The mechanisms of action of disease modifying antirheumatic drugs: A review with emphasis on macrophage signal transduction and the induction of proinflammatory cytokines

General Pharmacology

Volumn 29, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 127-150

  Bondeson, Jan ^a,b  

^a LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Antirheumatic drug; Auranofin; Aurothiomalate; Chloroquine; interleukin 1; Macrophage; Methotrexate; Rheumatoid arthritis; Sulfasalazine; Tumor necrosis factor

Indexed keywords

6 (4 FLUOROPHENYL) 2,3 DIHYDRO 5 (4 PYRIDYL)IMIDAZO[2,1 B]THIAZOLE; [10 METHOXY 4H BENZO[4,5]CYCLOHEPTA[1,2 B]THIOPHEN 4 YLIDENE]ACETIC ACID; ANTIMALARIAL AGENT; ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENT; AURANOFIN; AUROTHIOMALATE; AZATHIOPRINE; CHLOROQUINE; CYCLOSPORIN A; CYTOKINE; GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN; ICOSANOID; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; INTERLEUKIN 1; METHOTREXATE; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; PENICILLAMINE; PHOSPHOLIPASE A2; PHOSPHOLIPASE C; PROTEIN KINASE C; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE; RP 54745; SALAZOSULFAPYRIDINE; TENIDAP; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA ANTIBODY; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

DRUG MECHANISM; HUMAN; INFLAMMATORY DISEASE; MACROPHAGE; MEDIATOR; MONONUCLEAR CELL; NONHUMAN; PHAGOCYTE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RHEUMATIC DISEASE; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; T LYMPHOCYTE;

ANIMALS; ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS; CYTOKINES; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION MEDIATORS; MACROPHAGES; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 0030743785     PISSN: 03063623     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0306-3623(96)00419-3     Document Type: Review

References (288)

1. Adams D. O. and Hamilton T. A. (1992) Macrophages as destructive cells in host defence. In Inflammation: Basic Principles and Clinical Correlates. (Edited by Gallin J. I., Goldstein A. M. and Snyderman R.) 2nd edn, pp. 637-662. Raven Press, New York.
2. Akamatsu T., Matsubara T., Saegusa Y. and Mizuno K. (1994) Inhibition of mitogen-induced response of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells by bucillamine, a new antirheumatic sulfhydryl drug. Rheumatol. Int. 13, 197-201.
3. Allgayer H. and Stenson W. F. (1988) A comparison of effects of sulfasalazine and its metabolites on the metabolism of endogenous vs. exogenous arachidonic acid. Immunopharmacology 15, 39-46.
4. Anderson R., Van Rensburg C. E. J., Jooné G. K. and Lessing A. (1994) Auranofin inactivates phosphofructokinase in human neutrophils, leading to depletion of intracellular ATP and inhibition of superoxide generation and locomotion. Mol. Pharmac. 40, 427-434.
5. Angel J., Colard O., Chevy F. and Fournier C. (1993) Interleukin-1-mediated phospholipid breakdown and arachidonic acid release in human synovial cells. Arthritis Rheum. 36, 158-167.
6. Arend W. P. and Dayer J.-M. (1995) Inhibition of the production and effects of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 38, 151-160.
7. Avruch J., Zhang J. and Kyriakis J. M. (1994) Raf meets Ras: completing the framework of a signal transduction pathway. Trends Biochem. Sci. 19, 279-283.
8. Baggiolini M., Walz A. and Kunkel S. L. (1989) Neutrophil-activating peptide-11 interleukin-8, a novel cytokine that activates neutrophils. J. Clin. Invest. 84, 1045-1049.
9. Balsinde J., Fernández B. and Solís-Herruzo J. A. (1994) Ethanol inhibits zymosan-stimulated eicosanoid production in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1210, 195-201.
10. Bannwarth B., Labat L., Moride Y. and Schaeverbeke T. (1994) Methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis: an update. Drugs 47, 25-50.
11. Barrera P., Boerbooms A. M. T., Demacker P. N. M., van de Putte L. B. A., Gallati H. and van der Meer J. W. M. (1994) Circulating concentrations and production of cytokines and soluble receptors in rheumatoid arthritis patients: effect of a single dose methotrexate. Br. J. Rheumatol. 33, 1017-1024.
12. Barrera P., Boerbooms A. M. T., Janssen E. M., Sauerwein R. W., Gallati H., Mulder J., de Boo T., Demacker P. N. M., van de Putte L. B. A. and van der Meer J. W. M. (1993) Circulation soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors, interleukin 2 receptors, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin-6 levels in rheumatoid arthritis: longitudinal evaluation during methotrexate and azathioprine therapy. Arthritis Rheum. 36, 1070-1079.
13. Beaty C. D., Franklin T. L., Uehara Y. and Wilson C. B. (1994) Lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine production in human monocytes: role of tyrosine phosphorylation in transmembrane signal transduction. Eur. J. Biochem. 24, 1278-1284.
14. Bell A. L., McNally J. A., McEvoy F. C. and Taggart A. J. (1995) Monocyte superoxide generation in ankylosing spondylitis: effects of salazopyrin and metabolites. Rheumatol. Eur. 24(Suppl. 3), 88.
15. Betts W. H., Hurst N. P., Murphy G. A. and Cleland L. G. (1990) Auranofin stimulates LTA hydropase and inhibits 5-lipoxygenase/LTA synthase activity of isolated human neutrophils. Biochem. Pharmac. 39, 1233-1237.
16. Binderup L., Bramm E. and Arrigoni-Martelli E. (1980) Effect of D-penicillamine in vitro and in vivo on macrophage phagocytosis. Biochem. Pharmac. 29, 2273-2278.
17. 2 activity of guinea-pig isolated perfused lungs: stimulation, and inhibition by anti-inflammatory steroids. Br. J. Pharmac. 62, 79-89.
18. Blumer K. J. and Johnson G. L. (1994) Diversity in function and regulation of MAP kinase pathways. Trends Biochem. Sci. 19, 236-240.
19. Bondeson J. (1996a) Effects of Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs on Macrophage Signal Transduction and the induction of Proinflammatory Cytokines. BTJ Tryck, Lund, Sweden.
20. Bondeson J. (1996) Effects of tenidap on intracellular signal transduction and the induction of proinflammatory cytokines (Review). Gen. Pharmac. 27, 943-956.
21. 2 in mouse macrophages. J. Leukocyte Biol. 54, 329-335.
22. Bondeson J. and Sundler R. (1995) Auranofin inhibits the induction of interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor α mRNA in macrophages. Biochem. Pharmac. 50, 1753-1759.
23. Bondeson J. and Sundler R. (1996) Differential effect of tenidap on the induction of proinflammatory cytokines in macrophages. Biochem. Pharmac. 52, 35-42.
24. 2 activation and induction of interleukin 1β and tumor necrosis factor α in macrophages: implications for their mechanism of action in rheumatoid arthritis. Manuscript.
25. 2 activity. J. Biol Chem. 265, 4934-4938.
26. Bourne H. R. (1995) Team blue sees red. Nature 376, 727-729.
27. Breedveld F. (1994) Tenidap: a novel cytokine-modulating antirheumatic drug for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Scand. J. Rheumatol. 23(Suppl. 100), 31-44.
28. Brennan F. M., Chantry D., Jackson A., Maini R. N. and Feldmann M. (1989) Inhibitory effect of TNFα antibodies on synovial cell interleukin-1 production in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet2, 244-247.
29. Brennan F. M., Field M., Chu C. Q., Feldmann M. and Maini R. N. (1991) Cytokine expression in rheumatoid arthritis. Br. J. Rheumatol. 30(Suppl. 1), 76-80.
30. Brennan F. M., Gibbons D. L., Mitchell T., Cope A. P., Maini R. N. and Feldmann M. (1992) Enhanced expression of tumor necrosis factor receptor mRNA and protein in mononuclear cells isolated from rheumatoid arthritis synovial joints. Eur. J. Immunol. 22, 1907-1912.
31. Brisset M., Pujol J.-P., Arenzana-Seisedos F., Virelizier J.-L., Penfornis H., Farjanel J., Rattner A., Bocquet J., Beliard R. and Loyau G. (1986) D-Penicillamine inhibition of interleukin-1 production: a possible mechanism for its effect on synovial collagen synthesis. Int. J. Tissue React. 8, 279-287.
32. Brody M., Böhm I. and Bauer R. (1993) Mechanism of action of methotrexate: experimental evidence that methotrexate blocks the binding of interleukin 1β to the interleukin 1 receptor on target cells. Eur. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 31, 667-674.
33. Burgering B. M. T. and Bos J. L. (1995) Regulation of Ras-mediated signalling: more than one way to skin a cat. Trends Biochem. Sci. 20, 18-22.
34. Cano E. and Mahadevan L. C. (1995) Parallel signal processing among mammalian MAPKs. Trends Biochem. Sci. 20, 117-122.
35. Campion G. V., Lebsack M. E., Lookabaugh Y., Gordon G., Catalane M. and the IL-1RA Arthritis Study Group (1996) Dose-range and dose frequency study of human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 39, 1092-1101.
36. Capasso F., Tavares I. A., Tsang R. and Bennett A. (1985) Effects of D-penicillamine, levamisole and tiopronin on eicosanoid synthesis by rat gut tissue. Agents Actions 17, 395-396.
37. Carlin G., Djursäter R. and Smedegård G. (1992) Sulphasalazine inhibition of human granulocyte activation by inhibition of second messenger compounds. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 51, 1230-1236.
38. Carroll G. J., Will R. K., Buerdahl P. D. and Tinsley L. M. (1989) Sulfasalazine versus penicillamine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int. 8, 251-255.
39. Champion G. D., Graham G. G. and Ziegler J. B. (1990) The gold complexes. Baillière's Clin. Rheumatol. 4, 491-534.
40. Chang D.-M., Baptiste R. and Schur P. H. (1990) The effect of antirheumatic drugs on interleukin 1 (IL-1) activity and IL-1 and IL-1 inhibitor production by human monocytes. J. Rheumatol. 17, 1148-1157.
41. Chang D.-M., Weinblatt M. E. and Schur P. H. (1992) The effects of methotrexate on interleukin 1 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol. 19, 1678-1682.
42. 2 acts at two distinct pathways of lymphocyte activation: inhibition of interleukin 2 production and downregulation of transferrin receptor expression. J. Immunol. 135, 1172-1179.
43. Chu C. Q., Field M., Allard S., Abney E., Feldmann M. and Maini R. N. (1992) Detection of cytokines at the cartilage/pannus junction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: implications of the role of cytokines in cartilage destruction and repair. Br. J. Rheumatol. 31, 653-661.
44. Chu C. Q., Field M., Feldmann M. and Maini R. N. (1991) Localization of tumor necrosis factor in synovial tissues and at the cartilage-pannus junction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 34, 1125-1132.
45. Clark P., Casas E., Tugwell P., Medina C., Gheno C., Tenorio G. and Orozco J. A. (1993) Hydroxychloroquine compared with placebo in rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 119, 1067-1071.
46. Columbo M., Galeone D., Guidi G., Kagey-Sobotka A., Lichtenstein L. M., Pettit G. R. and Marone G. (1990) Modulation of mediator release from human basophils and pulmonary mast cells and macrophages by auranofin. Biochem. Pharmac. 39, 285-291.
47. Combe B., Edno L., Lafforgue P., Bologna C., Bernard J.-C., Acquaviva P., Sany J. and Bressolle F. (1995) Total and free methotrexate pharmacokinetics, with and without piroxicam, in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Br. J. Rheumatol. 34, 421-428.
48. Cooper K. and Masamune H. (1992) Cytokine modulation as a medicinal chemistry target. Annu. Rep. Med. Chem. 27, 209-218.
49. Cope A., Aderka D., Doherty M., Englemann H., Gibbons D., Jones A. C., Brennan F. M., Maini R. N., Wallach D. and Feldmann M. (1992) Soluble necrosis factor (TNF) receptors are increased in the sera and synovial fluids of patients with rheumatic disease. Arthritis Rheum. 35, 1160-1169.
50. Cope A. P., Londei M., Chu N. R., Cohen S. B. A., Elliott M. J., Brennan F. M., Maini R. N. and Feldmann M. (1994) Chronic exposure to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in vitro impairs the activation of T cells through the T cell receptor/CD3 complex: reversal in vivo by anti-TNF antibodies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J. Clin. Invest. 94, 749-760.
51. Crilly A., McInnes I. B., Capell H. A. and Madhok R. (1994) The effect of azathioprine on serum levels of interleukin 6 and soluble interleukin 2 receptor. Scand. J. Rheumatol. 23, 87-91.
52. Cronstein B. N. (1995) The antirheumatic agents sulphasalazine and methotrexate share an anti-inflammatory mechanism. Br. J. Rheumatol. 34(Suppl. 2), 30-32.
53. Dahl S. L., Coleman M. L., Williams J., Altz-Smith M., Kay D. R., Paulus H. E., Weinstein A. and Kaplan S. (1985) Lack of correlation between blood gold concentrations and clinical response in patients with definitive or classic rheumatoid arthritis receiving auranofin or gold sodium thiomalate. Arthritis Rheum. 28, 1211-1218.
54. Danis V. A., Franic G. M. and Brooks P. M. (1991) The effect of slow-acting anti-rheumatic drugs (SAARDs) and combinations of SAARDs on monokine production in vitro. Drugs Exp. Clin. Res. 17, 549-554.
55. Danis V. A., Franic G. M., Rathjen D. A., Laurent R. M. and Brooks P. M. (1992) Circulating cytokine levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results of a double blind trial with sulphasalazine. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 51, 946-950.
56. Danis V. A., Kulesz A., Nelson D. S. and Brooks P. M. (1989) Bimodal effect of gold on IL-1 production by blood monocytes. J. Rheumatol. 16, 1160-1161.
57. Danis V. A., Kulesz A. J., Nelson D. S. and Brooks P. M. (1990) The effect of gold sodium thiomalate and auranofin on lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-1 production by blood monocytes in vitro: variation in healthy subjects and patients with arthritis. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 79, 335-340.
58. 4, a mediator present in synovial fluid in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 42, 677-679.
59. Davis P., Johnston C., Miller C. L. and Wong K. (1983) Effects of gold compounds on the function of phagocytic cells II. Arthritis Rheum. 26, 82-86.
60. Davis P., Miller C. L. and Russell A. S. (1982) Effects of gold compounds on the function of phagocytic cells I. J. Rheumatol. 9(Suppl. 8), 18-24.
61. Davis R. J. (1994) MAPKs: new JNK expands the group. Trends Biochem. Sci. 19, 470-473.
62. Dayer J.-M. and Fenner H. (1992) The role of cytokines and their inhibitors in arthritis. Baillière's Clin. Rheumatol. 6(2), 485-516.
63. Deleuran B., Kristensen M., Paludan K., Zachariae C., Larsen C. G., Zachanae E. and Thestrup-Pedersen K. (1992) The effect of second-line anti-rheumatic drugs on interleukin-8 mRNA synthesis and protein secretion in human endothelial cells. Cytokines 4, 403-409.
64. Demczuk S., Baumberger C., Mach B. and Dayer J. M. (1987) Expression of human IL-1 alpha and beta messenger RNAs and IL-1 activity in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J. Mol. Cell. Immunol. 5, 255-265.
65. 2. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 13,507-13,060.
66. Dinarello C. A. (1992) The biology of interleukin-1. Chem. Immunol. 51, 1-32.
67. Dinarello C. A. (1993) Modalities for reducing interleukin 1 activity in disease. Trends Pharma. Sci. 14, 155-159.
68. Dinarello C. A. and Wolf S. M. (1993) The role of interleukin-1 in disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 328, 106-113.
69. Dixon R. A. F., Diehl R. E., Opas E., Rands E., Vickers P. J., Evans J. F., Gillard J. W. and Miller D. K. (1990) Requirement of a 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein for leukotriene synthesis. Nature 343, 282-284.
70. Dougados M., Combe B., Beveridge T., Bourdeix I., Lallemand A., Amor B. and Sany J. (1992) IX 207-887 in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 35, 999-1006.
71. Drakes M. L., Harth M., Galsworthy S. B. and McCain G. A. (1987) Effects of gold on the production of and response to human interleukin-1. J. Rheumatol. 14, 1123-1127.
72. Drouet C., Shakhov A. N. and Jongeneel C. V. (1991) Enhancers and transcription factots controlling the inducability of the tumor necrosis factor-α promoter in primary macrophages. J. Immunol. 147, 1694-1700.
73. DuBordieu D. J. and Morgan D. W. (1990) Multiple pathways for signal transduction in the regulation of arachidonic acid metabolism in rat peritoneal macrophages. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1054, 326-332.
74. Duff G. W. (1994) Cytokines and acute phase proteins in rheumatoid arthritis. Scand. J. Rheumatol. 23(Suppl. 100), 9-19.
75. Duyster J., Hidaka H., Decker K. and Dieter P. (1992) Proteinkinase C-isoform triggers the formation of prostanoids and superoxide in liver macrophages. Biochim. Biophys. Res. Commun. 183, 1247-1253.
76. Eastgate J. A. Symons J. A., Wood N. C., Grinlinton F. M., di Giovine F. S. and Duff G. W. (1988) Correlation of plasma interleukin-1 levels with disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 2, 706-709.
77. Elliott M. J., Maini R. N., Feldmann M., Kalden J. R., Antoni C., Smolen J. S., Leeb B., Breedveld F. C., Macfarlane J. D., Bijl H. and Woody J. N. (1994) Randomized double-blind comparison of chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumour necrosis factor (cA2) versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 344, 1105-1110.
78. Elliott M. J., Maini R. N., Feldmann M., Long-Fox A., Charles P., Katsikis P., Brennan F. M., Walker J., Bijl H., Ghrayeb J. and Woody J. (1993) Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with chimeric monoclonal antibodies to tumor necrosis factor. Arthritis Rheum. 36, 1681-1690.
79. Elmgreen J., Ahnfelt-Rønne J. and Nielsen O. H. (1989) Inhibition of human neutrophils by auranofin: chemotaxis and metabolism of arachidonate via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 48, 134-138.
80. Elsasser-Beile U., von Kleist S., Gerlach S., Gallati H. and Monting S. (1994) Cytokine production in whole blood cell cultures of patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 8, 447-451.
81. Emery P. (1994) Early rheumatoid arthritis: therapeutic strategies. Scand J. Rheumatol. 23(Suppl. 100), 3-8.
82. 23187. J. Biol. Chem. 259, 3111-3116.
83. Emilsson A., Wijkander J. and Sundler R. (1986) Diacylglycerol induces deacylation of phosphatidylinositol and mobilization or arachidonic acid in mouse macrophages: comparison with induction by phobol diester. Biochem. J. 239, 685-690.
84. Endres S., Meydani S. N. and Dinarello C. A. (1991) Effects of omega 3 fatty acids on ex vivo synthesis of cytokines in human volunteers: comparison with oral aspirin and ibuprofen. World Rev. Nutr. Diet. 66, 401-406.
85. Ertel W., Morrison M. H., Ayala A. and Chaudry I. H. (1991) Chloroquin attenuates hemorrhagic shock-induced suppression of Kupffer cell antigen presentation and major histocompatibility complex class II antigen expression through blockade of tumor necrosis factor and prostaglandin release. Blood 78, 1781-1788.
86. Evans G. F. and Zuckerman S. H. (1989) Pharmacologic modulation of TNF production by endotoxin stimulated macrophages: in vitro and in vivo effects of auronofin and other chrysotherapeutic compounds. Agents Actions 26, 329-334.
87. Farr M., Brodrick A. and Bacon P. A. (1985) Plasma and synovial fluid concentrations of sulphasalazine and two of its metabolites in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol. Int. 5, 247-251.
88. Feldmann M., Brennan F. M. and Maini R. N. (1996) Role of cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 14, 397-440.
89. Felson D. T., Anderson J. J. and Meenan R. F. (1990) The comparative efficacy and toxicity of second-line drugs in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 33, 1449-1461.
90. Felson D. T., Anderson J. J. and Meenan R. F. (1992) Use of short-term efficacy/toxicity tradeoffs to select second-line drugs in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 35, 1117-1125.
91. 2 inhibits the release of tumor necrosis factor-α, rather than interleukin 1β from human macrophages. Immunol. Lett. 31, 85-90.
92. Fiorentino D. F., Zlotnik A., Mosmann T. R., Howard M. and O'Garra A. (1991) IL-10 inhibits cytokine production by activated macrophages. J. Immunol. 147, 3815-3822.
93. Firestein G. S., Alvaro-Garcia J. M. and Maki R. (1990) Quantitative analysis of cytokine gene expression in rheumatoid arthritis. J. Immunol. 144, 3342-3353.
94. Firestein G. S. and Zvaifler N. J. (1990) How important are T cells in chronic rheumatoid synovitis? Arthritis Rheum. 33, 769-773.
95. 4 formation by exogenous 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors is associated with enhanced genetation of 15-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) by human neutrophils. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 280, 430-436.
96. Folliard F., Bousseau A. and Terlain B. (1992) RP 54745, a potential anti-rheumatic compound I: inhibitor of macrophage stimulation and interleukin-1 production. Agents Actions 36, 119-126.
97. Frisk-Holmberg M., Bergquist Y. and Domeij-Nyberg B. (1979) Chloroquine serum concentration and side effects. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 25, 345-350.
98. Froscio M., Murray A. W. and Hurst N. P. (1987) Inhibition of epidermal growth factor binding to HeLa cells by auranofin. Biochem. Pharmacol. 36, 769-772.
99. Froscio M., Murray A. W. and Hurst N. P. (1988a) Enhancement of protein kinase C-mediated EGF receptor phosphorylation by auranofin. Scand. J. Rheum. 17, 281-285.
100. Froscio M., Murray A. W. and Hurst N. P. (1989) Inhibition of protein kinase C activity by the antirheumatic drug auranofin. Biochem. Pharmac. 38, 2087-2089.
101. Froscio M., Solanki V., Murray A. W. and Hurst N. P. (1988b) Auranofin enhances phosphorylation of putative substrates of protein kinase C in human platelets. Biochem. Pharmac. 37, 366-368.
102. Gearing A. J. H. et al. (1995) Matrix metalloproteinases and processing of pro-TNF-α. J. Leukocyte Biol. 57, 744-777.
103. Gerber R. C., Paulus H. E., Bluestone R. and Pearson C. M. (1972) Clinical response to serum gold levels in chrysotherapy: lack of correlation. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 31, 308-310.
104. Ginsburg H. and Geary T. G. (1987) Current concepts and new ideas on the mechanisms of action of quinoline-containing antimalarials. Biochem. Pharmac. 36, 1567-1576.
105. Glaser K. B., Sung A., Bauer J. and Weichman B. M. (1993) Regulation of eicosanoid biosynthesis in the macrophage. Biochem. Pharmac. 45, 711-721.
106. Gonzales-Noriega A., Grubb J. H., Talkad V. and Sly W. S. (1980) Chloroquine inhibits lysosomal enzyme pinocytosis and enhances lysosomal enzyme secretion by impairing receptor recykling. J. Cell Biol. 85, 839-852.
107. Grahame R., Billings R., Laurence M., Marks V. and Wood P. J. (1974) Tissue gold levels, after chrysotherapy. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 33, 536-539.
108. Green S. P., Hamilton J. A. and Phillips W. A. (1992) Zymosan-triggered tyrosine phosphorylation in mouse bone-marrow-derived macrophages is enhanced by respiratory-burst proming agents. Biochem. J. 288, 427-432.
109. Greenfield S. M., Punchard N. A., Teare J. P. and Thompson R. P. H. (1993) The mode of action of the aminosalicylates in inflammatory bowel disease (Review). Aliment. Pharmac. Ther. 7, 369-383.
110. Grönberg A., Isaksson P. and Smedegård G. (1994) Inhibitory effect of sulfasalazine on production of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. Arthritis Rheum. 37(Suppl. 9), S383.
111. 2 by phosphorylation in rat mesangial cells. J. Clin. Invest. 93, 1224-1233.
112. 2-stimulated release and metabolism of arachidonic acid in cultured intestinal epithelial cells (INT 407). Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 28, 323-330.
113. Hafström I., Seligmann B. E., Friedman M. M. and Gallin J. I. (1984) Auranofin affects early events in human polymorphonuclear neutrophil activation by receptor-mediated stimuli. J. Immunol. 132, 2007-2014.
114. Hafström I., Udén A.-M. and Palmblad J. (1983) Modulation of neutrophil functions by auranofin. Scand. J. Rheumatol 12, 97-105.
115. Han J., Lee J.-D., Bibbs L. and Ulevitsch R. J. (1994) A MAP kinase targeted by endotoxin and hyperosmolarity in mammalian cells. Science 265, 808-811.
116. Hashimoto K., Whitehurst C. E., Matsubara T., Hirohata K. and Lipsky P. E. (1992) Immunomodulatory effects of therapeutic gold compounds: gold sodium thiomalate inhibits the activity of T cell protein kinase C. J. Clin. Invest. 89, 1839-1848.
117. Hawkes J. S., Cleland L. G. and James M. J. (1993) The effect of methotrexate on lipoxygenase metabolism in neutrophils from rats: in vitro and ex vivo studies. Agents Actions 40, 181-185.
118. Hawkes J. S., Cleland L. G., Proudman S. M. and James M. J. (1994) The effect of methotrexate on ex vivo lipoxygenase metabolism in neutrophils from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol. 21, 55-58.
119. Henderson B. (1995) (1995) Therapeutic modulation of cytokines. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 54, 519-523.
120. Henderson B. and Pettipher E. R. (1989) Arthritogenic actions of recombinant IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor in the rabbit: evidence for synergistic interactions between cytokines in vivo. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 73, 306-310.
121. Henderson B. and Poole S. (1994) Modulation of cytokine function: therapeutic applications. Adv. Pharmac. 25, 53-115.
122. 2 on disease activity, gastric secretion and intestinal permeability, and morphology in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 47, 620-627.
123. Hepler J. R. and Gilman A. G. (1992) G proteins. Trends Biochem. Sci. 17, 383-387.
124. HERA Study Group (1995) A randomized trial of hydroxychloroqine in early rheumatoid arthritis: The HERA study. Am. J. Med. 98, 156-168.
125. Herlin T., Fogh K., Christiansen N. O. and Kragballe K. (1989) Effect of auranofin on eicosanoids and protein kinase C in human neutrophils. Agents Actions 28, 121-129.
126. Hirata F., Corcoran B. A., Venkatasubramanian K., Schiffmann E. and Axelrod J. (1979) Chemoattractants stimulate degradation of methylated phospholipids and release of arachidonic acid in rabbit leukocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76, 2640-2643.
127. Hiscott J., Marois J., Garoufalis J., D'Addario M., Roulston A., Kwan I., Pepin N., Lacoste J., Nguyen H., Bensi G. and Fenton M. (1993) Characterization of a functional NF-κB site in the human interleukin 1 promoter: evidence for a positive autoregulatory loop. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 6231-6240.
128. Hu S.-K., Mitchko Y. L., Oronsky A. L. and Kerwar S. S. (1988) Studies on the effect of methotrexate on macrophage function. J. Rheumatol. 15, 206-209.
129. Hug H. and Sarre T. F. (1993) Protein kinase C isoenzymes: divergence in signal transduction? Biochem. J. 291, 329-343.
130. Hurst N. P., Bell A. L. and Nuki G. (1986a) Studies of the effect of D-penicillamine and sodium aurothiomalate on superoxide anion production by monocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis: evidence for in vivo stimulation of monocytes. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 45, 37-43.
131. Hurst N. P., French J. K., Bell A. L., Nuki G., O'Donnell M. L., Betts W. H. and Cleland L. G. (1986b) Differential effects of mepacrine, chloroquine and hydroxychloroqine on superoxide anion generation, phospholipid methylation and arachidonic acid release by human blood monocytes. Biochem. Pharmac. 35, 3038-3089.
132. Hurst N. P., French J. K., Gorjatschko L. and Betts W. H. (1988) Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine inhibit multiple sites in metabolic pathways leading to neutrophil superoxide release. J. Rheumatol. 15, 23-27.
133. Huwiler A. and Pfeilschifter J. (1993) A role for protein kinase C-α in zymosan-stimulated eicosanoid synthesis in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Eur. J. Biochem. 217, 69-75.
134. 4 synthesis by combination auranofin and eicosapentaenoic acid. Biochem. Pharmac. 43, 695-700.
135. 2. J. Clin. Invest. 75, 1339-1349.
136. Joyce D. A. (1990) D-Penicillamine. Baillière's Clin. Rheumatol. 4, 553-574.
137. Karin M. (1995) The regulation of AP-1 activity by mitogen-activated protein kinases. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 16,483-16,486.
138. Katsikis P. D., Chu C.-Q., Brennan F. M., Maini R. N. and Feldmann M. (1994) Immunoregulatory role of interleukin-10 in rheumatoid arthritis. J. Exp. Med. 179, 1517-1527.
139. Keating J. J., Maxwell W. J., Hogan F. P. and Keeling P. W. N. (1987) Effects of prednisolone, sulphasalazine, 5-aminosalicylic acid and indomethacin on prostaglandin E2 and leucotriene B4 production. Gut 28, A1390.
140. Kelly K. A., Hill M. R., Youkhana K., Wanker F. and Gimble J. M. (1994) Dimethyl sulfoxide modulated NF-κB and cytokine activation in lipopolysaccharide-treated murine macrophages. Infect. Immun. 62, 3122-3128.
141. 2 on leukotriene and histamine release from human and guinea-pig lung. Prostaglandins 30, 199-208.
142. Klaushofer K., Hoffmann O., Hörander H., Karasegh S., Fratzl-Zelman N., Leis H. J., Gleispach H., Koller K. and Peterlik M. (1989) Effect of auranofin on resorption, prostaglandin synthesis and ultrastructure of bone cells in cultured mouse calvaria. J. Rheumatol. 16, 749-756.
143. Knudsen P. J. Dinarello C. A. and Strom T. B. (1986) Prostaglandins post-transcriptionally inhibit monocyte expression of interleukin 1 activity by increasing intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate. J. Immunol. 137, 3189-3194.
144. Koike R., Miki I., Otoshi T., Totsuka T., Inoue H., Kase H., Saito I. and Miyasaka N. (1994) Gold sodium thiomalate down-regulates intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression on vascular endothelial cells. Mol. Pharmac. 46, 599-604.
145. Krane S. M., Conca W., Stephenson M. L. et al. (1990) Mechanisms of matrix degradation in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 580, 340-354.
146. Kunkel S. J. and Chensue S. W. (1985) Arachidonic acid metabolites regulate interleukin-1 production. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 128, 892-897.
147. Kunz J. and Hall M. N. (1993) Cyclosporin A, FK506 and rapamycin: more than just immunosupression. Trends Biochem. Sci. 18, 334-338.
148. Kyriakis J. M., Banerjee P., Nikolakaki E., Dai T., Rubie E. A., Ahmad M. F., Avruch J. and Woodgett J. R. (1994) The stress-activated protein kinase subfamily of c-Jun kinases. Nature 369, 156-160.
149. Langholz E., Nielsen O. H., Ahnfelt-Rönne I. and Elmgreen J. (1990) Arachidonic acid metabolism in neutrophil granulocytes obtained from synovial fluid in rheumatoid arthritis. Scand. J. Rheumatol. 19, 387-391.
150. Lee J. C., Badger A. M., Griswold D. E., Dunnington D., Truneh A., Votta B., White J. R., Young P. R. and Bender P. E. (1993) Bicyclic imidazoles as a novel class of cytokine biosynthesis inhibitors. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 696, 149-170.
151. Lee J. C. et al. (1994) A protein kinase involved in the regulation of inflammatory cytokine biosynthesis. Nature 372, 739-746.
152. Leroux J. L., Damon M., Chavis C., Crastes de Paulet A. and Blotman F. (1992) Effects of a single dose of methotrexate on 5-and 12-lipoxygenase products in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol. 19, 863-866.
153. 2 from a macrophage cell line. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 963, 476-492.
154. 2+-induced regulation of ion channel and MAP kinase functions. Nature 376, 737-745.
155. Liang Y., Peterson J. W., Jackson C. A. and Reitmeyer J. C. (1990) Chloroquine inhibition of cholera toxin. FEBS Lett. 275, 143-145.
156. 2 is phosphorylated and activated by MAP kinase. Cell 72, 269-278.
157. Lison D., Raguzzi F. and Lauwerys R. (1990) Comparison of the effects of auronofin, heavy metals and retinoids on protein kinase C mediated response in macrophages. Pharmac. Toxicol. 67, 239-242.
158. Loetscher P., Dewald B., Baggiolini M. and Seitz M. (1994) Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and interleukin 8 production by rheumatoid synoviocytes: effects of anti-rheumatic drugs. Cytokines 6, 162-170.
159. Lozanski G., Ballou S. P. and Kushner I. (1992) Effect of flurbiprofen on cytokine production by human monocytes and U-937 and THP-1 cell lines. J. Rheumatol. 19, 921-926.
160. MacIntyre A. C. and Cuther D. J. (1988) Role of lysosomes in hepatic accumulation of chloroquine. J. Pharm. Sci. 77, 196-199.
161. Mahoney C. W., Henessey C. E. and Azzi A. (1989) Auranofin, gold thiomalate, and gold thioglucose inhibit protein kinase C. Biochem. Pharmac. 38, 3383-3386.
162. Makino Y., Tanaka H. and Makino I. (1994) Paradoxical derepression of collagenase gene expression by the antirheumatic gold compound aurothiomalate. Mol. Pharmac. 46, 1084-1089.
163. Malarkey K., Belham C. M., Paul A., Graham A., McLees A., Scott P. H. and Plevin R. (1995) The regulation of tyrosine phosphate signalling pathways by growth factor and G-protein-coupled receptors. Biochem. J. 309, 361-375.
164. Malfait A.-M., Verbruggen G., Almqvist K. F., Broddelez C. and Veys E. M. (1994) Coculture of human articular chondrocytes with peripheral blood mononuclear cells as a model to study cytokine-mediated interactions between inflammatory cells in the rheumatoid joint. In Vitro Dev. Cell. Biol. 30A, 747-752.
165. Marais R., Wynne J. and Treisman R. (1993) The SRF accessory protein Elk-1 contains growth factor-regulated transcriptional domain. Cell 73, 381-393.
166. Märki F. and Stanton J. L. (1992) Inhibition of human phospholipase C by aurothiomalate and (Triethylphosphine) gold complexes. Arzneim-Forsch/Drug Res. 42(1), 328-333.
167. Marshall C. J. (1995) Specificity of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling: transient versus sustained extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation. Cell 80, 179-185.
168. Martinez F. and Coleman J. W. (1989) The effects of selected drugs, including chlorpromazine and non-steroid anti-inflammatory agents, on polyclonal IgG synthesis and interleukin 1 production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 76, 252-257.
169. Matsubara T. and Hirohata K. (1988) Suppression of human fibroblast proliferation by D-penicillamine and copper sulfate in vitro. Arthritis Rheum. 31, 964-972.
170. Matsubara T., Saegusa Y. and Hirohata K. (1988) Low-dose gold compounds inhibit fibroblast proliferation and do not affect interleukin-1 secretion by macrophages. Arthritis Rheum. 31, 1272-1280.
171. Miller D. K. et al. (1990) Identification and isolation of a membrane protein necessary for leukotriene production. Nature 343, 278-281.
172. Mirabelli C. K., Sung C.-P., Picker D. H., Barnard C., Hydes P. and Badger A. M. (1988) Effect of metal containing compounds on superoxide release from phorbol myristate acetate stimulated murine peritoneal macrophages: inhibition by auranofin and spirogermanium. J. Rheumatol. 15, 1064-1069.
173. 4 and prostanoid synthesis in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vitro. Agents Actions. 24, 387-394.
174. Moilanen E., Seppälä E., Nissilä M. and Vapataalo H. (1988) D-penicillamine effects on prostanoid production in adherent rheumatic synovial cells in primary culture. Prostaglandins Leukot. Med. 28, 141-152.
175. Morales T. J. and Hascall V. C. (1989) Factors involved in the regulation of proteoglycan metabolism in articular cartilage. Arthritis Rheum. 32, 1197-1201.
176. Moreland L. W., Pratt P., Mayes M. D., Postlethwaite A., Weisman M. H., Schnitzer T., Lightfoot R., Calabrese L., Zelinger D. J., Woody J. N. and Koopman W. J. (1995) Double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial using chimeric monoclonal anti-CD4 antibody, cM-T413, in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving methotrexate. Arthritis Rheum. 38, 1581-1588.
177. Mulherin D., Fitzgerald O. and Bresnihan B. (1996) Synovial tissue macrophage populations and articular damage in RA. Arthritis Rheum. 39, 115-124.
178. Naumann M. and Scheidereit C. (1994) Activation of NF-κB is regulated by multiple phosphorylations. EMBO (Eur. Mol. Biol. Organ.) J. 13, 4597-4607.
179. Nawroth P., Bank I., Handley D., Cassimero J., Chess L. and Stern D. (1986) Tumor necrosis factor interacts with endothelial cells to induce release of IL-1. J. Exp. Med. 163, 1363-1375.
180. Nebreda A. R. (1994) Inactivation of MAP kinases. Trends Biochem. Sci. 19, 1-2.
181. Neer E. J. (1995) Heterotrimeric G proteins: organizers of transmembrane signals. Cell 80, 249-257.
182. 2 by p42 microtubule-associated protein 2 kinase and protein kinase C. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 1960-1964.
183. Nguyen D. T., Eskandai M. K., DeForge L. E., Raiford C. L., Streiler R. M., Kunkel S. L. and Remick D. G. (1990) Cyclosporin A modulation of tumor necrosis factor gene expression and effects in vitro and in vivo. J. Immunol. 144, 3822-3828.
184. Nielsen O. H., Ahnfelt-Rönne I. and Elmgreen J. (1988) A comparison of the effect of timegadine, levamisole, and D-penicillamine on human neutrophil metabolism of endogenous arachidonic acid and chemotaxis. Pharmac. Toxicol. 62, 322-325.
185. Nielsen O. H., Ahnfelt-Rönne I. and Elmgreen J. (1989) Effects of antirheumatic drugs on engogenous arachidonate metabolism and chemotaxis in human neutrophil granulocytes. Agents Actions 26, 233-234.
186. Nielsen O. H., Bukhave K., Elmgreen J. and Ahnfelt-Rönne I. (1987) Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism in human neutrophils by sulfasalazine and 5-aminosalicylic acid. Dig. Dis. Sci. 32, 577-582.
187. Oben J. A. and and Foreman J. C. (1988) Stimulatory effects of anti-rheumatic drugs on human neutrophil functions. Immunopharmacology 16, 157-165.
188. Oben J. A., Wallace G. R., Chain B. M. and Foreman J. C. (1989) The stimulation of IL-2 production by anti-rheumatic drugs. Immunology 67, 328-332.
189. O'Byrne E. M., Blancuzzi V., Wilson D. E., Wong M. and Jeng E. Y. (1990) Elevated substance P and accelerated cartilage degradation in rabbit knees injected with interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor. Arthritis Rheum. 33, 1023-1028.
190. Okamoto M., Sasano M., Goto M., Nishioka K., Aotsuka S., Nakamura K. and Yokohari R. (1991) Suppressive effect of anti-rheumatic drugs on interleukin-1 beta release from human peripheral blood monocytes. Int. J. Immunopharmac. 13, 39-43.
191. Pabst M. J. and Johnston R. B. (1989) In Handbook of Inflammation. (Edited by Henson P. M. And Murphy R. C.) vol. 6, pp. 361-393. Elsevier, New York.
192. Page Thomas D. P., King B., Stephens T. and Dingle J. T. (1991) In vivo studies of cartilage regeneration after damage induced by catabolin/interleukin-1. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 50, 75-80.
193. Parente J. E., Davis P. and Wong K. (1987) Gold compounds alter distribution of protein kinase C activity in human neutrophils. Inflammation 11, 381-388.
194. Parente J. E., Walsh M. P., Girard P. R., Kuo J. F., Ng D. S. and Wong K. (1989) Effects of gold coordination complexes on neutrophil function are mediated via inhibition of protein kinase C. Mol. Pharmac. 35, 26-33.
195. 2 production by polymorpho-nuclear leukocytes. J. Rheumatol. 13, 47-51.
196. Parkar B. A., McCormick M. E. and Foster S. J. (1990) Leukotrienes do not regulate interleukin 1 production by activated macrophages. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 169, 422-429.
197. Peters-Golden M. and Shelly C. (1988) The oral gold compound auranofin triggers arachidonate release and cyclooxygenase metabolism in the alveolar macrophage. Prostaglandins 36, 773-785.
198. Peters-Golden M. and Shelly C. (1989) Inhibition of alveolar macrophage 5-lipoxygenase metabolism by auranofin. Biochem. Pharmac. 38, 1589-1595.
199. Picot S., Peyron F., Donadille A., Vuillez J.-P., Barbe G. and AmbroiseThomas P. (1993) Chloroquine-induced inhibition of the production of TNF, but not of IL-6, is affected by disruption of iron metabolism. Immunology 80, 127-133.
200. Picot S., Peyron F., Vuillez J.-P., Polack B. and Ambroise-Thomas P. (1991) Chloroquine inhibits tumor necrosis factor production by human macrophages in vitro. J. Infect. Dis. 164, 830.
201. Pincus T. and Callahan L. F. (1993) What is the natural history of rheumatoid arthritis? Rheum. Dis. Clin. N. Am. 19, 123-151.
202. Pincus T., Marcum S. B. and Callahan L. F. (1992) Longterm drug therapy for rheumatoid arthritis in seven rheumatology private practices II: second line drugs and prednisone. J. Rheumatol. 19, 1885-1894.
203. Plows D., Probert L., Georgopoulos S., Alexopoulou L. and Kollias G. (1995) The role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in arthritis: studies in transgenic mice. Rheumatol. Eur. 24(Suppl. 2), 51-54.
204. Poole B. and Ohkuma S. (1981) Effect of weak bases on the intralysosomal pH in mouse peritoneal macrophages. J. Cell Biol. 90, 665-669.
205. Pope R. M., Leutz A. and Ness S. A. (1994) C/EBP regulation of the tumor necrosis factor gene. J. Clin. Invest. 94, 1449-1455.
206. Porter D. R. and Capell H. A. (1990) The use of sulphasalazine as a disease modifying antirheumatic drug. Baillière's Clin. Rheumatol. 4, 535-551.
207. Poubelle P. E., Bourgoin S., Marceau F., Beaulieu A. D. and Borgeat P. (1988) Studies on the effects of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs on lipoxygenase product synthesis in human neutrophils in vitro. Int. J. Immunopharmac. 10, 709-715.
208. Pruimboom W. M., van Dijk J. A. P. M., Tak C. J. A. M., Garrelds I., Bonta I. L., Wilson P. J. H. and Zijlstra F. J. (1994) Interaction between cytokines and eicosanoids: a study using human peritoneal macrophages. Immunol. Lett. 41, 255-260.
209. Pullar T., Hunter J. A. and Capell H. A. (1985) Which component of suplhasalazine is active in rheumatoid arthritis? Br. Med. J. 290, 1535-1538.
210. Pullar T. and Veale D. (1993) Cytotoxic therapy in rheumatoid arthritis? Br. J. Rheumatol. 32, 355-356.
211. Punchard N. A., Boswell D. J., Greenfield S. M. and Thompson R. P. H. (1992) The effects of sulphasalazine and its metabolites on prostaglandin production by human mononuclear cells. Biochem. Pharmac. 43, 2369-2376.
212. Rachmilewitz D., Karmeli F., Schwartz L. W. and Simon P. L. (1992) Effect of aminophenols (5-ASA and 4-ASA) on colonic interleukin-1 generation. Gut 33, 929-932.
213. Rao A. (1995) NFATp, a cyclosporin-sensitive transcription factor implicated in cytokine gene induction. J. Leukocyte Biol. 57, 536-542.
214. Raz A. (1983) Mepacrine blockade of arachidonate-induced washed platelet aggregation: relationship to mepacrine inhibition of platelet cyclooxygenase. Thromb. Haemostatis. 50, 784-786.
215. Raz A., Wyche A., Siegel N. and Needleman P. (1988) Regulation of fibroblast cyclooxygenase synthesis by interleukin-1. J. Biol. Chem. 263, 3022-3028.
216. 2 in monocytic cell lines: functional and biochemical aspects of membrane association. Biochem. J. 276, 631-636.
217. Reimann T., Buscher D., Hipskind R. A., Krautwald S., Lohmann-Matthes M.-L. and Baccarini M. (1994) Lipopolysaccharide induces activation of the Raf-1/MAP kinase pathway: a putative role for Raf-1 in the induction of the IL-1β and the TNF-α genes. J. Immunol. 153, 5740-5749.
218. Remvig L. and Andersen B. (1990) Salicylazosulfapyridine (Salazopyrin) effect on endotoxin-induced production of interleukin-1-like factor from human monocytes in vitro. Scand. J. Rheumatol. 19, 11-16.
219. Remvig L., Enk C. and Bligaard N. (1988) Effect of auranofin and sodium aurothiomalate on interleukin-1 production from human monocytes in vivo. Scand. J. Rheumatol. 17, 255-262.
220. Rhee S. G. and Choi K. D. (1992) Regulation of inositol phospholipid-specific phospholipase C isoenzymes. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 12,393-12,396.
221. Richter J. (1991) Effect of auranofin on cytokine-induced secretion of granule proteins from adherent human neutrophils in vitro. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 50, 372-375.
222. Riestra J. L., Harth M., Rodriguez A. and Larrea C. L. (1988) Effect of D-penicillamine on mononuclear cells in vitro. Rheumatol. Int. 8, 199-224.
223. Rooney M., Symons J. A. and Duff G. W. (1992) Interleukin-1 heta in synovial fluids is related to local disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol. Int. 10, 217-219.
224. Rordorf-Adam C., Lazdins J., Woods-Cook K., Alteri E., Henn R., Geiger T., Feige U., Towbin H. and Erard F. (1989) An assay for the detection of interleukin-1 synthesis inhibitors: effects of antirheumatic drugs. Drugs Exp. Clin. Res. 15, 355-362.
225. Rouzer C. A. and Samuelsson B. (1987) Reversible, calcium-dependent membrane association of human leukocyte 5-lipoxygenase. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 84, 7393-7397.
226. Ruschen S., Stellberg W. and Warnatz H. (1992) Kinetics of cytokine secretion by mononuclear cells of the blood from rheumatoid arthritis patients are different from those from healthy controls. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 89, 32-37.
227. Sack U., Stiehl P. and Geiler G. (1994) Distribution of macrophages in rheumatoid synovial membrane and its association with basic activity. Rheumatol. Int. 13, 181-186.
228. Saklatvala J. (1986) Tumor necrosis factor-α stimulates resorption and inhibits synthesis of proteoglycan in cartilage. Nature 322, 547-549.
229. 2 suppresses tumor necrosis factor but not interleukin-1α or β-mRNA and cell-associated bioactivity. J. Leukocyte Biol. 45, 416-421.
230. 2 formation in rat mesangial cells. Eur. J. Biochem. 210, 169-176.
231. Schmidt J. A. and Abdulla E. (1988) Down-regulation of IL-1 beta biosynthesis by inducers of the heat-shock response. J. Immunol. 141, 2027-2034.
232. Schultz R. M., Howbert J. J. and Archer R. A. (1989) Potent inhibition of interleukin 1 beta-mediated human melanoma (A375.6) lysis by corticosteroids, staurosporine, and tilorone. Immunopharmac. Immunotoxicol. 11, 489-506.
233. Segal R., Mozes E., Yaron M. and Tartakovsky B. (1989) The effects of methotrexate on the production and activity of interlukin-1. Arthritis Rheum. 32, 370-377.
234. Segal R., Yaron M. and Tartakovsky B. (1990) Rescue of interleukin-1 activity by leucovorin following inhibition by methotrexate in a murine in vitro system. Arthritis Rheum. 33, 1745-1748.
235. Seitz M., Loetscher P., Dewald B., Towbin H., Rordorf C., Gallati H., Baggiolini M. and Gerber N. J. (1995) Methotrexate action in rheumatoid arthritis: stimulation of cytokine inhibitors and inhibition of chemokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Br. J. Rheumatol. 34, 602-609.
236. Shakhov A. N., Collart M. A., Vassalli P., Nedospasov S. A. and Jongeneel C. V. (1990) κB-Type enhancers are involved in lipopolysaccharide-mediated transcriptional activation of the tumor necrosis factor α gene in primary macrophages. J. Exp. Med. 171, 35-47.
237. Shanahan F., Niederlehner A., Carramanzana N. and Anton P. (1990) Sufasalazine inhibits the binding of TNFα to its receptor. Immunopharmacology 20, 217-224.
238. Sipe J. D., Partle L. M. and Loose L. D. (1992) Modification of proinflammatory cytokine production by the antirheumatic agents tenidap and naproxen. J. Immunol 148, 480-484.
239. Sirko S. P., Schindler R., Doyle M. J., Weisman S. M. and Dinarello C. A. (1991) Transcription, translation and secretion of interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor: effects of tebofelone, a dual cyclooxygenase/5-lipoxygenase inhibitor. Eur. J. Immunol. 21, 243-250.
240. Smedegård G. and Björk J. (1995) Sulphasalazine: mechanism of action in rheumatoid arthritis. Br. J. Rheumatol. 34(Suppl. 2), 7-15.
241. Snyder R. M., Mirabelli C. K., Clark M. A., Ziegler J. T. and Crooke S. T. (1987) Effect of auranofin and other gold complexes on the activity of phospholipase C. Mol. Pharmac. 32, 437-442.
242. Sperber K., Quraishi H., Kalb T. H., Panja A., Stecher V. and Mayer L. (1993) Selective regulation of cytokine secretion by hydroxychloroquine: inhibition of interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1-α) and IL-6 in human monocytes and T cells. J. Rheumatol. 20, 803-808.
243. 4 synthesis ex vivo in neutrophils from patients with rheumatoid arthritis beginning treatment with methotrexate. Arthritis Rheum. 35, 376-384.
244. 4 synthesis in neutrophils from patients with rheumatoid arthritis by a single oral dose of methotrexate. Arthritis Rheum. 33, 1149-1155.
245. lyn. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 20,725-20,728.
246. Stenson W. F., Metha J. and Spilberg I. (1984) Sulfasalazine inhibition of binding of N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) to its receptor on human neutrophils. Biochem. Pharmac. 33, 407-412.
247. Struhar D., Kivity S. and Topilsky M. (1992) Quinacrine inhibits oxygen radicals from human alveolar macrophages. Int. J. Immunopharmac. 14, 275-277.
248. 2 and of the release process in intact macrophages. Biochem. J. 301, 455-458.
249. Svensson U., Holst E. and Sundler R. (1995) Cyclosporin-sensitive expression of cytokine mRNA in mouse macrophages responding to bacteria. Mol. Immunol. 32, 157-165.
250. 2 in macrophages in response to bacteria. Eur. J. Biochem. 213, 81-86.
251. Symons J. A., Eastgate J. A. and Duff G. W. (1991) Purification and characterization of a novel soluble receptor for interleukin 1. J. Exp. Med. 174, 1251-1254.
252. Symons J. A., Young P. R. and Duff G. W. (1995) Soluble type II interleukin 1 (IL-1) receptor binds and blocks processing of IL-1β precursor and loses affinity for IL-1 receptor antagonist. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 1714-1718.
253. Tauber A. I. and Simons E. R. (1983) Dissociation of human neutrophil membrane depolarization, respiratory burst stimulation and phospholipid metabolism by quinacrine. FEBS Lett. 156, 161-164.
254. Tett S., Cutler D. and Day R. (1990) Antimalarials in rheumatic diseases. Baillière's Clin. Rheumatol. 4, 467-489.
255. Thornberry N. A. et al. (1992) A novel heterodimeric cysteine protease is required for interleukin-1 processing in monocytes. Nature 356, 768-774.
256. Tornhamre S., Edenius C., Smedegård G., Sjöquist B. and Lindgren J. Å. (1989) Effects of sulfasalazine and sulfasalazine analogue on the formation of lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase products. Eur. J. Pharmac. 169, 225-236.
257. Turner M., Chantry D., Buchan G., Barrett K. and Feldman M. (1989) Regulation of expression of human IL-1α and IL-1β genes. J. Immunol. 143, 3556-3561.
258. Ulfgren A.-K., Lindblad S., Klareskog L, Andersson J. and Andersson U. (1995) Detection of cytokine producing cells in the synovial membrane from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 54, 654-661.
259. Vandenabeele P., Declercq W., Beyaert R. and Fiers W. (1995) Two tumor necrosis factor receptors: structure and function. Trends Cell Biol. 5, 392-399.
260. Van den Berg W. (1995) Uncoupling of inflammation and joint destruction in arthritis: pivotal role of interleukin 1 in destruction. Rheumatol. Eur. 24(Suppl. 2), 161-163.
261. Van der Heijde D. M., van Riel P. L., Nuwer-Swart I. H., Gribnav F. W. and van der Putte L. B. (1989) Effect of hydroxychloroquine and sulphasalazine on progression of joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 1, 1036-1038.
262. Van der Lubbe P. A., Dijkmans B. A. C., Markusse H. M., Nässander U. and Breedveld F. C. (1995) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of CD4 monoclonal antibody therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 38, 1079-1106.
263. Vane J. (1994) Towards a better aspirin. Nature 367, 215-216.
264. Van Lent P. L. E. M., van de Loo F. A. J., Holthuysen A. E. M., van den Bersselaar L. A. M., Vermeer H. and van den Berg W. B. (1995) Major role for interleukin 1 but not for tumor necrosis factor in early cartilage damage in immune comolex arthritis in mice. J. Rheumatol. 22, 2250-2258.
265. Veis N. and Hamilton J. A. (1991) Colony stimulating factor-1 stimulates diacylglycerol generation in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages, but not in resident peritoneal macrophages. J. Cell. Physiol. 147, 298-305.
266. Von den Hoff H., De Koenig M., Van Kampen J. and Van der Korst J. (1995) Interleukin-1 reversibly inhibits the synthesis of biglycan and decorin in intact articular cartilage in culture. J. Rheumatol. 22, 1520-1526.
267. Wallace D. J. (1989) The use of quinacrine (Atagbrine) in rheumatic diseases: a reexamination. Semin. Arthritis. Rheum. 18, 282-2897.
268. Walmsley M., Katsikis P. D., Abney E., Parry S., Williams R. O., Maini R. N. and Feldmann M. (1996) IL-10 inhibits progression of established collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 39, 495-503.
269. 2 in rat resident and thioglycollate-elicied macrophages. J. Lipid Mediat. Cell Signal. 10, 283-294.
270. Weglicki W. B., Stafford R. E., Freedman A. M., Cassidy M. M. and Phillips T. M. (1993) Modulation of cytokines and myocardial lesions by vitamin E and chloroquine in a Mg-deficient rat model. Am. J. Physiol. 264, C723-C726.
271. Weissmann G. (1964) Labilization and stabilization of lysosomes. Fed. Proc. 23, 1038-1044.
272. Welles W. L., Silkworth J., Oronsky A. L., Kerwar S. S. and Galivan J. (1985) Studies on the effect of low dose methotrexate on rat adjuvant arthritis. J. Rheumatol. 12, 904-906.
273. Wells G. and Tugwell P. (1993) Cyclosporin A in rheumatoid arthritis: overview of efficacy. Br. J. Rheumatol. 32(Suppl. 1), 51-56.
274. Wijkander J. and Sundler R. (1989a) A role for protein kinase C-mediated phosphorylation in the mobilization of arachidonic acid in mouse macrophages. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1010, 78-87.
275. 2 hydrolizing arachidonoyl-phospholipids in mouse peritoneal macrophages. FEBS Lett. 244, 51-56.
276. 2 in mouse spleen and the macrophage-like cell line J774: purification, substrate interaction and phosphorylation by protein kinase C. Eur. J. Biochem. 202, 873-880.
277. 2 by phosphorylation via protein kinase C in macrophages. FEBS Lett. 31, 299-301.
278. Williams A. S., Camilleri J. P., Topley N. and Williams B. D. (1994) Prostaglandin and tumor necrosis factor secretion by peritoneal macrophages isolated from normal and arthritic rats treated with liposomal methotrexate. J. Pharmac. Toxicol. Methods 32, 53-58.
279. Williams D. H., Jeffery L. J. and Murray E. J. (1992a) Aurothioglucose inhibits induced NF-κB and AP-1 activity by acting as an IL-1 functional antagonist. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1180, 9-14.
280. Williams R. O., Feldmann M. and Maini R. N. (1992b) Anti-tumor necrosis factor ameliorated joint disease in murine collagen-induced arthritis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 9784-9788.
281. Willkens R. F. et al. (1992) Comparison of azathioprine, methotrexate and the combination of both in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 35, 849-856.
282. Wilson K. P., Black J.-O. F., Thomson J. A., Kim E. E., Griffith J. P., Navia M. A., Murcko M. A., Chambers S. P., Aldape R. A., Raybuck S. A. and Livingston D. J. (1994) Structure and mechanism of interleukin-1β converting enzyme. Nature 370, 270-275.
283. Wood N. C., Dickens E., Symons J. A. and Duff G. W. (1992) In situ hybridization of interleukin-1 in CD14-positive cells in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 62, 295-300.
284. Zalewski P. D., Forbes I. J., Valente L. and Hurst N. P. (1897) Auranofin increases the affinity of phorbol dibutyrate receptors in chronic lymphatic leukemia cells (B cells). J. Immunol. 138, 3005-3009.
285. Zangerle P. F., De Groote D., Lopez M., Meuleman R. J., Vrindts Y., Fauchet F., Dehart I., Jadoul M., Radoux D. and Franchimont P. (1992) Direct stimulation of cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-2, IFN-γ and GM-CSF) in whole blood II: application to rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Cytokines 4, 568-575.
286. Zhu X., Ertel W., Ayala A., Morrison M. H., Ferrin M. M. and Chaudry I. H. (1993) Chloroquine inhibits macrophage tumour necrosis factor-α mRNA transcription. Immunology 80, 122-126.
287. Ziegler-Heitbrock H. W. L., Sternsdorf T., Liese J., Belohradsky B., Weber C., Wedel A., Schreck R., Bauerle P. and Stroebel M. (1993) Pyrridoline dithiocarbamate inhibits NF-κB mobilization and TNF production in human monocytes. J. Immunol. 151, 6986-6993.
288. Zvaifler N. (1995) Current (1995) concepts of pathogenesis of joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol. Eur. 24(Suppl. 2), 151-154.