메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 91, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 360-376

Techniques to collect and analyze the 'cognitive map knowledge of persons with visual impairment or blindness: Issues of validity

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ASSOCIATION; CITY PLANNING; COGNITION; GEOGRAPHY; HUMAN; LEARNING; SOCIAL SUPPORT; SPATIAL DISCRIMINATION; VISUAL IMPAIRMENT;

EID: 0030750732     PISSN: 0145482X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (90)

References (85)
  • 1
    • 0003388330 scopus 로고
    • Environmental perception and behavioral geography
    • Wilmott, C. & Gaille, G. (Eds.), London: Merrill
    • Aitken, S.C., Cutter, S.L., Foote, K.E., & Sell, J.L. (1989). Environmental perception and behavioral geography. In Wilmott, C. & Gaille, G. (Eds.), Geography in America (pp. 218-238). London: Merrill.
    • (1989) Geography in America , pp. 218-238
    • Aitken, S.C.1    Cutter, S.L.2    Foote, K.E.3    Sell, J.L.4
  • 2
    • 0041012442 scopus 로고
    • A developmental perspective on the effects of "subdividing" macrospatial experience
    • Allen, G. (1981). A developmental perspective on the effects of "subdividing" macrospatial experience. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 7, 120-132.
    • (1981) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory , vol.7 , pp. 120-132
    • Allen, G.1
  • 5
    • 0018440016 scopus 로고
    • Studies of cognitive representations of spatial relations II: A familiar environment
    • Baird, J.C., Merrill, A., & Tannenbaum, J. (1979). Studies of cognitive representations of spatial relations II: A familiar environment. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 108, 92-98.
    • (1979) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , vol.108 , pp. 92-98
    • Baird, J.C.1    Merrill, A.2    Tannenbaum, J.3
  • 7
    • 84965889515 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive transformations from urban geographic fields to mental maps
    • Beck, R.J. & Wood, D. (1976a). Cognitive transformations from urban geographic fields to mental maps. Environment and Behavior, 8, 199-238.
    • (1976) Environment and Behavior , vol.8 , pp. 199-238
    • Beck, R.J.1    Wood, D.2
  • 8
    • 0002422799 scopus 로고
    • Comparative developmental analysis of individual and aggregated cognitive maps of London
    • G.T. Moore & R.G. Golledge (Eds.), Stroudsberg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross
    • Beck, R.J. & Wood, D. (1976b). Comparative developmental analysis of individual and aggregated cognitive maps of London. In G.T. Moore & R.G. Golledge (Eds.), Environmental Knowing (pp. 173-184). Stroudsberg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross.
    • (1976) Environmental Knowing , pp. 173-184
    • Beck, R.J.1    Wood, D.2
  • 9
    • 0000493542 scopus 로고
    • Children's spatial representation of their neighborhood: A step towards a general spatial competence
    • Biel, A. (1982). Children's spatial representation of their neighborhood: A step towards a general spatial competence. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2, 193-200.
    • (1982) Journal of Environmental Psychology , vol.2 , pp. 193-200
    • Biel, A.1
  • 10
    • 0025732346 scopus 로고
    • Spatial mapping of familiar locations in blind children
    • Bigelow, A. (1991). Spatial mapping of familiar locations in blind children. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 85, 113-117.
    • (1991) Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness , vol.85 , pp. 113-117
    • Bigelow, A.1
  • 11
    • 0000602846 scopus 로고
    • The reliability of data collected from sketch maps
    • Blades, M. (1990). The reliability of data collected from sketch maps. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 10, 327-339.
    • (1990) Journal of Environmental Psychology , vol.10 , pp. 327-339
    • Blades, M.1
  • 13
    • 0018710890 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive mapping and understanding
    • D.T. Herbert & R.J. Johnston (Eds.), London: Wiley
    • Boyle, J.M. & Robinson, M.E., (1978). Cognitive mapping and understanding. In D.T. Herbert & R.J. Johnston (Eds.), Geography in the urban environment (Vol. 2, pp. 59-82). London: Wiley.
    • (1978) Geography in the Urban Environment , vol.2 , pp. 59-82
    • Boyle, J.M.1    Robinson, M.E.2
  • 14
    • 0004921833 scopus 로고
    • Orientation and navigation systems for the blind: An overview of different approaches
    • February. Paper presented Hatfield, United Kingdom
    • Brabyn, J. (1995, February). Orientation and navigation systems for the blind: An overview of different approaches. Paper presented at the Conference on Orientation and Navigation Systems for Blind Persons, Hatfield, United Kingdom.
    • (1995) Conference on Orientation and Navigation Systems for Blind Persons
    • Brabyn, J.1
  • 15
    • 0042173379 scopus 로고
    • Urban distance cognition
    • R.M. Downs & D. Stea (Eds.), Chicago: Aldine
    • Briggs, R. (1973). Urban distance cognition. In R.M. Downs & D. Stea (Eds.), Image and Environment (pp. 361-388). Chicago: Aldine.
    • (1973) Image and Environment , pp. 361-388
    • Briggs, R.1
  • 16
    • 26844578497 scopus 로고
    • Methodologies for the measurement of cognitive distance
    • G.T. Moore & R.G. Golledge (Eds.), Stroudsberg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross
    • Briggs, R. (1976). Methodologies for the measurement of cognitive distance. In G.T. Moore & R.G. Golledge (Eds.), Environmental knowing (pp. 325-334). Stroudsberg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross.
    • (1976) Environmental Knowing , pp. 325-334
    • Briggs, R.1
  • 17
    • 0003020033 scopus 로고
    • Methodological convergence as an issue within environmental cognition research
    • Bryant, K.J. (1984). Methodological convergence as an issue within environmental cognition research. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 4, 43-60.
    • (1984) Journal of Environmental Psychology , vol.4 , pp. 43-60
    • Bryant, K.J.1
  • 18
  • 19
    • 0022836785 scopus 로고
    • Comparing distortion on sketch maps and MDS configurations
    • Buttenfield, B.P. (1986). Comparing distortion on sketch maps and MDS configurations. Professional Geographer, 38, 238-246.
    • (1986) Professional Geographer , vol.38 , pp. 238-246
    • Buttenfield, B.P.1
  • 20
    • 0020772272 scopus 로고
    • Distances and directions in cognitive maps of the blind
    • Byrne, R.W. & Salter, E. (1983). Distances and directions in cognitive maps of the blind. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 37, 293-299.
    • (1983) Canadian Journal of Psychology , vol.37 , pp. 293-299
    • Byrne, R.W.1    Salter, E.2
  • 21
    • 0347904213 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive distance in intraurban space
    • G.T. Moore & R.G. Golledge (Eds.), Stroudsberg, PA: Downden, Hutchinson and Ross
    • Cadwallader, M.T. (1976). Cognitive distance in intraurban space. In G.T. Moore & R.G. Golledge (Eds.), Environmental Knowing (pp. 316-324). Stroudsberg, PA: Downden, Hutchinson and Ross.
    • (1976) Environmental Knowing , pp. 316-324
    • Cadwallader, M.T.1
  • 22
    • 0018665451 scopus 로고
    • Problems in cognitive distance and their implications to cognitive mapping
    • Cadwallader, M.T. (1979). Problems in cognitive distance and their implications to cognitive mapping. Environment and Behavior, 11, 559-576.
    • (1979) Environment and Behavior , vol.11 , pp. 559-576
    • Cadwallader, M.T.1
  • 24
    • 0022738721 scopus 로고
    • The efficiency and walking speed of visually impaired pedestrians
    • Clark-Carter, D.D., Heyes, A.D., & Howarth, C.I. (1986). The efficiency and walking speed of visually impaired pedestrians. Ergonomics, 29, 779-789.
    • (1986) Ergonomics , vol.29 , pp. 779-789
    • Clark-Carter, D.D.1    Heyes, A.D.2    Howarth, C.I.3
  • 25
    • 0022174619 scopus 로고
    • Urban consumers' cognitions of distance
    • Coshall, J.T. (1985). Urban consumers' cognitions of distance. Geografiska Annaler, 67B, 107-119.
    • (1985) Geografiska Annaler , vol.67 B , pp. 107-119
    • Coshall, J.T.1
  • 27
    • 0006512038 scopus 로고
    • Urban distance cognition: Review and contribution
    • Day, R.A. (1976). Urban distance cognition: Review and contribution. Australian Geographer, 13, 193-200.
    • (1976) Australian Geographer , vol.13 , pp. 193-200
    • Day, R.A.1
  • 29
    • 85048939087 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive maps and spatial behavior: Process and products
    • R.M. Downs & D. Stea (Eds.), Chicago: Aldine
    • Downs, R.M. & Stea, D. (1973). Cognitive maps and spatial behavior: Process and products. In R.M. Downs & D. Stea (Eds.), Image and Environment (pp. 8-26). Chicago: Aldine.
    • (1973) Image and Environment , pp. 8-26
    • Downs, R.M.1    Stea, D.2
  • 34
    • 0011464271 scopus 로고
    • Environmental cues, cognitive mapping and spatial behavior
    • Burke, D. et al. (Eds.), Madison, WS: Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin
    • Golledge, R.G. (1977). Environmental cues, cognitive mapping and spatial behavior. In Burke, D. et al. (Eds.), Behavior - Environment research methods (pp. 35-46). Madison, WS: Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin.
    • (1977) Behavior - Environment Research Methods , pp. 35-46
    • Golledge, R.G.1
  • 35
    • 0027721850 scopus 로고
    • Geography and the disabled: A survey with special reference to vision impaired and blind populations
    • Golledge, R.G. (1993). Geography and the disabled: A survey with special reference to vision impaired and blind populations. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 18, 63-85.
    • (1993) Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers , vol.18 , pp. 63-85
    • Golledge, R.G.1
  • 39
    • 0020967912 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive mapping in blind people: Acquisition of spatial relationships in a large scale environment
    • Herman, J.F., Chatman, S.P., & Roth, S.F. (1983). Cognitive mapping in blind people: Acquisition of spatial relationships in a large scale environment. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 77, 161-166.
    • (1983) Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness , vol.77 , pp. 161-166
    • Herman, J.F.1    Chatman, S.P.2    Roth, S.F.3
  • 41
    • 0023986332 scopus 로고
    • Spatial updating in blind and sighted people
    • Hollins, M. & Kelly, E.K. (1988). Spatial updating in blind and sighted people. Perception and Psychophysics, 43, 380-388.
    • (1988) Perception and Psychophysics , vol.43 , pp. 380-388
    • Hollins, M.1    Kelly, E.K.2
  • 42
    • 0003252903 scopus 로고
    • An analysis of four measures of cognitive maps
    • W.F.E. Preisner (Ed.), Stroudsberg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross
    • Howard, R.B., Chase, S.D., and Rothman, M. (1973). An analysis of four measures of cognitive maps. In W.F.E. Preisner (Ed.), Environmental Design Research, (Vol. 4, pp. 254-264). Stroudsberg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross.
    • (1973) Environmental Design Research , vol.4 , pp. 254-264
    • Howard, R.B.1    Chase, S.D.2    Rothman, M.3
  • 43
    • 85047692919 scopus 로고
    • Place learning and spatial cognition: A longitudinal study of urban newcomers
    • Humphreys, J.S. (1990). Place learning and spatial cognition: A longitudinal study of urban newcomers. Tijdschrift Voor Econmische en Sociale Geografie, 81, 364-380.
    • (1990) Tijdschrift Voor Econmische en Sociale Geografie , vol.81 , pp. 364-380
    • Humphreys, J.S.1
  • 44
    • 0027097155 scopus 로고
    • Spatial cognition through tactile mapping
    • Jacobson, R.D. (1992). Spatial cognition through tactile mapping. Swansea Geographer, 29, 79-88.
    • (1992) Swansea Geographer , vol.29 , pp. 79-88
    • Jacobson, R.D.1
  • 46
    • 84965878787 scopus 로고
    • Expression of configurational knowledge of large scale environments
    • Kirasic, K.C., Allen, G., and Siegel, A. (1984). Expression of configurational knowledge of large scale environments. Environment and Behavior, 16, 687-712.
    • (1984) Environment and Behavior , vol.16 , pp. 687-712
    • Kirasic, K.C.1    Allen, G.2    Siegel, A.3
  • 47
    • 0003177565 scopus 로고
    • The development of basic processes in cognitive mapping: Recognition in context memory
    • Kirasic, K.C., Siegel, A.W., & Allen, G. (1981). The development of basic processes in cognitive mapping: Recognition in context memory. Child Development, 51, 302-305.
    • (1981) Child Development , vol.51 , pp. 302-305
    • Kirasic, K.C.1    Siegel, A.W.2    Allen, G.3
  • 48
    • 0027713876 scopus 로고
    • Using bidimensional regression to analyze cognitive maps
    • Kitchin, R.M. (1993). Using bidimensional regression to analyze cognitive maps. Swansea Geographer, 30, 33-50.
    • (1993) Swansea Geographer , vol.30 , pp. 33-50
    • Kitchin, R.M.1
  • 49
    • 1442297738 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive maps: What are they and why study them?
    • Kitchin, R.M. (1994). Cognitive maps: What are they and why study them? Journal of Environmental Psychology, 14, 1-19.
    • (1994) Journal of Environmental Psychology , vol.14 , pp. 1-19
    • Kitchin, R.M.1
  • 53
    • 0014214838 scopus 로고
    • Spatial orientation in the blind
    • September
    • Leonard J.A. & Newman, R.C. (1967, September). Spatial orientation in the blind. Nature, 215.
    • (1967) Nature , vol.215
    • Leonard, J.A.1    Newman, R.C.2
  • 56
    • 84912648362 scopus 로고
    • A method for analyzing distance concepts of urban residents
    • R.M. Downs & D. Stea (Eds.), Chicago: Aldine
    • Lowery, R.A. (1973). A method for analyzing distance concepts of urban residents. In R.M. Downs & D. Stea (Eds.), Image and Environment (pp. 338-360). Chicago: Aldine.
    • (1973) Image and Environment , pp. 338-360
    • Lowery, R.A.1
  • 57
    • 0019214580 scopus 로고
    • Travel time as the basis of cognitive distance
    • MacEachren, A.M. (1980). Travel time as the basis of cognitive distance. Professional Geographer, 38, 30-36.
    • (1980) Professional Geographer , vol.38 , pp. 30-36
    • MacEachren, A.M.1
  • 58
    • 0027090878 scopus 로고
    • Learning spatial information from maps: Can orientation-specificity be overcome?
    • MacEachren, A.M. (1992). Learning spatial information from maps: Can orientation-specificity be overcome? Professional Geographer, 44, 431-443.
    • (1992) Professional Geographer , vol.44 , pp. 431-443
    • MacEachren, A.M.1
  • 59
    • 84977422695 scopus 로고
    • The effect of spatial stimuli on the estimation of cognitive maps
    • MacKay, D.B. (1976). The effect of spatial stimuli on the estimation of cognitive maps. Geographical Analysis, 8, 439-451.
    • (1976) Geographical Analysis , vol.8 , pp. 439-451
    • MacKay, D.B.1
  • 60
    • 0019705995 scopus 로고
    • Probabilistic scaling of spatial distance judgments
    • MacKay, D.B. & Zinnes, J.L. (1981). Probabilistic scaling of spatial distance judgments. Geographical Analysis, 13, 21-37.
    • (1981) Geographical Analysis , vol.13 , pp. 21-37
    • MacKay, D.B.1    Zinnes, J.L.2
  • 61
    • 0019706040 scopus 로고
    • Scaling techniques in the analysis of environmental cognition data
    • Magana, J.R., Evans, G.W., & Romney, A.K. (1981). Scaling techniques in the analysis of environmental cognition data. Professional Geographer, 33, 294-301.
    • (1981) Professional Geographer , vol.33 , pp. 294-301
    • Magana, J.R.1    Evans, G.W.2    Romney, A.K.3
  • 62
    • 0019688372 scopus 로고
    • Children's perception of urban distance
    • Matthews, M.H. (1981). Children's perception of urban distance. Area, 14, 333-343.
    • (1981) Area , vol.14 , pp. 333-343
    • Matthews, M.H.1
  • 63
    • 0021353647 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive maps: A comparison of graphic and iconic techniques
    • Matthews, M.H. (1984). Cognitive maps: A comparison of graphic and iconic techniques. Area, 16, 33-40.
    • (1984) Area , vol.16 , pp. 33-40
    • Matthews, M.H.1
  • 64
    • 0001070861 scopus 로고
    • The measurement of cognitive distance: Methods and construct validity
    • Montello, D.R. (1991). The measurement of cognitive distance: Methods and construct validity. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 11, 101-122.
    • (1991) Journal of Environmental Psychology , vol.11 , pp. 101-122
    • Montello, D.R.1
  • 65
    • 84970316191 scopus 로고
    • Distance and direction judgement in large-scale natural environment: Effects of a slope and winding trail
    • Okabe, A., Aoki, K., & Hamamato, W. (1986). Distance and direction judgement in large-scale natural environment: Effects of a slope and winding trail. Environment and Behavior, 18, 755-772.
    • (1986) Environment and Behavior , vol.18 , pp. 755-772
    • Okabe, A.1    Aoki, K.2    Hamamato, W.3
  • 66
    • 0001905962 scopus 로고
    • NOMAD - An audio-tactile tool for the acquisition, use, and management of spatially distributed information by partially sighted and blind people
    • A. Dodds & A. Tatham (Eds.), London: King's College
    • Parkes, D. (1988). NOMAD - An audio-tactile tool for the acquisition, use, and management of spatially distributed information by partially sighted and blind people. In A. Dodds & A. Tatham (Eds.), Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Maps and Graphics for the Visually Disabled, (pp. 24-29). London: King's College.
    • (1988) Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Maps and Graphics for the Visually Disabled , pp. 24-29
    • Parkes, D.1
  • 67
    • 0023788331 scopus 로고
    • Wayfinding without vision: An experiment with congenitally blind people
    • Passini, R. & Proulx, G. (1988). Wayfinding without vision: An experiment with congenitally blind people. Environment and Behavior, 20, 227-252.
    • (1988) Environment and Behavior , vol.20 , pp. 227-252
    • Passini, R.1    Proulx, G.2
  • 68
    • 84965903887 scopus 로고
    • The spatio-cognitive abilities of the visually impaired population
    • Passini, R., Proulx, G., & Rainville, C. (1990). The spatio-cognitive abilities of the visually impaired population. Environment and Behavior, 22, 91-118.
    • (1990) Environment and Behavior , vol.22 , pp. 91-118
    • Passini, R.1    Proulx, G.2    Rainville, C.3
  • 69
    • 0011476396 scopus 로고
    • A study of travellers perceptions of a piece of countryside
    • Pearce, P.L. (1981). A study of travellers perceptions of a piece of countryside. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 1, 141-155.
    • (1981) Journal of Environmental Psychology , vol.1 , pp. 141-155
    • Pearce, P.L.1
  • 70
    • 5844273767 scopus 로고
    • User requirements for a GPS-based travel aid for blind people
    • February. Paper presented Hatfield, United Kingdom
    • Petrie, H. (1995, February). User requirements for a GPS-based travel aid for blind people. Paper presented at the Conference on Orientation and Navigation Systems for Blind Persons, Hatfield, United Kingdom .
    • (1995) Conference on Orientation and Navigation Systems for Blind Persons
    • Petrie, H.1
  • 72
    • 0010084726 scopus 로고
    • Perception, locomotion and orientation
    • R.L. Welsch and B.B. Blasch (Eds.), New York: American Foundation for the Blind
    • Pick, H.L. (1980). Perception, locomotion and orientation. In R.L. Welsch and B.B. Blasch (Eds.), Foundations of orientation and mobility (pp. 67-89). New York: American Foundation for the Blind.
    • (1980) Foundations of Orientation and Mobility , pp. 67-89
    • Pick, H.L.1
  • 73
    • 0022509790 scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity to perspective structure while walking without vision
    • Rieser, J.J., Guth, D.A., & Hill, E.W. (1986). Sensitivity to perspective structure while walking without vision. Perception, 15, 173-188.
    • (1986) Perception , vol.15 , pp. 173-188
    • Rieser, J.J.1    Guth, D.A.2    Hill, E.W.3
  • 74
    • 0019146336 scopus 로고
    • The role of visual experience in knowledge of a spatial layout
    • Rieser, J.J., Lockman, J.L., & Pick, H.L. (1980). The role of visual experience in knowledge of a spatial layout. Perception and Psychophysics, 28, 185-190.
    • (1980) Perception and Psychophysics , vol.28 , pp. 185-190
    • Rieser, J.J.1    Lockman, J.L.2    Pick, H.L.3
  • 75
    • 0011466993 scopus 로고
    • Cloze procedure and spatial comprehension test
    • Robinson, M.E. (1974). Cloze procedure and spatial comprehension test. Area, 9, 137-142.
    • (1974) Area , vol.9 , pp. 137-142
    • Robinson, M.E.1
  • 77
    • 84977344698 scopus 로고
    • Intraurban cognitive distance: The relationship between judgements of straight line distances, travel distances, and travel times
    • Saisa, J., Svensson-Gärling, A., Gärling, T., & Lindberg, E. (1986). Intraurban cognitive distance: The relationship between judgements of straight line distances, travel distances, and travel times. Geographical Analysis, 18, 167-174.
    • (1986) Geographical Analysis , vol.18 , pp. 167-174
    • Saisa, J.1    Svensson-Gärling, A.2    Gärling, T.3    Lindberg, E.4
  • 78
    • 0002434649 scopus 로고
    • The symbolizing and symbolized child in the enterprise of cognitive mapping
    • Cohen, R. (Ed.), Hillsdale, NJ: Lawerence Erlbaum
    • Siegel, A.W. & Cousins, J.H. (1985). The symbolizing and symbolized child in the enterprise of cognitive mapping. In Cohen, R. (Ed.), The development of spatial cognition. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawerence Erlbaum.
    • (1985) The Development of Spatial Cognition
    • Siegel, A.W.1    Cousins, J.H.2
  • 80
    • 0020196720 scopus 로고
    • Differences in spatial knowledge acquired from maps and navigation
    • Thorndyke, P.W., & Hayes-Roth, B. (1982). Differences in spatial knowledge acquired from maps and navigation. Cognitive Psychology, 14, 560-589.
    • (1982) Cognitive Psychology , vol.14 , pp. 560-589
    • Thorndyke, P.W.1    Hayes-Roth, B.2
  • 82
    • 0002976438 scopus 로고
    • The geometry of mental maps
    • R.G. Golledge & G. Rushton (Eds.), Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press
    • Tobler, W.R. (1976). The geometry of mental maps. In R.G. Golledge & G. Rushton (Eds.), Spatial choice and spatial behavior (pp. 69-82). Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press.
    • (1976) Spatial Choice and Spatial Behavior , pp. 69-82
    • Tobler, W.R.1
  • 83
    • 0025629259 scopus 로고
    • Down under or center stage? The world images of Australian students
    • Walmsley, D.J., Saarinen, T.F., & MacCabe, C.L. (1990). Down under or center stage? The world images of Australian students. Australian Geographer, 21, 164-173.
    • (1990) Australian Geographer , vol.21 , pp. 164-173
    • Walmsley, D.J.1    Saarinen, T.F.2    MacCabe, C.L.3
  • 84
    • 0021581170 scopus 로고
    • A quantitative-comparative approach to analysis of distortion in mental maps
    • Waterman, S. & Gordon, D. (1984). A quantitative-comparative approach to analysis of distortion in mental maps. Professional Geographer, 36, 326-337.
    • (1984) Professional Geographer , vol.36 , pp. 326-337
    • Waterman, S.1    Gordon, D.2
  • 85
    • 0011422108 scopus 로고
    • Talking with environmental A: An experimental mapping language
    • G.T. Moore & R.G. Golledge (Eds.), Stroudsberg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross
    • Wood, D. & Beck, R. (1976). Talking with environmental A: An experimental mapping language. In G.T. Moore & R.G. Golledge (Eds.), Environmental Knowing (pp. 351-361). Stroudsberg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross.
    • (1976) Environmental Knowing , pp. 351-361
    • Wood, D.1    Beck, R.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.