Invasion and persistence of bird-dispersed, subtropical thicket and forest species in fire-prone coastal fynbos

Journal of Vegetation Science

Volumn 8, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 475-488

  Cowling, R M ^a   Kirkwood, D ^a   Midgley, J J ^a   Pierce, S M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Bird dispersal; Dune fynbos; Germination; Resprouting; Seedling recruitment

Indexed keywords

AVES;

EID: 0030725064     PISSN: 11009233     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3237199     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Aronne, G. & Wilcock, C.C. 1994. Reproductive characteristics and breeding system of shrubs of the Mediterranean region. Funct. Ecol. 8: 69-76.
2. Axelrod, D.I. 1981. Holocene climate changes in relation to vegetation disjunction and speciation. Am. Nat. 117:847-870.
3. Barnea, A., Yom-Tov, Y. & Friedman, J. 1991. Does ingestion by birds affect seed germination? Funct. Ecol. 5: 394-402.
4. Blondel, J. & Aronson, J. 1995. Biodiversity and ecosystem function in the Mediterranean Basin: human and non-human determinants. In: Davis, G.W. & Richardson, D.M. (eds.) Mediterranean-type ecosystems. The function of biodiversity, pp. 43-119. Springer-Verlag, Berlin & Heidelberg.
5. Bond, P. & Goldblatt, P. 1984. Plants of the Cape Flora, J. S. Afr. Bot. Suppl. 13: 1-455.
6. Bond, W.J. & Midgley, J.J. 1988. Allometry and sexual differences in leaf size. Am. Nat. 131: 901-910.
7. Bond, W.J. & Midgley, J.J. 1995. Kill thy neighbour: an individualistic argument for the evolution of flammability. Oikos 73: 79-85.
8. Clergeau, P. 1992. The effect of birds on seed germination of fleshy-fruited plants in temperate farmland. Acta Oecol. 13: 679-686.
9. Cowling, R.M. 1982. Vegetation studies in the Humansdorp region of the fynbos biome. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Cape Town.
10. Cowling, R.M. 1983a. Phytochorology and vegetation history in the southeastern Cape, South Africa. J. Biogeogr. 10: 393-419.
11. Cowling, R.M. 1983b. Diversity relations in Cape shrublands and other vegetation in the southeastern Cape, South Africa. Vegetatio 54: 103-127.
12. Cowling, R.M. 1984. A syntaxonomic and synecological study in the Humansdorp region of the fynbos biome. Bothalia 15: 175-227.
13. Cowling, R.M. 1990. Diversity components in a species-rich area of the Cape Floristic Region. J. Veg. Sci. 1: 699-710.
14. Cowling, R.M. & Pierce, S.M. 1988. Secondary succession in coastal dune fynbos: variation due to site and disturbance. Vegetatio 76: 131-139.
15. Cowling, R.M. & Witkowski, E.T.W. 1994. Convergence and non-convergence of plant traits in climatically and edaphically matched sites in Mediterranean Australia and South Africa. Aust. J. Ecol. 19: 220-232.
16. Cowling, R.M., Holmes, P.M. & Rebelo, A.G. 1992. Plant diversity and endemism. In: Cowling, R.M. (ed.) The ecology of fynbos. Nutrients, fire and diversity, pp. 62-112. Oxford University Press, Cape Town.
17. Debussche, M. & Isenmann, P. 1994. Bird-dispersed seed rain and seedling establishment in patchy Mediterranean vegetation. Oikos 69: 414-426.
18. Herrera, C.M. 1992. Historical effects and sorting processes as explanations for contemporary ecological patterns: character syndromes in Mediterranean woody plants. Am. Nat. 140: 421-446.
19. Herrera, J. 1987. Flower and fruit biology in southern Spanish Mediterranean shrublands. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 74: 69-78.
20. Holmes, P.M. & Cowling, R.M. 1993. Effects of shade on seedling growth, morphology and leaf photosynthesis in six subtropical thicket species from the eastern Cape, South Africa. For. Ecol. Manage. 61: 199-220.
21. Horn, H.S. 1975. Markovian properties of forest succession. In: Cody, M.L. & Diamond, J.M. (eds.) Ecology and evolution of communities, pp. 196-221. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
22. Howe, H.F. 1993. Specialized and generalized dispersal systems: where does the 'paradigm' stand? Vegetatio 107/ 108: 3-13.
23. Howe, H.F. & Estabrook, G.F. 1977. On intraspecific competition for dispersal agents in tropical trees. Am. Nat. 111: 817-832.
24. Izhaki, I. & Safriel, U.N. 1990. The effect of some Mediterranean scrubland frugivores upon germination patterns. J. Ecol. 78: 56-65.
25. Izhaki, I., Walton, P.B. & Safriel, U.N. 1991. Seed shadows generated by frugivorous birds in eastern Mediterranean scrub. J. Ecol. 79: 575-590.
26. Keeley, J.E. 1986. Resilience of mediterranean shrub communities to fires. In: Dell, B., Hopkins, A.J.M. & Lamont, B.B. (eds.) Resilience in mediterranean-type ecosystems, pp. 95-112. Junk, The Hague.
27. Keeley, J.E. 1987. Role of fire in seed germination of woody taxa in California chaparral. Ecology 62: 434-443.
28. Keeley, J.E. 1992a. Demographic structure of California chaparral in the long-term absence of fire. J. Veg. Sci. 3: 79-90.
29. Keeley, J.E. 1992b. Recruitment of seedlings and vegetative sprouts in unburned chaparral. Ecology 73: 1194-1208.
30. Keeley, J.E. & Swift, C.C. 1995. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in mediterranean-climate California. In: Davis, G.W. & Richardson, D.M. (eds.) Mediterranean-type ecosystems. The function of biodiversity. pp. 122-183. Springer-Verlag, Berlin & Heidelberg.
31. Kilian, D. & Cowling, R.M. 1992. Comparative seed biology and coexistence of two fynbos shrub species with soil-stored seed banks. J. Veg. Sci. 3: 637-646.
32. Knight, R.S. 1988. Aspects of plant dispersal in the southwestern Cape with particular reference to the roles of birds as dispersal agents. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Cape Town.
33. Kruger, L., Midgley, J.J. & Cowling, R.M. 1997. Recruitment versus persistence: a model of forest dynamics based on canopy height. Funct. Ecol. 11: 101-105.
34. Le Maitre, D.C. & Midgley, J.J. 1992. Plant reproductive ecology. In: Cowling, R.M. (ed.) The ecology of fynbos. Nutrients, fire and diversity, pp. 135-174. Oxford University Press, Cape Town.
35. Linder, H.P., Meadows, M.E. & Cowling, R.M. 1992. History of the Cape Flora. In: Cowling, R.M. (ed.) The ecology of fynbos. Nutrients, fire and diversify, pp. 113-134. Oxford University Press, Cape Town.
36. Liversidge, R. 1972. A preliminary study on fruit production in certain plants. Ann. Cape Prov. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) 9: 51-63.
37. Manders, P.T. 1990. Fire and other variables as determinants of forest/fynbos boundaries in the Cape province. J. Veg. Sci. 1: 483-490.
38. Manders, P.T. & Richardson, D.M. 1992. Colonization of Cape fynbos by forest species. For. Ecol. Manage. 48: 277-293.
39. Manders, P.T., Richardson, D.M. & Masson, P.H. 1992. Is fynbos a stage in succession to forest? In: van Wilgen, B.W. et al. (eds.) Fire in South African mountain fynbos, pp. 81-107. Springer-Verlag, Berlin & Heidelberg.
40. McKenzie, B., Moll, E.J. & Campbell, B.M. 1977. A phytosociological study of Orange Kloof, Table Mountain, South Africa. Vegetatio 34: 41-53.
41. Midgley, J.J. & Cowling, R.M. Regeneration patterns in Cape subtropical thicket: where are all the seedlings? S. Afr. J. Bot. 59: 496-499.
42. Midgley, J.J., Seydack, A., Reynell, D. & McKelly, D. 1990. Fine-grain pattern in southern Cape plateau forests. J. Veg. Sci. 1: 539-546.
43. Phillips, J.F.V. 1931. Forest succession and ecology in the Knysna region. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Afr. 14. Govt Printer, Pretoria.
44. Pierce, S.M. 1990. Pattern and process in south coast dune fynbos: population, community and landscape-level studies. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Cape Town.
45. Pierce, S.M. & Cowling, R.M. 1984. Phenology of fynbos, renosterveld and subtropical thicket in the south eastern Cape. S. Afr. J. Bot. 3: 1-16.
46. Pierce, S.M. & Cowling, R.M. 1991a. Disturbance regimes as determinants of seed banks in coastal dune vegetation of the southeastern Cape. J. Veg. Sci. 2: 403-412.
47. Pierce, S.M. & Cowling, R.M. 1991b. Dynamics of soil-stored seed banks of six shrubs in fire-prone fynbos. J. Ecol. 79: 731-747.
48. Pierce, S.M. & Moll, E.J. 1994. Germination of six shrubs in fire-prone fynbos. Vegetatio 110: 25-41.
49. Raven, P.H. & Axelrod, D.I. 1978. Origin and relationships of the California flora. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 72: 1-134.
50. Richardson, D.M. & Cowling, R.M. 1992. Why is mountain fynbos invisible and which species invade? In: van Wilgen, B.W. et al. (eds.) Fire in South African mountain fynbos, pp. 161-181. Springer-Verlag, Berlin & Heidelberg.
51. Stock, W.D. & Allsopp, N. 1992. Functional perspectives of ecosystems. In: Cowling, R.M. (ed.) The ecology of fynbos. Nutrients, fire and diversity, pp. 241-259. Oxford University Press, Cape Town.
52. Taylor, H.C. 1972. Notes on the vegetation of the Cape Flats. Bothalia 10: 637-646.
53. Taylor, H.C. 1984. Vegetation survey of the Cape of Good Hope Nature Reserve. II. Descriptive account. Bothalia 15: 259-291.
54. Thanos, C.A. & Skordilis, A. 1987. The effect of light, temperature and osmotic stress on the germination of Pinus halepensis and P. brutia. Seed Sci. Technol. 15: 163-174.
55. Thanos, C.A., Georghiou, K., Kadis, C. & Pantazi, C. 1992. Cistaceae: a plant family with hard seeds. Isr. J. Bot. 41: 251-263.
56. Tinley, K.L. 1985. Coastal dunes of South Africa. S. Afr. Sci. Prog. Rep. 109. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria.
57. Usher, M.B. 1981. Modelling ecological succession with particular reference to Markovian models. Vegetatio 46: 11-18.
58. van Wilgen, B.W., Higgins, K.B. & Bellstedt, D.U. 1990. The role of vegetation structure and fuel chemistry in excluding fire from forest patches in the fire-prone fynbos shrublands of South Africa. J. Ecol. 78: 210-222.