Cerebral malaria: Clinical features, pathophysiology and treatment

Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology

Volumn 91, Issue 7, 1997, Pages 875-884

  Warrell, D A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANTIMALARIAL AGENT; ARTEMETHER; ARTEMISININ DERIVATIVE; CHLOROQUINE; DEXAMETHASONE; PHENOBARBITAL; QUININE;

ARTICLE; BRAIN MALARIA; CHEMOTHERAPY; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONVULSION; EXCHANGE BLOOD TRANSFUSION; HUMAN; HYPOGLYCEMIA; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; MORTALITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY;

ADULT; ANIMALS; ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN; ANTIMALARIALS; AOTUS TRIVIRGATUS; CHILD; DISEASE PROGRESSION; DRUG RESISTANCE; ENDEMIC DISEASES; FEMALE; HUMANS; MACACA MULATTA; MALARIA, CEREBRAL; PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS, PARASITIC; PROGNOSIS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; WORLD HEALTH;

CINCHONA PUBESCENS;

EID: 0030726689     PISSN: 00034983     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00034989760644     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. ALLEN, S. J., O'DONNELL, A., ALEXANDER, N. D. E. & CLEGG, J. B. (1996). Severe malaria in children in Papua New Guinea. Quarterly Journal of Medicine, 89, 779-788.
2. BERENDT, A. R., FERGUSON, D. J. P., GARDENER, J., TURNER, G., ROWE, A., MCCORMICK, C., ROBERTS, D., CRAIG, A., PINCHES, R., ELFORD, B. & NEWBOLD, C. (1994). Molecular mechanisms of sequestration in malaria. Parasitology, 108, 519-528.
3. BOELE VAN HENSBROEK, M., ONYIORAH, E., JAFFAR, S., SCHNEIDER, G., PALMER, A., FRENKEL, J., ENWERE, G., FORCK, S., NUSMEIJER, A., BENNETT, S., GREENWOOD, B. & KWIATKOWSKI, D. (1996a). A trial of artemether or quinine in children with cerebral malaria. New England Journal of Medicine, 335, 69-75.
4. BOELE VAN HENSBROEK, M., PALMER, A., ONYIORAH, E., SCHNEIDER, G., JAFFAR, S., DOLAN, G., MEMMING, H., FRENKEL, J., ENWERE, G., BENNETT, S., KWIATKOWSKI, D. & GREENWOOD, B. (1996b). The effect of a monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor on survival from childhood cerebral malaria. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 174, 1091-1097.
5. BREWSTER, D. R., KWIATKOWSKI, D. & WHITE, N. J. (1990). Neurological sequelae of cerebral malaria in children. Lancet, ii, 1039-1043.
6. CLARK, I. A., VIRELIZIER, J.-L., CARSWELL, E. A. & WOOD, P. R. (1981). Possible importance of macrophage-derived mediators in acute malaria. Infection and Immunity, 32, 1058-1066.
7. HIEN, T. T., DAY, N. P. J., PHU, N. H., MAI, N. T. H., CHAU, T. T. H., LOC, P. P., SINH, D. X., CHUAONG, L. V., VINH, H., WALLER, D., PETO, T. E. A. & WHITE, N. J. (1996). A controlled trial of artemether or quinine in Vietnamese adults with severe falciparum malaria. New England Journal of Medicine, 335, 76-83.
8. HOFFMAN, S. L., RUSTAMA, D., PUNJABI, N. H., SURAMPAET, B., SANJAYA, B., DIMPUDUS, A. J., MCKEE, K. T., PALEOLOGO, F. P., CAMPBELL, J. R., MARWOTO, H. & LAUGHLIN, L. (1988). High-dose dexamethasone in quinine-treated patients with cerebral malaria: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 158, 325-331.
9. KWIATKOWSKI, D., MOLYNEUX, M. E., STEPHENS, S., CURTIS, N., KLEIN, N., POINTAIRE, P., SMIT, M., ALLAN, R., BREWSTER, D. R., GRAU, G. E. & GREENWOOD, B. M. (1993). Anti-TNF therapy inhibits fever in cerebral malaria. Quarterly Journal of Medicine, 86, 91-98.
10. KWIATKOWSKI, D., BATE, C. A. W., SCRAGG, I. G., BEATTIE, P., UDALOVA, I. & KNIGHT, J. C. (1997). The malarial fever response-pathogenesis, polymorphism and prospects for intervention. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 91, 000-000.
11. LOOAREESUWAN, S., WARRELL, D. A., WHITE, N. J., CHANTHAVANICH, P., WARRELL, M. J., CHANTARATHERAKITH, S., CHANGSWEK, S., CHONGMANKONGCHEEP, L. & KANCHANARANYA, C. (1983a). Retinal haemorrhage, a common physical sign of prognostic significance in cerebral malaria. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 32, 911-915.
12. LOOAREESUWAN, S., WARRELL, D. A., WHITE, N. J., SUNTHARASAMAI, P., CHANTHAVANICH, P., SUNDARAVEJ, K., JUEL-JENSEN, B. E., BUNNAG, D. & HARINASUTA, T. (1983b). Do patients with cerebral malaria have cerebral oedema? A computed tomography study. Lancet, i, 434-437.
13. LOOAREESUWAN, S., PHILLIPS, R. E., WHITE, N. J., KIETINUN, S., KARBWANG, J., RACKOW, C., TURNER, R. C. & WARRELL, D. A. (1985). Quinine and severe falciparum malaria in late pregnancy. Lancet, ii, 4-8.
14. LOOAREESUWAN, S., WILAIRATANA, P., KRISHNA, S., KENDALL, B., VANNAPHAN, S., VIRAVAN, C. & WHITE, N. J. (1995). Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in patients with cerebral malaria. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 21, 300-309.
15. MACPHERSON, G. G., WARRELL, M. J., WHITE, N. J., LOOAREESUWAN, S. & WARRELL, D. A. (1985). Human cerebral malaria. A quantitative ultrastructural analysis of parasitized erythrocyte sequestration. American Journal of Pathology, 119, 385-401.
16. MAEGRAITH, B. & FLETCHER, A. (1972). The pathogenesis of mammalian malaria. Advances in Parasitology, 10, 49-75.
17. MAGUIRE, W., HILL, A. V. S., ALLSOPP, C. E. M., GREENWOOD, B. M. & KWIATKOWSKI, D. (1994). Variation in the TNFα promotor region associated with susceptibility to cerebral malaria. Nature, 371, 508-511.
18. MARSH, K., FORSTER, D., WARUIRU, C., MWANGI, I., WINSTANLEY, M., MARSH, V., NEWTON, C., WINSTANLEY, P., WARN, P. & PESHU, N. (1995). Indicators of life-threatening malaria in African children. New England Journal of Medicine, 333, 1399-1404.
19. MILLER, L. H. (1969). Distribution of mature trophozoites and schizonts of Plasmodium falciparum in the organs of Aotus trivirgatus, the night monkey. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 18, 860-865.
20. MOLYNEUX, M. E., LOOAREESUWAN, S., MENZIES, I. S., GRAINGER, S. L., PHILLIPS, R. E., WATTANAGOON, Y., THOMPSON, R. P. H. & WARRELL, D. A. (1989a). Reduced hepatic blood flow and intestinal malabsorption in severe falciparum malaria. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 40, 470-476.
21. MOLYNEUX, M. E., TAYLOR, T. E., WIRIMA, J. J. & BORGSTEIN, A. (1989b). Clinical features and prognostic indicators in paediatric cerebral malaria: a study of 131 comatose Malawian children. Quarterly Journal of Medicine, 71, 441-459.
22. MURPHY, S., ENGLISH, M., WARUIRU, C., MWANGI, I., AMUKOYE, E., CRAWLEY, J., NEWTON, C., WINSTANLEY, P., PESHU, N. & MARSH, K. (1996). An open randomised trial of artemether versus quinine in the treatment of cerebral malaria in African children. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 90, 298-301.
23. MURRAY, C. J. L. & LOPEZ, A. D. (1997). Mortality by cause for eight regions of the world: global burden of disease study. Lancet, i, 1269-1276.
24. NEWTON, C. R. J. C., KIRKHAM, F. J., WINSTANLEY, P. A., PASVOL, G., PESHU, N., WARRELL, D. A. & MARSH, K. (1991). Intracranial pressure in African children with cerebral malaria. Lancet, i, 573-576.
25. NEWTON, C. R. J. C., CHOKWE, T., ARMSTRONG SCHELLENBERG, J., WINSTANLEY, P. A., FORSTER, D., PESHU, N., KIRKHAM, F. J. & MARSH, K. (1997). Coma scales for children with severe falciparum malaria. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 91, 161-165.
26. PHILLIPS, R. E., LOOAREESUWAN, S., WARRELL, D. A., LEE, S. H., KARBWANG, J., WARRELL, M. J., WHITE, N. J., SWADICHAI, C. & WEATHERALL, D. J. (1986). The importance of anaemia in cerebral and uncomplicated falciparum malaria: role of complications, dyserythropoiesis and iron sequestration. Quarterly Journal of Medicine, 227, 305-323.
27. WALLER, D., KRISHNA, S., CRAWLEY, J., MILLER, K., NOSTEN, F., CHAPMAN, D., TER KUILE, F. O., CRADDOCK, C., BERRY, C. & HOLLOWAY, P. A. (1995). Clinical features and outcome of severe malaria in Gambian children. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 21, 577-587.
28. WARRELL, D. A., LOOAREESUWAN, S., WARRELL, M. J., KASEMSARN, P., INTARAPRASERT, R., BUNNAG, D. & HARINASUTA, T. (1982). Dexamethasone proves deleterious in cerebral malaria. A double-blind trial in 100 comatose patients. New England Journal of Medicine, 306, 313-319.
29. WARRELL, D. A., LOOAREESUWAN, S., PHILLIPS, R. E., WHITE, N. J., WARRELL, M. J., CHAPEL, H. M., ARREKUL, S. & THARAVANIJ, S. (1986). Function of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in human cerebral malaria: rejection of the permeability hypothesis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 35, 882-889.
30. WARRELL, D. A., WHITE, N. J., VEALL, N., LOOAREESUWAN, S., CHANTHAVANICH, P., PHILLIPS, R. E., KARBWANG, J., KRISHNA, S. & PONGPAEW, P. (1988). Cerebral anaerobic glycolysis and reduced cerebral oxygen transport in human cerebral malaria. Lancet, ii, 534-538.
31. WARRELL, D. A., MOLYNEUX, M. E. & BEALES, P. F. (1990). Severe and complicated malaria. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 84 (Suppl.), 1-65.
32. WHITE, N. J. (1996). Current concepts: the treatment of malaria. New England Journal of Medicine, 335, 800-806.
33. WHITE, N. J., WARRELL, D. A., CHANTHAVANICH, P., LOOAREESUWAN, S., WARRELL, M. J., KRISHNA, S., WILLIAMSON, D. H. & TURNER, R. C. (1983). Severe hypoglycaemia and hyper-insulinaemia in falciparum malaria. New England Journal of Medicine, 309, 61-66.
34. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (1986). Malaria Action Programme. Severe and complicated malaria. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 80 (Suppl.), 1-50.