Core formation and chemical equilibrium in the Earth - II: Chemical consequences for the mantle and core

Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors

Volumn 100, Issue 1-4, 1997, Pages 81-95

  Murthy, V Rama ^a   Karato, Shun Ichiro ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACCRETION; CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM; CORE; MAGMA OCEAN; MANTLE; PLANETARY FORMATION;

EID: 0030733307     PISSN: 00319201     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9201(96)03233-5     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Agee, C.B. and Walker, D., 1988. Mass balance and phase density constraints on early differentiation of a chondritic mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 90: 144-156.
2. Arculus, R.J. and Delano, J.W., 1981. Siderophile element abundances in the upper mantle: evidence for a sulfide signature and equilibrium with the core. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 45: 1331-1343.
3. Arculus, R.J., Holmes, R.D., Powell, R. and Righter, K., 1990. Metal-silicate equilibria and core formation. In: H.E. Newsom and J.H. Jones (Editors), Origin of the Earth. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 251-271.
4. Benz, W. and Cameron, A.G.W., 1990. Terrestrial effects of the giant impact. In: H.E. Newsom and J.H. Jones (Editors), Origin of the Earth. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 61-67.
5. Boehler, R., 1997. The temperature in the Earth's core. In: D. Crossley (Editor), The Doornbos Volume. Gordon and Breach, New York, in press.
6. 90 alloys. Proc. Workshop on the Formation of the Earth's Core. Max-Planck Institut für Chemie, Mainz, pp. 3-4.
7. Borisov, A., Palme, H. and Spettel, B., 1993. The solubility of gold in silicate melts: first results. Proc. XXIV Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX, pp. 147-148.
8. Borisov, A., Palme, H. and Spettel, B., 1994. Solubility of palladium in silicate melts: implications for core formation in the Earth. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 58: 705-716.
9. Brett, R., 1984. Chemical equilibration of the Earth's core and upper mantle. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 48: 1183-1188.
10. Bukowinski, M.S.T., 1976. The effect of pressure on the physics and chemistry of potassium. Geophys. Res. Lett., 3: 491-494.
11. Cameron, A.G.W. and Ward, W.R., 1976. The origin of the Moon. Lunar Sci., VII: 120-122.
12. Capobianco, C.J., Jones, J.H. and Drake, M.J., 1993. Metal-silicate thermo-chemistry at high temperature: magma oceans and the 'excess siderophile element' problem of the Earth's upper mantle. J. Geophys. Res., 98: 5433-5443.
13. 2-dependence of siderophile element solubility in silicate melts: the peculiar case of iridium. Proc. Workshop on the Formation of the Earth's Core. Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Mainz, pp. 7-8.
14. Dreibus, G. and Palme, H., 1994. Cosmochemical constraints on the sulfur content in the Earth's core. Proc. Workshop on the Formation of the Earth's Core. Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Mainz, pp. 9-10.
15. Gaffey, M.J., 1990. Thermal history of the asteroidal belt: implications for the accretion of the terrestrial planets. In: H.E. Newsom and J.H. Jones (Editors), Origin of the Earth. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 17-28.
16. Goarant, F., Guyot, F., Peyronneau, J. and Poirier, J.-P., 1992. High-pressure and high-temperature reactions between silicates and liquid iron alloys in the diamond anvil cell, studied by analytical electron microscopy. J. Geophys. Res., 97: 4477-4487.
17. Hall, H.T. and Rama Murthy, V., 1971. The early chemical history of the Earth: some critical elemental fractionations. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 11: 239-244.
18. Hart, S.R. and Ravizza, G., 1993. Os partitioning in lherzolite and basalt. EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 74: 120.
19. Hartmann, W.K. and Davis, D.R., 1975. Satellite-sized planetesimals and lunar origin. Icarus, 24: 504-515.
20. Hartmann, W.K. and Vail, S., 1986. Giant impactors: plausible sizes and populations. In: W.K. Hartmann, R.H. Phillips and G.J. Taylor (Editors), Origin of the Moon. Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX, pp. 551-566.
21. Hillgren, V.J., Drake, M.J. and Rubie, D.C., 1994. High-pressure and high-temperature experiments on core-mantle segregation in the accreting Earth. Science, 264: 1442-1445.
22. Holzheid, A., Borisov, A. and Palme, H., 1994. The effect of oxygen fugacity and temperature on solubilities of nickel, cobalt and molybdenum in silicate melts. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 58: 1975-1981.
23. Ito, E., Morooka, K. and Ujike, O., 1993. Dissolution of K in molten iron at high pressure and temperature. Geophys. Res. Lett., 20: 1651-1654.
24. Jones, J.H. and Drake, M.J., 1986. Geochemical constraints on core formation in the Earth. Nature, 322: 221-228.
25. Jones, J.H., Capobianco, C.J. and Drake, M.J., 1991. Estimation of high temperature metal-silicate partition coefficients. Workshop on the Physics and Chemistry of the Magma Ocean from 1 bar to 4 Mbars. Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX, pp. 30-32.
26. Jones, J.H., Capobianco, C.J. and Drake, M.J., 1992. Siderophile elements and the Earth's formation. Science, 257: 1281-1282.
27. Karato, S. and Rama Murthy, V., 1997. Core formation and chemical equilibrium in the Earth - I. Physical considerations. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 100: 61-79.
28. Kimura, K., Lewis, R.S. and Anders, E., 1974. Distribution of gold and rhenium between nickel-iron and silicate melts: implications for the abundances of siderophile elements on the Earth and Moon. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 38: 683-701.
29. Knittle, E. and Jeanloz, R., 1991. Earth's core-mantle boundary: results of experiments at high pressures and temperatures. Science, 251: 1438-1443.
30. Lewis, J., 1971. Consequences of the presence of sulfur in the core of the Earth. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 11: 130-134.
31. Lodders, K., 1994. Alkali element depletion in the Earth's mantle and crust: extraction into the Earth's core and/or volatility fractionation. Proc. Workshop on the Formation of the Earth's Core. Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Mainz, pp. 36-37.
32. March, N.H. and Tosi, M.P., 1984. Coulomb Liquids. Academic Press, London, 351 pp.
33. Martin, C.E., 1991. Osmium isotopic characteristics of mantle-derived rocks. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 55: 1421-1434.
34. McDonough, W.F. and Sun, S.-s., 1995. The composition of the Earth. Chem. Geol., 120: 223-253.
35. McFarlane, E.A. and Drake, M.J., 1990. Element partitioning and the early thermal history of the Earth. In: H.E. Newsom and J.H. Jones (Editors), Origin of the Earth. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 135-150.
36. Melosh, H.J., 1990. Giant impacts and the thermal state of the Earth. In: H.E. Newsom and J.H. Jones (Editors), Origin of the Earth. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 69-83.
37. Morgan, J.W., 1986. Ultramafic xenoliths: clues to Earth's late accretionary history. J. Geophys. Res., 91: 12375-12387.
38. Morgan, J.W. and Baedecker, P.A., 1983. Elemental composition of sulfide particles from an ultramafic xenolith and the siderophile content of the upper mantle. Lunar Planet. Sci., XIV: 513-514.
39. Newsom, H.E., 1990. Accretion and core formation in the Earth: evidence from siderophile elements. In: H.E. Newsom and J.H. Jones (Editors), Origin of the Earth. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 273-288.
40. Newsom, H.E., 1994. Siderophile depletion patterns in the Earth and the moon. Proc. Workshop on the Formation of the Earth's Core. Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Mainz, pp. 43-44.
41. Newsom, H.E. and Taylor, S.R., 1989. Geochemical implications of the formation of the Moon by a single giant impact. Nature, 338: 29-34.
42. Ohtani, E. and Yurimoto, H., 1996. Element partitioning between molten iron, magnesio-wüstite, and silicate melt at 20 GPa and 2500°C: a secondary ion mass spectrometric study. Geophys. Res. Lett., 23: 1993-1996.
43. Ohtani, E., Yurimoto, H. and Seto, S., 1997. Element partitioning between metallic liquid, silicate liquid, and lower-mantle minerals: implications for the core formation of the Earth. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 100: 97-114.
44. O'Neill, H.St.C., 1991a. The origin of the Moon and the early history of the Earth - a chemical model. Part 1: the Moon. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 55: 1135-1157.
45. O'Neill, H.St.C., 1991b. The origin of the Moon and the early history of the Earth - a chemical model. Part 2: the Earth. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 55: 1159-1172.
46. O'Neill, H.St.C., 1992. Siderophile elements and the Earth's formation. Science, 257: 1282-1284.
47. O'Neill, H.St.C., Dingwell, D.B., Borisov, A., Spettel, B. and Palme, H., 1995. Experimental petrochemistry of some highly siderophile elements at high temperatures, and some implications for core formation and the mantle's early history. Chem. Geol., 120: 255-273.
48. Poirier, J.-P., 1994. Light elements in the Earth's outer core: a critical review. Phys. Earth. Planet. Inter., 85: 319-337.
49. Poirier, J.-P. and Le Mouel, J.-L., 1992. Does infiltration of core material into the lower mantle affect the observed geomagnetic field? Phys. Earth. Planet. Inter., 73: 29-37.
50. Rama Murthy, V., 1991. Early differentiation of the Earth and the problem of mantle siderophile elements: a new approach. Science, 253: 303-306.
51. Rama Murthy, V., 1992a. Siderophile elements and the Earth's formation. Science, 257: 1284-1285.
52. Rama Murthy, V., 1992b. Geochemical evidence for an initially molten Earth. Phys. Earth. Planet. Inter., 71: 46-51.
53. Ringwood, A.E., 1966. Chemical evolution of the terrestrial planets. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 30: 41-104.
54. Ringwood, A.E., 1979. Origin of the Earth and Moon. Springer, New York, 259 pp.
55. Ringwood, A.E., 1984. The Earth's core: its composition, formation and bearing on the composition of the Earth. Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 395: 1-46.
56. Sasaki, S. and Nakazawa, K., 1986. Metal-silicate fractionation in the growing Earth: energy source for the terrestrial magma ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 91: 9231-9238.
57. Schmitt, W., Palme, H. and Wanke, H., 1989. Experimental determination of metal/silicate partition coefficients for P, Co, Ni, Cu, Ga, Ge, Mo and W and some implications for the early evolution of the Earth. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 53: 173-185.
58. Seifert, S., O'Neill, H.St.C. and Brey, G., 1988. The partitioning of Fe, Ni and Co between olivine, metal and basaltic liquid: an experimental and thermodynamic investigation, with application to the composition of lunar core. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 52: 603-616.
59. Taylor, S.R., 1983. Element fractionation in the solar nebula and planetary compositions: a 'predestination' scenario. Proc. XIV Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX, pp. 779-780.
60. Taylor, S.R., 1988. Planetary compositions: In: J.F. Kerridge and M.S. Matthews (Editors), Meteorites and the Early Solar System. University of Arizona, Tucson, pp. 512-534.
61. Taylor, S.R. and Norman, M.D., 1990. Accretion of differentiated planetesimals to the Earth. In: H.E. Newsom and J.H. Jones (Editors), Origin of the Earth. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 29-43.
62. Thibault, Y. and Walter, M.J., 1994. The influence of pressure and temperature on the metal-silicate partition coefficients of Ni and Co in a model C1 chondrite and implications for metal-silicate segregation in a deep magma ocean. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 59: 991-1002.
63. Tilton, G.W., 1988. Age of the Solar System. In: J.F. Kerridge and M.S. Matthews (Editors), Meteorites and the Early Solar System. University of Arizona, Tucson, pp. 259-275.
64. Urakawa, S., 1991. Partitioning of Ni between magnesiowüstite and metal at high pressure: implications for core-mantle equilibrium. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 105: 293-313.
65. Vereshchagin, L.F. and Fateeva, N.S., 1969. Melting curves of graphite, tungsten and platinum up to 60 kbar. Sov. Phys. JETP, 28: 597-600.
66. Walker, D., Norby, L. and Jones, J.H., 1993. Superheating effects on metal-silicate partitioning of siderophile elements. Science, 262: 1858-1861.
67. 2 on metal/silicate partitioning of Ni, Co and W: implications for core formation. EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 75: 72.
68. Wanke, H., 1981. Constitution of the terrestrial planets. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 303: 287-302.
69. Wanke, H., Dreibus, G. and Jagoutz, E., 1984. Mantle chemistry and accretion history of the Earth. In: A. Kroner, G.N. Hanson and A.M. Goodwin (Editors), Archean Geochemistry. Springer, New York, pp. 1-24.
70. Wetherill, G.W., 1985. Occurrence of giant impacts during growth of terrestrial planets. Science, 228: 877-879.
71. Wetherill, G.W., 1986. Accumulation of the terrestrial planets and implications concerning lunar origin. In: W.K. Hartmann, R.H. Phillips and G.J. Taylor (Editors), Origin of the Moon. Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, pp. 519-550.
72. Wetherill, G.W., 1990. Formation of the Earth. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 18: 205-256.
73. Wetherill, G.W., 1994. Provenance of the terrestrial planets. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 58: 4513-4520.
74. Wetherill, G.W. and Stewart, G.R., 1993. Formation of planetary embryos: effects of fragmentation, low relative velocity, and independent variation of eccentricity and inclination. Icarus, 106: 190-209.
75. 3 perovskite to 625kilobars: indication of a high melting temperature in the lower mantle. Science, 262: 553-555.