ-POLO, J.R. (1995). NGF-producing transfected 3T3 cells: Behavioral and histological assessment of transplants in nigral lesioned rats. J. Neurosci. Res. 41, 367-373.
145. WESTLUND, K.N., LU, Y., WERRBACH-PEREZ, K., HULSEBOSCH, C.E., MORGAN, C., PIZZO, D.P., EISENBERG, H.M., and PEREZ-POLO, J.R. (1992). Effects of nerve growth factor and acetyl-1-carnitine arginyl amide on the human neuronal line HCN-1A. Int. J. Devel. Neurosci. 10, 361-373.
146. WICTORIN, K., and BJORKLUND, A. (1992). Axon outgrowth from grafts of human embryonic spinal cord in the lesioned adult rat spinal cord. Neuroreport 3, 1045-1048.
147. WIDNER, H. (1993). Immunologic aspects of intracerebral CNS tissue transplantation. In: Basic and Clinical Aspects of Neuroscience. O. Lindvall (ed.) Vol. 5, Springer, Heidelberg, 63-74.
148. WIDNER, H., and BRUNDIN, P. (1988). Immunological aspects of grafting in the mammalian central nervous system. Brain Res. Rev. 13, 287-324.
149. WIJDICKS, E.F., WEISNER, R.H., and KROM, R.A. (1995). Neurotoxicity in liver transplant recipients with cyclosporine immunosuppression. Neurology 45, 1962-1964.
150. WINNIE, A.P., PAPPAS, G.D., DAS GUPTA, T.K., WANG, H., ORTEGA, J.D., and SAGEN, J. (1993). Subarachnoid adrenal medullary transplants for terminal cancer pain. A report of preliminary studies. Anesthesiol. 79, 644-653.
151. WIRTH III, E.D., THEELE, D.P., MARECI, T.H., ANDERSON, D.K., BROWN, S.A., and REIER, P.J. (1992). In vivo magnetic resonance imaging of fetal cat neural tissue transplants in the adult cat spinal cord. J. Neurosurg. 76, 261-274.
152. WU, H.H., WILCOX, G.L., and MCLOON, S.C. (1994). Implantation of AtT-20 or genetically modified AtT-20/hENK cells in mouse spinal cord induced antinociception and opioid tolerance. J. Neurosci. 14, 4806-4814.
153. YE, J.N., RHRICH, F., BAILLET-DERBIN, C., and JORVAT, J.C. (1992). Co-transplantation of fetal or adult dorsal root ganglia and autologous peripheral nerve segments to the adults rat spinal cord: extensive reinnervation of the grafted nerves by the transplanted DRG cells. Dev. Neurosci. 14, 123-129.
154. YONG, W.V., KIM, S.U., KIM, M.W., and SHIN, D.H. (1988a). Growth factors for human glial cells in culture. Glia 1, 113-123.
155. YONG, V.W., KIM, S.U., and PLEASURE, D.E. (1988b). Growth factors for fetal and adult human astrocytes in culture. Brain Res. 444, 59-66.
156. YONG, V.W., YONG, F.P., RUIJS, T.C., ANTEL, J.P., and KIM, S.U. (1991). Expression and modulation of HLA-DR on cultured human adult astrocytes. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 50, 16-28.
157. YONG, V.W., and KIM, S.U. (1987). A new double labeling immunofluorescent technique for the determination of proliferation of human astrocytes in culture. J Neurosci Meth 21, 9-16.
158. YOUNG, W. (1996). Spinal cord regeneration. Science 273, 451.
159. ZHANG, B., GOLDBERGER, M.E., WU, L.F., and MURRAY, M. (1995). Plasticity of complex terminals in lamina II in partially deafferented spinal cord: The cat spared root preparation. Exp. Neurol. 132, 186-193.