CT and US of the pancreas

Clinical Imaging

Volumn 21, Issue 6, 1997, Pages 414-440

  Choi, Young Hee ^b   Rubenstein, William A ^a   De Arellano, Elizabeth Ramirez ^a   Intriere, Lisa ^a   Kazam, Elias ^a  

^a WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b Chung Ang University College of Medicine   (South Korea)

Author keywords

Pancreas, abnormalities; Pancreas, anatomy; Pancreas, CT; Pancreas, MR; Pancreas, neoplasm; Pancreas, US; Pancreatitis

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; HUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PANCREAS; ULTRASOUND;

EID: 0030726864     PISSN: 08997071     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0899-7071(97)81736-6     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. Freeny PC, Lawson TL. Radiology of the pancreas. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1982.
2. Kazam E, Auh YH, Rubenstein WA, Zirinsky K, Lehr M. CT of the pancreas. In Wang Y (ed): CT of the abdomen, vol. I. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1986;281-364.
3. Freeny PC. Radiology of the pancreas: diagnostic and interventional techniques. In Freeny PC, Stevenson GW (eds): Margulis and Burhenne's Alimentary Tract Radiology, Vol. 2, 5th ed., St Louis: Mosby, 1994;1017-1026.
4. Leopold GR. Ultrasonography. In Freeny PC, Stevenson GW (eds): Margulis and Burhenne's Alimentary Tract Radiology, 5th ed., vol. 2, St Louis: Mosby, 1994;1027-1038.
5. Schulte SJ. Embryology, normal variations, and congenital anomalies of the pancreas. In Freeny PC, Stevenson GW (eds): Margulis and Burhenne's Alimentary Tract Radiology, 5th ed., vol. 2, St Louis: Mosby, 1994;1039-1051.
6. Freeny PC, Rohrmann CA Jr. Inflammatory disease of the pancreas. In Freeny PC, Stevenson GW (eds): Margulis and Burhenne's Alimentary Tract Radiology, 5th ed., vol. 2, St Louis: Mosby, 1994;1052-1090.
7. Stephens DH. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma: radiologic diagnosis and staging. In Freeny PC, Stevenson GW (eds): Margulis and Burhenne's Alimentary Tract Radiology. 5th ed., vol. 2, St Louis: Mosby, 1994;1107-1126.
8. Yasuda K, Nakajima M, Kawai K. Endosonography in the diagnosis and staging of pancreatic cancer. In Freeny PC, Stevenson GW (eds): Margulis and Burhenne's Alimentary Tract Radiology. 5th ed., vol. 2, St Louis: Mosby, 1994;1127-1131.
9. Mathieu D, Rahmouni A, Agostini S, Valette PJ, Ros PR. Rare tumors of the pancreas. In Freeny PC, Stevenson GW (eds): Margulis and Burhenne's Alimentary Tract Radiology. 5th ed., vol. 2, St. Louis: Mosby, 1994;1132-1166.
10. Miller DL. Islet cell tumors of the pancreas: diagnosis and localization. In Freeny PC, Stevenson GW (eds): Margulis and Burhenne's Alimentary Tract Radiology. 5th ed., vol. 2, St Louis: Mosby, 1994;1167-1196.
11. Yuh WTC, Hawes DR, Abu-Yousef MM, Abecassis MM, Franken EA Jr. Pancreatic transplant imaging. In Freeny PC, Stevenson GW (eds): Margulis and Burhenne's Alimentary Tract Radiology. 5th ed., vol. 2, St Louis: Mosby, 1994;1197-1221.
12. Kazam E, Rubenstein WA, Markisz JA, Whalen JP, Zirinsky K. Anatomy. In Freeny PC, Stevenson GW (eds): Margulis and Burhenne's Alimentary Tract Radiology. 5th ed., vol. 1, St Louis: Mosby, 1994;28-66.
13. Rubenstein WA, Auh YH, Whalen JP, Kazam E. The perihepatic spaces: computed tomography and ultrasound imaging. Radiology 1983;149:231-239.
14. Rubenstein WA, Auh YH, Zirinsky K, Kneeland JB, Whalen JP, Kazam E. Posterior peritoneal recesses: assessment using CT. Radiology 1985;156:461-468.
15. Kneeland JB, Auh YH, Rubenstein WA, Zirinsky K, Morrison H, Whalen JP, Kazam E, Perirenal spaces: CT evidence for communication across the midline. Radiology 1987;164: 657-664.
16. Auh YH, Rosen A, Rubenstein WA, Engle I, Whalen JP, Kazam E. CT of the papillary process of the caudate lobe of the liver. AJR 1984;142:535-540.
17. Zirinsky K, Auh YH, Rubenstein WA, Kneeland JB, Whalen JP, Kazam E. The portocaval space: CT with MR correlation. Radiology 1985;156:453-460.
18. Gilbeau J-P, Pocelet V, Libon E, Derue G, Heller FR. The density, contour, and thickness of the pancreas in diabetics. AJR 1992;159:527-531.
19. Jacobs JE, Coleman BG, Arger PH, Langer JE. Pancreatic sparing of focal fatty infiltration. Radiology 1994;190:437-439.
20. Matsumoto S, Mori H, Miyake H, Takaki H, Maeda T, Yamada Y, Oga M. Uneven fatty replacement of the pancreas: evaluation with CT. Radiology 1995;194:453-458.
21. Atri M, Nazarnia S, Mehio A, Reinhold C, Bret PM. Hypoechogenic embryologic ventral aspect of the head and uncinate process of the pancreas: in vitro correlation of US with histopathologic findings. Radiology 1994;190:441-444.
22. Zeman RK, McVay LV, Silverman PM, Cattau EL, Benjamin SB, Fleischer DF, Garra BS, Jaffe MH. Pancreas divisum: Thin-section CT. Radiology 1988;169:395-398.
23. Lindstorm E, Ihse I. Computed tomography findings in pancreas divisum. Acta Radiologica 1989;30(6):609-613.
24. Lindstrom E, Ihse I. Dynamic CT scanning of the pancreatic duct after secretin provocation in pancreas divisum. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 1990;35(11):1371-1376.
25. Mori H, Miyake H, Aikawa H, Monzen Y, Maeda T, Suzuki K, Matsumoto S, Wakisaka M. Dilated posterosuperior pancreaticoduodenal vein: recognition with CT and clinical significance in patients with pancreaticobiliary carcinomas. Radiology 1992;181:793-800.
26. Wachsberg RH. Posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal vein: mimic of distal common bile duct at sonography. AJR 1993;160:1033-1037.
27. Crabo LG, Conley DM, Graney DO, Freeny PC. Venous anatomy of the pancreatic head: normal CT appearance in cadavers and patients. AJR 1993;160:1039-1045.
28. Moody AR, Poon PY. Gastroepipoloic veins: CT appearance in pancreatic disease. AJR 1992;158:779-783.
29. Mori H, McGrath FP, Malone DE, Stevenson GW. The gastrocolic trunk and its tributaries: CT evaluation. Radiology 1992;182:871-877.
30. Hommeyer SC, Freeny PC, Crabo LG. Carcinoma of the head of the pancreas: evaluation of the pancreaticoduodenal veins with dynamic CT - potential for improved accuracy in staging. Radiology 1995;196:233-238.
31. Marn CS, Glazer GM, Williams DM, Francis IR. CT-angiographic correlation of collateral pathways in isolated splenic vein occlusion: new observations. Radiology 1990;175:375-380.
32. Dupuy DE, Costello P, Ecker CP. Spiral CT of the pancreas. Radiology 1992;183:815-818.
33. Megibow AJ. State of the art. Pancreatic adenocarcionoma: designing the examination to evaluate the clinical questions. Radiology 1992;183:297-303.
34. Hollett MD, Jorgensen MJ, Jeffrey RB Jr. Quantitative evaluation of pancreatic enhancement during dual-phase helical CT. Radiology 1995;195:359-361.
35. Mitake M, Nakazawa S, Tsukamoto Y, Naitoh Y, Kimoto E, Hayashi Y. Endoscopic ultrasonography in the diagnosis of depth invasion and lymp node metastasis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater. J Ultrasound Med 1990;9:645-650.
36. Yamada M, Komoto E, Naito Y, Tsukamoto Y, Mitake M. Endoscopic ultrasonography in the diagnosis of pancreatic islet cell tumors. J Ultrasound Med 1991;10:271-276.
37. Tio TL, Tygat GNJ, Cikot RJLM, Houthoff HJ, Sars PRA. Ampullopancreatic carcinoma: preoperative TNM classification with endosonography. Radiology 1990;175:455-461.
38. Rosch T, Lightdale CJ, Botet JF, Boyce GA, Sivak MV, Yasuda K, Heyder N, Palazzo L, Dancygier H, Schusdziarra V, Classen M. Localization of pancreatic endocrine tumors by endoscopic ultrasonography. N Engl J Med 1992;326:1721-1726.
39. Palazzo L, Roseau G, Gayet B, Vilgrain V, Belghiti J, Fekete F, Paolaggi JA. Endoscopic ultrasonography in the diagnosis and staging of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Results of a prospective study with comparison to ultrasonography and CT scan. Endoscopy 1993;25:143-150.
40. Muller MF, Meyenberger C, Bertschinger P, Schaer R, Marincek B. Pancreatic tumors: evaluation with endoscopic US, CT, and MR imaging. Radiology 1994;190:745-751.
41. Stark DD, Moss AA, Goldberg HI, Davis PL, Federle MP. Magnetic resonance and CT of the normal and diseased pancreas: a comparative study. Radiology 1984;150:153-162.
42. Simeone JF, Edelman RR, Stark DD, Wittenberg J, White EM, Butch RJ, Mueller PR, Brady TJ, Ferrucci JT Jr. Surface coil MR imaging of abdominal viscera. Part III. The pancreas. Radiology 1985;157:437-441.
43. Steiner E, Stark DD, Hahn PF, Saini S, Simeone JF, Mueller PR, Wittenberg J, Ferrucci JT. Imaging of pancreatic neoplasms: comparison of MR and CT. AJR 1989;152:487-491.
44. Freeny PC. Commentary. Radiology of the pancreas: two decades of progress in imaging and intervention. AJR 1988; 150:975-981.
45. Semelka RC, Kroeker MA, Shoenut JP, Kroeker R, Yaffe CS, Micflikier AB. Pancreatic disease: prospective comparison of CT, ERCP, and 1.5-T MR imaging with dynamic gadolinium enhancement and fat suppression. Radiology 1991;181: 785-791.
46. Semelka RC, Simm FC, Recht MP, Deimling M, Lenz G, Laub GA. MR imaging of the pancreas at high field strengths: comparison of six sequences. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1991; 15:966-971.
47. Reimer P, Saini S, Hahn PF, Mueller PR, Brady TJ, Cohen MS. Techniques for high-resolution echo-planar MR imaging of the pancreas. Radiology 1992;182:175-179.
48. Hamed MM, Hamm B, Ibrahim ME, Taupitz M, Mahfouz AE. Dynamic MR imaging of the abdomen with gadopentate dimeglumine: normal enhancement patterns of the liver, spleen, stomach, and pancreas. AJR 1992;158:303-307.
49. Mitchell DG, Shapiro M, Schuricht A, Barbot D, Rosato F. Pictorial essay. Pancreatic disease: findings on state-of-the-art MR images. AJR 1992;159:533-538.
50. Semelka RC, Ascher SM. State of the art. MR imaging of the pancreas. Radiology 1993;188:593-602.
51. Semelka RC, Cumming MJ, Shoenut JP, Magro CM, Yaffe CS, Koreker MA, Greenberg HM. Islet cell tumors: comparison of dynamic contrast-enchanced CT and MR imaging with dynamic gadolinium enhancement and fat suppression. Radiology 1993;186:799-802.
52. Gehl HB, Urhahn R, Bohndorf K, Klever P, Hauptman S, Lodemann KP, Matern S, Schumpelick V, Gunther RW. Mn-DPDP in MR imaging of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: initial clinical experience. Radiology 1993;186:795-798.
53. Pavone P, Mitchell DG, Leonetti F, Di Girolamo M, Cardone G, Catalano C, Tamburrano G, Passariello R. Pancreatic beta-cell tumors: MRI. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1993;17:403-407.
54. Gabata T, Matsui O, Kadoya M, Yoshikawa J, Miyayama S, Takashima T, Nagakawa T, Kayahara M, Nonomura A. Small pancreatic adenocarcinomas: efficacy of MR imaging with fat suppression and gadolinium enhancement. Radiology 1994;193:683-688.
55. Megibow AJ, Zhou XH, Rotterdam H, Francis IR, Zerhouni EA, Balfe DM, Weinreb JC, Aisen A, Kuhlman J, Heiken JP, Gatsonis C, McNeil BJ. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma: CT versus MR imaging in the evaluation of resectability - report of Radiology Diagnostic Oncology Group. Radiology 1995;195: 327-332.
56. Soto JA, Barish MA, Yucel EK, Clarke P, Siegenberg D, Chuttani R, Ferrucci JT. Pancreatic duct: MR cholangio-pancratography with a three-dimensional fast spin-echo technique. Radiology 1995;196:459-464.
57. Warshaw AL, Fernadez-Del Castillo C. Medical progress. Pancreatic carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1992;326:455-465.
58. Schulte SJ, Baron RL, Freeny PC, Patten RM, Gorell HA, Maclin ML. Root of the superior mesenteric artery in pancreatitis and pancreatic carcionoma: evaluation with CT. Radiology 1991;180:659-662.
59. Baker ME. Editorial. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma: are there pathognomonic changes in the fat surrounding the superior mesenteric artery. Radiology 1991;180:613-614.
60. DelMaschio A, Vanzulli A, Sironi S, Castrucci M, Mellone R, Staudacher C, Carlucci M, Zerbi A, Parolini D, Faravelli A, Cantaboni A, Garancini P, Di Carlo V. Pancreatic cancer versus chronic pancreatitis: diagnosis with CA19-9 assessment, US, CT, and CT-guided fine needle biopsy. Radiology 1991; 178:95-99.
61. Vellet AD, Romano W, Bach DB, Passi RB, Taves DH, Munk PL. Adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic ducts: comparative evaluation with CT and MR imaging at 1.5T. Radiology 1992;183:87-95.
62. Stollfuss JC, Glatting G, Freiss H, Kocher F, Beger HG, Reske SN. 2-(fluoro-18)-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose PET in detection of pancreatic cancer: value of quantitative image interpretation. Radiology 1995;195:339-344.
63. Inokuma T, Tamaki N, Torizuka T, Magata Y, Fujii M, Yonekura Y, Kajiyama T, Ohshio G, Imamura M, Konishi J. Evaluation of pancreatic tumors with positron emission tomography and F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose: comparison with CT and US. Raidology 1995;195:345-352.
64. Brandt KR, Charboneau JW, Stephens DH, Welch TJ, Goellner JR. CT- and US-guided biopsy of the pancreas. Radiology 1993;187:99-104.
65. Balen FG, Little A, Smith AC, Theis BA, Abrams KR, Houghton J, Hatfield ARW, Russell RCG, Lees WR. Biopsy of inoperable pancreatic tumors does not adversely influence patient survival time. Radiology 1994;193:753-755.
66. Freeny PC, Marks WM, Ryan JA, Traverso LW. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: diagnosis and staging with dynamic CT. Radiology 1988;166:125-133.
67. Gulliver DJ, Baker ME, Cheng CA, Meyers WC, Pappas TN. Malignant biliary obstruction: efficacy of thin-section dynamic CT in determining resectability. AJR 1992;159:503-507.
68. Warshaw AL, Gu ZY, Wittenberg J, Waltman AC. Preoperative staging and assessment of resectability of pancreatic cancer. Arch Surgery 1990;125:230-233.
69. Bluemke DA, Cameron JL, Hruban RH, Pitt HA, Siegelman SS, Soyer P, Fishman EK. Potentially resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma: spiral CT assessment with surgical and pathologic correlation. Radiology 1995;197:381-385.
70. Fugazzola C, Procacci C, Andreis IAB, Iacono C, Portuese A, Dompieri P, Laveneziana S, Zampieri PG, Jannucci A, Serio G, Pistolesi GF. Cystic tumors of the pancreas: evaluation by ultrasonography and computed tomography. Gastrointest Radiol 1991;16:53-61.
71. Itai Y, Ohhashi K, Nagai H, Murakami Y, Kokubo T, Makita K, Ohtomo K. "Ductectatic" mucinous cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Radiology 1986;161: 697-700.
72. Itoh S, Ishiguchi T, Ishigaki T, Sakuma S, Maruyama K, Senda K. Mucin-producing pancreatic tumor: CT findings and histopathologic correlation. Radiology 1992;183:81.
73. Hough DM, Stephens DH, Johnson CD, Binkovitz LA. Pancreatic lesions in von Hippel-Lindau disease: prevalence, clinical significance, and CT findings. AJR 1994;162:1091-1094.
74. Bennett GL, Chew FS. Serous cystadenoma of the pancreas. AJR 1993;161:786.
75. Johnson CD, Stephens DH, Charboneau JW, Carpenter HA, Welch TJ. Cystic pancreatic tumors: CT and sonographic assessment. AJR 1988;151:1133-1138.
76. Minami M, Itai Y, Ohtomo K, Yoshida H, Yoshikawa K, Iio M. Cystic neoplasm of the pancreas: comparison of MR imaging with CT. Radiology 1989;171:53-56.
77. Balthazar EJ, Subramanyam BR, Lefleur RS, Barone CM. Solid and papillary epithelial neoplasm of the pancreas. Radiographic, CT, sonographic, and angiographic features. Radiology 1984;150:39-40.
78. Friedman AC, Lichtenstein JE, Fishman EK, Oertel JE, Dachman AH, Siegelman SS. Solid and papillary epithelial neoplasm of the pancreas. Radiology 1985;154:333-337.
79. Choi BC, Kim YI, Kim CW. Solid and papillary epithelial neoplasms of the pancreas: CT findings. Radiology 1988; 166:413-416.
80. Laverdiere JT, vanSonnenberg E, Strum WB, Küster GGR. Pleomorphic pancreatic sarcoma mimicking pancreatic pseudocyst: CT appearance. AJR 1992;158:87-89.
81. Doppman JL, Nieman LK, Cutler GB, Chrousos GP, Fraker DL, Norton JA, Jensen RT. Adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting islet cell tumors: are they always malignant? Radiology 1994;190:59-64.
82. Stark DD, Moss AA, Goldberg HI, Deveney CW. CT of pancreatic islet cell tumors. Radiology 1984;150:491-494.
83. Galiber AK, Reading CC, Charboneau JW, Sheedy PF II, James EM, Gorman B, Grant CS, van Heerden JA, Telander RL. Localization of pancreatic insulinoma: comparison of pre- and intraoperative US with CT and angiography. Radiology 1988;1666:405-408.
84. Frucht H, Doppman JL, Norton JA, Miller DL, Dwyer AJ, Frank JA, Vinayek R, Maton PN, Jensen RT. Gastrinomas: comparison of MR imaging with CT, angiography, and US. Radiology 1989;171:713-717.
85. Ahlstrom H, Eriksson B, Bergstrom M, Bjurling P, Langstrom B, Oberg K. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: diagnosis with PET. Radiology 1995;195:333-337.
86. Castellino RA. The non-Hodgkin lymphomas: practical concepts for the diagnostic radiologist. Radiology 1991;178:315-321.
87. Fishman EK, Kuhlman JE, Jones RJ. CT of lymophoma: spectrum of disease. Radiographics 1991;11:647-669.
88. Steinberg W, Tenner S. Medical progress. Acute pancreatitis. N Engl J Med 1994;330:1198-1210.
89. Fernandez-Del Castillo C, Harringer W, Warshaw AL, Vlahakes GJ, Koski G, Zaslavsky AM, Rattner DW. Risk factors for pancreatic cellular injury after cardiopulmonary bypass. N Engl J Med 1991;325:382-387.
90. Reber HA. Editorial. Acute pancreatitis - another piece of the puzzle? N Engl J Med 1991;325:423-424.
91. Bear PL. Radiologic recognition of extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis B antigenemia. AJR 1981;137:497.
92. Ranson JHC. Etiolohocal and prognostic factors in human acute pancreatitis: a review. Am J Castroenterol 1982;77: 633-638.
93. Blamie SL, Imrie CW, O'Neill J, Gilmour WH, Carter DC. Prognostic factors in acute pancreatitis. Gut 1984;25:1340-1346.
94. Freeny PC. Incremental dynamic bolus computed tomography of acute pancreatitis. Review. Int J Pancreatol 1993;13: 147-158.
95. vanSonnenberg E, Wittich GR, Casola G, Stauffer AE, Polansky AD, Coons HG, Cabrera OA, Gerver PS. Complicated pancreatic inflammatory disease: diagnostic and therapeutic role of interventional radiology. Radiology 1985;155:335-340.
96. White EM, Wittenberg J, Mueller PR, Simeone JF, Butch RJ, Warshaw AL, Neff CC, Nardi GL, Ferrucci JT Jr. Pancreatic necrosis: CT manifestations. Radiology 1986;158:343-346.
97. Balthazar EJ, Robinson DL, Megibow AJ, Ranson JHC. Acute pancreatitis: value of CT in establishing prognosis. Radiology 1990;174:331-336.
98. Balthazar EJ, Ranson JHC, Naidich DP, Megibow AJ, Caccavale R, Cooper MM. Acute pancreatitis: prognostic value of CT. Radiology 1985;156:767-772.
99. Balthazar EJ, Freeny PC, vanSonnenberg E. Imaging and intervention in acute pancreatitis. Radiology 1994;193:297-306.
100. Mainwaring R, Kern J, Schenk WG III, Rudolf LE. Differentiating pancreatic pseudocyst and pancreatic necrosis using computerized tomography. Ann Surg 1989;209:562-568.
101. Vujic I. Vascular complications of pancreatitis. Rad Clin N America 1989;27:81-91.
102. Burke JW, Erickson SJ, Kellum CD, Tegtmeyer CJ, Williamson BRJ, Hansen MF. Pseudoaneurysms complicating pancreatitis: detection by CT. Radiology 1986;161:447-450.
103. Neff CC, Simeone JF, Wittenberg J, Mueller PR, Ferrucci JT Jr. Inflammatory pancreatic masses. Problems in differentiating focal pancreatitis from carcinoma. Radiology 1984; 150:35-38.
104. Alpern MB, Sandler MA, Kellman GM, Madrazo BL. Chronic pancreatitis: ultrasonic features. Radiology 1985;155:215-219.
105. Leutmer PH, Stephens DH, Ward EM. Chronic pancreatitis: reassessment with current CT. Radiology 1989;171:353-357.
106. Huntington DK, Hill MC, Steinberg W. Biliary tract dilatation in chronic pancreatitis: CT and sonographic findings. Radiology 1989;172:47-50.
107. Lowenfels AB, Maisonneave P, Cavallini G, et al. Pancreatitis and the risk of pancreatic cancer. N Engl J Med 1993; 328:1433-1437.
108. Ebkom A, McLaughlin JK, Nyren O. Pancreatitis and the risk of pancreatic cancer. Letter to the Editor, and Lowenfels AB. Reply. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1502-1503.
109. Spechler SJ, Dalton JW, Rohbins AH, Gerzof SG, Stern JS, Johnson WC, Nasbeth DC, Schimmel EM. Prevalence of normal serum amylase levels in patients with acute alcoholic pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci 1983;28:865-869.
110. Yuh WTC, Wiese JA, Abu-Yousef MM, Rezai K, Sato Y, Berbaum KS, Kao SCS, Hunsicker LG, Corry RJ. Pancreatic transplant imaging. Radiology 1988;167:679-683.
111. Patel B, Markivee CR, Mahanta B, Vas W, George E, Garvin P. Pancreatic transplantation: scintigraphy, US, and CT. Radiology 1988;167:685-687.
112. Yuh WTC, Hunsicker LG, Nghiem DD, Sato Y, Smith JL, Wright FH, Corry RJ. Pancreatic transplants: evaluation with MR imaging. Radiology 1989;170:171-177.
113. Moulton JS, Munda R, Weiss MA, Lubbers DJ. Pancreatic transplants: CT with clinical and pathologic correlation. Radiology 1989;172:21-26.