Hypnotic Involuntariness and the Automaticity of Everyday Life

American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis

Volumn 40, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 329-348

  Kirsch, Irving ^a   Lynn, Steven Jay ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT   (United States)

^b BINGHAMTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR; COGNITION; CONDITIONED REFLEX; HUMAN; HYPNOSIS; SUGGESTION;

ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING; ASSOCIATION LEARNING; AUTOMATISM; CUES; HUMANS; HYPNOSIS; MOTIVATION; SUGGESTION;

EID: 0030751542     PISSN: 00029157     EISSN: 21600562     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00029157.1997.10403402     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. Ansfie1d, M. E., & Wegner, D. M. (1996). The feeling of doing. In P. M. Gollwitzer & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior. New York: Guilford. (pp. 482-506).
2. Barber, T. X. (1969). Hypnosis: A scientific approach. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
3. Bargh, J. A. (1994). The four horsemen of automaticity: Awareness, intention, efficientcy, and control in social cognition. InR. S. Wyer, Jr., & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
4. Bargh, lA., & Barndollar, K. (1996). Automaticity in action: The unconsciousas repository of chronic goals and motives. In P. M. Gollwitzer & lA. Bargh (Eds.), The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivationto behavior. New York:Guilford.
5. Bargh, J. A., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (1994). Environmental control of goal-directed action: Automatic and strategic contingencies between situations and behavior. Nebraska symposium on motivation, 41, 71-124.
6. Bowers, K. S. (1992). Imagination and dissociation in hypnotic responding. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 40, 253-275.
7. Chomsky, N. (1957). Syntactic structures. The Hague: Mouton.
8. Kirsch I., Vickery, A. R., and Carlson, D. (1983).–Trance— vs.–skill— hypnotic inductions: The effects of credibility, expectancy, and experimenter modeling. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 432-440.
9. Dennett, D. C. (1991). Consciousness explained. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company.
10. Dodge, R. (1912). The theory and limitations of introspection. American Journal of Psychology, 23, 214-229.
11. Easton, R. D. & Shor, R. E. (1976). An experimental analysis of the Chevreul pendulum illusion. The Journal of General Psychology, 95, 111-125.
12. Eysenck, H. J., Arnold, W., & Meili, R. (1979). Encyclopedia of psychology. New York: Seabury Press.
13. Gearan, P., Schoenberger, N. E., & Kirsch I. (1995). Modifying hypnotizability: A new component analysis. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 42, 70-89.
14. Goldman, M. S., Brown, S. A., & Christiansen, B. A. (1987). Expectancy theory: Thinking about drinking. In H. T. Blane & K. E. Leonard (Eds.), Psychological theories of drinking and alcoholism (pp. 181-226). New York: Guilford.
15. Gollwitzer, P. M. (1993). Goal achievement: The role of intentions. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), (Vol. 4, pp. 141-185). Chichester: Wiley.
16. Hanson, N. R. (1958). Patterns of discovery. New York: Cambridge University Press.
17. Hilgard, E. R. (1969). Altered states of awareness. Journal of Nervous andMental Disease, 149, 68-79.
18. Hilgard, E. R. (1986). Divided consciousness: Multiple controls in human thought and action (expanded ed.). New York: Wiley.
19. Hilgard, E. R. (1994). Neodissociation theory. InS. J. Lynn & J. W. Rhue (Eds.), Dissociation: Clinical, theoretical and research perspectives (pp. 32-51). New York: Guilford Press.
20. Hilgard, E. R., & Tart, C. T. (1966). Responsiveness to suggestions following waking and imagination instructions and following induction of hypnosis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 71, 196-208.
21. Hilgard, E. R., & Cooper, L. M. (1965). Spontaneous and suggested post-hypnotic amnesia. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 13, 261-273.
22. Hyland, M. E. (1985). Do person variables exist in different ways? American Psychologist, 40, 1003-1010.
23. Hull, C. L. (1933). Hypnosis and suggestibility: An experimental approach. New York: Appleton-Century Crofts.
24. Ilardi, S. S., & Craighead, W. E. (1994). The role of nonspecific factors in cognitive-behavior therapy for depression. Clinical Psychology Science and Practice, 1, 138-156.
25. Kihlstrom, J. F. (1985). Hypnosis. Annual Review of Psychology, 36, 385-418.
26. Kihlstrom, J. F. (1992). Hypnosis: A sesquicentennial essay. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 50, 301-314.
27. Kirsch I. (1985). Response expectancy as a determinant of experience and behavior. American Psychologist, 40, 1189-1202.
28. Kirsch I. (1990). Changing expectations: A key to effective psychotherapy. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
29. Kirsch I. (1991). The social learning theory of hypnosis. In S. J. Lynn & J. Rhue (Eds.), Theories of hypnosis: Current models and perspectives (pp. 439-466). New York: Guilford Press.
30. Kirsch I. (1980). Demonology and science during the scientific revolution. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 16, 359-368.
31. Kirsch I. (in press). Specifying nonspecifics: Psychological Mechanisms of Placebo Effects. In A. Harrington (Ed.), The Placebo Effect. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
32. Kirsch I. (1989). Response expectancy as a determinant of hypnotic behavior. In N. P. Spanos & J. F. Chaves (Eds.), Hypnosis: The cognitive-behavioral perspective. (pp. 360-379). Buffalo, NY: Prometeus Press.
33. Kirsch I., & Lynn, S. J. (1995). The Altered State of Hypnosis: Changes in the Theoretical Landscape. American Psychologist, 50, 846-858.
34. Kirsch I., & Lynn, S. J. (in press). Dissociation Theories of Hypnosis. Psychological Bulletin.
35. Kirsch I., Mearns, J., & Catanzaro, J. (1990). Mood-regulation expectancies as determinants of depression in college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 37, 306-312.
36. Kirsch I., Silva, c. a., Corney, G., & Reed, S. (1995). A spectral analysis of cognitive and personality variables in hypnosis: Empirical disconfirmation of the two-factor model of hypnotic responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 167-175.
37. Kuhn, T. (1970). The structure of scientific revolutions (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
38. Langer, E., Blank, A., & Chanowitz, B. (1978). The mindlessness of ostensibly thoughtful action: The role of –placebic— information in interpersonal interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 635-642.
39. Laurence, J. R., & Gendron, M. J. (1995 November). Pay atention, it may happen by itself. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, San Antonio, TX.
40. Lewicki, P. (1986). Nonconscious social information processing. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
41. Libet, B. (1985). Unconscious cerebral initiative and the role of conscious will in voluntary action. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 8, 529-566.
42. Lieberman, P. (1991). Uniquely human: The evolution of speech, thought, and selfless behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
43. Lynn, S. J., Green, J., & Jacquith, L. (1995). Hypnosis and performance standards. Manuscript submitted for publication.
44. Lynn, S. J., Nash, M. R., Rhue, J. W., Frauman, D. C, & Sweeney, C. (1984). Nonvolition, expectancies, and hypnotic rapport. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 93, 295-303.
45. Lynn, S. J., & Rhue, J. W. (1991). An integrative model of hypnosis. In S. J. Lynn, & J. W. Rhue (Eds.), Theories of hypnosis: Current models and perspectives (pp. 397-438). New York: Guilford.
46. Lynn, S. J., Rhue, J. W., & Weekes, J. (1989). Hypnosis and experienced nonvolition: A social-cognitive integrative model. In N. P. Spanos & J. Chaves (Eds.) Hypnosis: The cognitive-behavioral perspective (pp. 78-109). NewYork: Prometheus Books.
47. Lynn, S. J., Rhue, J. W., & Weekes, J. R. (1990). Hypnotic involuntariness: A social-cognitive analysis. Psychological Review, 97, 169-184.
48. Lynn, S. J., & Sivec, H. (1993). The hypnotizable subject as creative problem solving agent. In E. Fromm, & M. R. Nash (Eds.), Contemporary hypnosis research (pp. 292-333). New York: Guilford.
49. Lynn, S. J., Snodgrass, M., Hardaway, R., & Lenz, J. (1984, August). Hypnotic susceptibility: Predictions and evaluations of performance and experience. Paper presented at the 92nd Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Toronto.
50. Lynn, S. J., Snodgrass, M., Rhue, J. W., Nash, M. R., & Frauman, D. e. (1987). Attributions, involuntariness, and hypnotic rapport. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 30, 36-43.
51. Lynn, S. J., Weekes, J., Brentar, J., Neufeld, V., Zivney, O., & Weiss, F. (1991). Interpersonal climate and hypnotizability level: Effects on hypnotic performance, rapport, and archaic involvement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 739-743.
52. Miller, G. A., Galanter, E. & Pribram, K. H. (1960). Plans and the structure of behavior. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
53. Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977). Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review, 84, 231-259.
54. Norman, D. A., & Shallice, T. (1986). Attention to action: Willed and automatic control of behavior. In R. J. Davidson, G. E. Schwartz, & D. Shapiro (Eds.), Consciousness and self-regulation (Vol. 4, pp. 1-18). New York: Plenum Press.
55. Norman, D. A. (1981). Categorization of action slips. Psychological review, 88, 1-15.
56. Ogden, R. M. (1911). Imageless thought: Resume and critizue. Psychological Bulletin, 8, 183-197.
57. Palace, E. M. (1995). Acognitive-physiological process model of sexual arousal and response. Clinical Psychology Science and Practice, 2, 370-384.
58. Reason, J. T. (1983). Lapses of attention. In R. Parasuraman, R. Davies, & J. Beatty (Eds.), Varieties of attention. New York: Academic Press.
59. Reiss, S., & McNally, R. J. (1985). The expectancy model of fear. In S. Reiss & R. R. Bootzin (Eds.), Theoretical issues in behavior therapy (pp. 107-121). New York: Academic Press.
60. Sarbin, T. R., & Coe, W. e. (1972). Hypnosis: A social psychological analysis of influence communication. NewYork: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
61. Schopenhauer, A. (1923). Studies in pessimism. New York: Boni and Liveright. (Original work published in 1891).
62. Shallice, T. (1972). Dual functions of consciousness. Psychological review, 79, 383-393.
63. Sheehan, P. W. (1991). Hypnosis, context, and commitment. InS. J. Lynn & J. W. Rhue (Eds.), Theories of hypnosis: Current models and perspectives (pp. 520-541). New York: Guilford Press.
64. Sheehan, P. W., & Perry, C. W. (1976). Methodologies of hypnosis. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
65. Silva, C. E, & Kirsch I. (1992). Interpretive sets, expectancy, fantasy proneness, and dissociation as predictors of hypnotic response. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 847-856.
66. Spanos, N. P. (1971). Goal-directed fantasy and the performance of hypnotic test suggestions. Psychiatry, 34, 86-96.
67. Spanos, N. P. (1986a). Hypnotic behavior: A social-psychological interpretation of amnesia, analgesia, and –trance logic.— The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 9, 449-467.
68. Spanos, N. P. (1986b). More on the social psychology of hypnotic responding. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 9, 489-502.
69. Spanos, N. P., Salas, J., Bertrand, L. D., & Johnston, J. (1988-1989). Occurrence schemas, context ambiguity and hynotic responding. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 8, 235-247.
70. Teasdale, J. D. (1983). Negative thinking in depression: Cause, effect, or reciprocal relationship? Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy, 5, 3-25.
71. Teasdale, J. D. (1985). Psychological treatments for depression: How do they work? BehaviourResearch and Therapy, 23, 157-165.
72. Tellegen, A. (1981). Practicing the two disciplines for relaxation and enlightenment: Comment on –Role of the feedback signal in electromyograph biofeedback: The relevance of attention— by Qualls and Sheehan. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 110, 217-226.
73. Titchener, E. B. (1909). Lectures on the experimental psychology of the thought processes. New York: MacMillan.
74. Tolman, E. C. (1932). Purposive behavior in animals and men. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
75. Trope, Y. (1986). Identification and inferential processes in dispositional attribution. Psychological Review, 93, 239-257.
76. Vallacher, R. R., & Wegner, D. M. (1987). What do people think they're doing? Action identification and human behavior. Psychological Review, 94, 3-15.
77. Wickless, C., & Kirsch I. (1989). The effects of verbal and experiential expectancy manipulations on hypnotic susceptibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 762-768.
78. Wilson, T. (1985). Selfdeception without repression. In M. W. Martin (Ed.), Self-deception and self-understanding. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press.
79. Wilson, T. D., Lisle, D. J., Kraft, D., & Wetzel, C. G. (1989). Preferences as expectation-driven inferences: Effects of affective expectations on affective experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 519-530.
80. Woody, E. Z., & Bowers, K. S. (1994). A frontal assault on dissociated control. In S. J. Lynn & J. W. Rhue (Eds.), Dissociation: Clinical, theoretical and research perspectives (pp. 52-79). NewYork: Guilford Press.