Atmospheric deposition and mass balance of major and trace elements in two oceanic peat bog profiles, northern Scotland and the Shetland Islands

Chemical Geology

Volumn 138, Issue 1-2, 1997, Pages 55-72

  Shotyk, William ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Blanket bogs; Crustal aerosols; Geochemical mass balance; Marine aerosols; Peat chemistry; Pore water chemistry

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSIT; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; GEOCHEMISTRY; PEAT BOG; SEA SPRAY;

UK, SCOTLAND, HIGHLAND, LOCH LAXFORD; UK, SCOTLAND, HIGHLAND, SHETLAND, FOULA;

EID: 0030750276     PISSN: 00092541     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0009-2541(96)00172-6     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. Barkham, J.P., Gear, S., Hawksworth, D.L. and Messenger, K.G., 1981. Foula, Shetland, Volume 2. The Flora of Foula. Brathay Centre for Exploration and Field Studies, Old Brathay, Ambleside, Cumbria, 71 pp.
2. Berner, E.K. and Berner, R.A., 1987. The Global Water Cycle. Geochemistry and Environment. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
3. Blackford, J.J., Edwards, K.J., Dugmore, A.J., Cook, G.T. and Buckland, P.C., 1992. Icelandic volcanic ash and the mid-Holocene Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) pollen decline in northern Scotland. Holocene, 2(3): 260-265.
4. Blanchard, D.C. and Woodcock, A.H., 1980. The production, concentration, and vertical distribution of the sea-salt aerosol. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 338: 330-347.
5. Blancher, P.J. and McNicol, D.K., 1987. Peatland water chemistry in central Ontario in relation to acid deposition. Water Air Soil Pollut., 35: 217-232.
6. Boatman, D.J., 1957. An ecological study of two areas of blanket bog on the Galway-Mayo peninsula, Ireland. Proc. R. Ir. Acad. Sect., B 59: 29-42.
7. Boatman, D.J., 1961. Vegetation and peat characteristics of blanket bogs in County Kerry. J. Ecol., 49: 507-517.
8. Casey, W.H. and Lasaga, A.C., 1987. Modeling solute transport and sulfate reduction in marsh sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 51: 1109-1120.
9. Chapman, S.B., 1964. The ecology of Coom Rigg Moss, Northumberland, II. The chemistry of peat profiles and the development of the bog system. J. Ecol., 52: 315-321.
10. Cheburkin, A.K. and Shotyk, W., 1996. An Energy-dispersive Miniprobe Multielement Analyzer (EMMA) for direct analysis of Pb and other trace elements in peats. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 354: 688-691.
11. Clymo, R.S., 1983. Peat. In: A.J.P. Gore (Editor), Mires: Swamp, Bog, Fen, and Moor, A. General Studies. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 159-224.
12. Colbeck, I., 1995. Particle emission from outdoor and indoor sources. In: T. Kouimtzis and C. Samara (Editors), Airborne Particulate Matter. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Vol. 4, Part D. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 2-33.
13. Comeau, P.L. and Bellamy, D.J., 1986. An ecological interpretation of the chemistry of mire waters from selected sites in eastern Canada. Can. J. Bot., 64: 2576-2581.
14. Craig, G.Y., 1983. Geology of Scotland. Scottish Academic Press, Edinburgh.
15. Damman, A.W.H., 1978. Distribution and movement of elements in ombrotrophic peat bogs. Oikos, 30: 480-495.
16. Dugmore, A.J., 1989. Icelandic volcanic ash in Scotland. Scott. Geogr. Mag., 105: 168-172.
17. Dugmore, A.J. and Newton, A.J., 1992. Thin tephra layers in peat revealed by X-radiography. J. Archaeol. Sci., 19: 163-170.
18. Dugmore, A.J., Newton, A.J., Sugden, D.E. and Larsen, G., 1992. Geochemical stability of fine-grained silicic Holocene tephra in Iceland and Scotland. J. Quat. Sci., 7: 173-183.
19. Feustel, I.C. and Byers, H.G., 1930. The physical and chemical characteristics of certain American peat profiles. U.S.D.A. Tech. Bull., 214, 26 pp.
20. Foltescu, V.L., Isakson, J., Selin, E. and Stikans, M., 1994. Measured fluxes of sulphur, chlorine and some anthropogenic metals to the Swedish west coast. Atmos. Environ., 28: 2639-2649.
21. Froggatt, P.C. and Rogers, G.M., 1990. Tephrostratigraphy of high-altitude peat bogs along the axial ranges, North Island, New Zealand. N.Z. J. Geol. Geophys., 33: 111-124.
22. Glaccum, R.A. and Prospero, J.M., 1980. Saharan aerosols over the tropical North Atlantic-mineralogy. Mar. Geol., 37: 295-321
23. Glooschenko, W.A., 1986. Monitoring the atmospheric deposition of metals by use of bog vegetation and peat profiles. In: J.O. Nriagu and D.I. Davidson (Editors), Toxic Metals in the Atmosphere. John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 508-533.
24. Glooschenko, W.A., Holloway, L. and Arafat, N., 1986. The use of mires in monitoring the atmospheric deposition of heavy metals. Aquat. Bot., 25: 179-190.
25. 2+ and iron, in high level blanket peat. Oikos, 7: 48-55.
26. Gorham, E., 1955. On the acidity and salinity of rain. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 7: 231-239.
27. Gorham, E., 1956. On the chemical composition of some waters from the Moor House Nature Reserve. J. Ecol., 44: 375-382.
28. Gorham, E. and Cragg, J.B., 1960. The chemical composition of some bog waters from the Falkland Islands. J. Ecol., 48: 175-181.
29. Gorham, E. and Tilton, D.L., 1978. The mineral content of Sphagnum fuscum as affected by human settlement. Can. J. Bot., 56: 2755-2759.
30. Gorham, E., Eisenreich, S.J., Ford, J. and Santelmann, M.V., 1985. The chemistry of bog waters. In: W. Stumm (Editor), Chemical Process in Lakes. John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 339-363.
31. Greeley, R. and Iversen, J.D., 1985. Wind as a Geological Process on Earth, Mars, Venus, and Titan. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
32. Hawksworth, D.L., 1970. Studies on the peat deposits of the Island of Foula, Shetland. Trans. Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh, XL, Part V, pp. 576-591.
33. Helfferich, F., 1962. Ion Exchange. McGraw-Hill, New York, 624 pp.
34. Hines, M.E., Knollmeyer, S.L. and Tugel, J.B., 1989. Sulfate reduction and other sedimentary biogeochemistry in a northern New England salt marsh. Limnol. Oceanogr., 34: 578-590.
35. Hobbs, N.B., 1986. Mire morphology and the properties and behaviour of some British and foreign peats. Q. J. Eng. Geol. London, 19: 7-80.
36. Hultberg, H. and Grennfelt, G., 1992. Sulphur and seasalt deposition as reflected by throughfall and runoff chemistry in forested catchments. Environ. Pollut., 75: 215-222.
37. Hvatum, O., Bolviken, B. and Steinnes, E., 1983. Heavy metals in Norwegian ombrotrophic bogs. Ecol. Bull. (Stockholm), 35: 351-356.
38. Landva, A.O., Korpijaakko, E.O. and Pheeney, P.E., 1986. Notes on the original von Post peat and peatland classification system. In: Proceedings, Advances in Peatlands Engineering. National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, August 25, 26, 1986, pp. 17-29.
39. Lewis, F.J., 1911. The plant remains in the Scottish peat mosses, IV. The Scottish Highlands and Shetland, with an appendix on the Icelandic peat deposits. Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh, 47: 793-833.
40. Lindsay, R.A., Charman, D.J., Everingham, F., O'Reilly, R.M., Palmer, M.A., Rowell, T.A. and Stroud, D.A., 1988. The Flow Country. The Peatlands of Caithness and Sutherland. Nature Conservancy Council, Peterborough, 174 pp.
41. Livett, E.A., 1988. Geochemical monitoring of atmospheric heavy metal pollution: theory and applications. In: M. Begon, A.M. Fitter, E.D. Ford and A. Macfadyen (Editors), Advances in Ecological Research, Vol. 18. Academic Press, New York, pp. 65-175.
42. Livingstone, D.A., 1963. Chemical composition of rivers and lakes. In: Data of Geochemistry, 6th ed. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 440-G, 64 pp.
43. Lord, C.J. and Church, T.M., 1983. The geochemistry of salt marshes: sedimentary ion diffusion, sulfate reduction, and pyritization. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 47: 1381-1391.
44. Malmer, N., Horton, D.G. and Vitt, D.H., 1992. Element concentrations in mosses and surface waters of western Canadian mires relative to precipitation chemistry and hydrology. Ecography, 15: 114-128.
45. Meteorological Office, 1979. Scotland's Climate in Facts and Figures. Meteorological Office, Met.O.924, Edinburgh, 21 pp.
46. Newnham, R.M., de Lange, P.J. and Lowe, D.J., 1995. Holocene vegetation, climate and history of a raised bog complex, northern New Zealand based on palynology, plant macrofossils and tephrochronology. Holocene, 5(3): 267-282.
47. Njåstad, O., Næumann, R. and Steinnes, E., 1987. Variations in atmospheric trace element deposition studied by INAA of peat cores from ombrotrophic bogs. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Articles, 114: 69-74.
48. Ogden, J.G., 1982. Seasonal mass balance of major ions in three small watersheds in a maritime environment. Water Air Soil Pollut., 17: 119-130.
49. Pacyna, J.F., 1995. Sources, particle size distribution and transport of aerosols. In: T. Kouimtzis and C. Samara (Editors), Airborne Particulate Matter. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Vol. 4, Part D. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 69-97.
50. Patterson, E.M. and Gillette, D.A., 1977. Commonalities in measured size distributions for aerosols having a soil-derived component. J. Geophys. Res., 82: 2074-2082.
51. Pearsall, W.H., 1956. Two blanket-bogs in Sutherland. J. Ecol., 44: 493-516.
52. Persson, C., 1971. Tephrochronological investigation of peat deposits in Scandinavia and on the Faroe Islands. Sver. Geol. Unders., 65: 3-34.
53. Pettijohn, F.J., Potter, P.E. and Siever, R., 1987. Sand and Sandstone. Springer Verlag, Berlin.
54. Price, J.S., 1994. Sources and sinks of sea salt in a Newfoundland blanket bog. Hydrol. Processes, 8: 167-177.
55. Puustjäri, V., 1958. On the base status of peat soils. Acta Agric. Scand., 7: 190-223.
56. Schei, L.K. and Morberg, G., 1988. The Shetland Story. B.T. Batsford, London.
57. Schütz, L., 1980. Long range transport of desert dust with special emphasis on the Sahara. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 338: 515-532.
58. Schütz, L., 1989. Atmospheric mineral dust-properties and source markers. In: M. Leinen and M. Sarnthein (Editors), Paleoclimatology and Paleometeorology: Modern and Past Patterns of Global Atmospheric Transport. NATO ASI Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Vol. 282. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 359-383.
59. Schütz, L. and Rahn, K.A., 1982. Trace-element concentrations in erodible soils. Atmos. Environ., 16: 171-176.
60. Schwikowski, M., Seibert, P., Baltensperger, U. and Gäggeler, H.W., 1995. A study of an outstanding Saharan dust event at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch, Switzerland. Atmos. Environ.. 29: 1829-1842.
61. Shotyk, W., 1988. Review of the inorganic geochemistry of peats and peatland waters. Earth Sci. Rev., 25: 95-176.
62. 4 and oxalate. J. Chromatogr., 640: 309-316.
63. 2+. J. Chromatogr., 640: 317-322.
64. Shotyk, W., 1995. Peat bog archives of atmospheric Pb deposition. Habilitation thesis, Geological Institute, University of Berne.
65. Shotyk, W., 1996a. Peat bog archives of atmospheric metal deposition: geochemical assessment of peat profiles, natural variations in metal concentrations, and metal enrichment factors. Environ. Rev., 4: 149-183.
66. Shotyk, W., 1996b. Natural and anthropogenic enrichments of As, Cu, Pb, Sb, and Zn in rainwater-dominated versus groundwater-dominated peat bog profiles, Jura Mountains, Switzerland. Water Air Soil Pollut., 90: 375-405.
67. Shotyk, W. and Steinmann, P., 1994. Pore water indicators of rainwater-dominated and groundwater-dominated peat bog profiles, Jura Mountains, Switzerland. Chem. Geol., 116: 137-146.
68. Shotyk, W., Cheburkin, A.K., Appleby, P.G., Bankhauser, A. and Kramers, J.D., 1996. Two thousand years of atmospheric arsenic, antimony, and lead deposition recorded in a peat bog profile, Jura Mountains, Switzerland. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 145: E1-E7.
69. Skartveit, A., 1981. Relationships between precipitation chemistry, hydrology, and runoff acidity. Nor. Hydrol., 1981: 65-80.
70. Steinmann, P. and Shotyk, W., 1995. Ion chromatography of organic-rich natural waters from peatlands, 3. Improvements for measuring anions and cations. J. Chromatogr., A706: 281-286.
71. Steinmann, P. and Shotyk, W., 1997. The geochemistry of major elements in peats from two contrasting Sphagnum bogs, Jura Mountains, Switzerland. Chem. Geol., 138: 25-53.
72. Steinnes, E. and Njåstad, O., 1995. Ombrotrophic peat bogs as monitors of trends in atmospheric deposition of pollutants: role of neutron activation analysis in studies of peat samples. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Articles, 192: 205-213.
73. Tolonen, K., Raikamo, E., Lahti, T. and Viista, J., 1979. Siikaneva mire complex. Excursion guide, International Symposium on Classification of Peat and Peatlands, Hyytiällä, Finland, September 1979. International Peat Society, Helsinki, 26 pp.
74. Tolpa, S. and Gorham, E., 1961. The ionic composition of waters from three Polish bogs. J. Ecol., 49: 127-133.
75. Verry, E.S., 1975. Streamflow chemistry and nutrient yields from upland-peatland watersheds in Minnesota. Ecology, 56: 1149-1157.
76. Vitt, D.H. and Bayley, S., 1984. The vegetation and water chemistry of four oligotrophic basin mires in northwestern Ontario. Can. J. Bot., 62: 1485-1500.
77. Vitt, D.H., Horton, D.G., Slack, N.G. and Malmer, N., 1990. Sphagnum-dominated peatlands of the hyperoceanic British Columbia coast: patterns in surface water chemistry and vegetation. Can. J. For. Res., 20: 696-711.
78. Wardenaar, E.C.P., 1987. A new hand tool for cutting peat profiles. Can. J. Bot., 65: 1772-1773.
79. Webb, D.A., 1947. Notes on the acidity, chloride content, and other chemical features of some Irish fresh waters. Sci. Proc. R. Dublin Soc., 24: 215-228.
80. Zoltai, S.C., 1989. Late Quaternary volcanic ash in the peatlands of central Alberta. Can. J. Earth Sci., 26: 207-214.