Ocean carbon transport in a box-diffusion versus a general circulation model

Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans

Volumn 102, Issue C6, 1997, Pages 12367-12388

  Joos, Fortunat ^a   Orr, James C ^b   Siegenthaler, Ulrich ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

^b DIF   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BOX-DIFFUSION MODEL; CARBON CYCLE; CIRCULATION MODELLING; OGCM; TRACERS;

EID: 0030724739     PISSN: 21699275     EISSN: 21699291     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/97JC00470     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Berger, W.H., K. Fischer, C. Lai, and G. Wu, Ocean productivity and organic carbon flux, I, Overview and maps of primary production and export production, SIO Ref. 87-30, Scripps Inst, of Oceanogr., La Jolla, Calif., 1987.
2. Bolin, B. (Ed.), Carbon Cycle Modelling, 390 pp., John Wiley, New York, 1981.
3. 3 compensation in the glacial to interglacial atmospheric CO2 change, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 1, 15-39, 1987.
4. Broecker, W. S., T.-H. Peng, G. Östlund, and M. Stuiver, The distribution of bomb radiocarbon in the ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 6953-6970, 1985.
5. Broecker, W. S., S. Sutherland, W. Smethie, T.-H. Peng, and G. Ostlund, Oceanic radiocarbon: Separation of the natural and bomb components, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 9, 263-288, 1995.
6. Bryan, K., A numerical method for the study of the circulation of the world ocean, J. Comput. Phys., 4, 347-376, 1969.
7. Bryan, K., Models of the world ocean, Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 3, 327-338, 1979.
8. Bryan, K., and L. J. Lewis, A water mass model of the world ocean circulation, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 2503-2517, 1979.
9. Bryan K., F. G. Komro, and C. Rooth, The ocean's transient response to global surface temperature anomalies, in Climate Processes and Climate Sensitivity, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 29, edited by J. E. Hansen and T. Takahashi, pp. 29-36, AGU, Washington, D. C., 1984.
10. 12C ratio of atmospheric CO2, Science, 269, 1098-1102, 1995.
11. Enting, I. G., T. M. L. Wigley, and M. Heimann, Future emissions and concentrations of carbon dioxide: Key ocean/atmosphere/land analyses, Tech. Pap. 31, pp. 120, Div. of Atmos. Res., Commonw. Sci. and Ind. Res. Org., Melbourne, Victoria, 1994.
12. Eppley, R. W., and B. J. Peterson, Particulate organic matter flux and planktonic new production in the deep ocean, Nature, 282, 677-680, 1979.
13. Esbensen, S. K., and Y. Kushnir, The heat budget of the global ocean: An atlas based on estimates from surface marine observations, Rep. 29, Clim. Res. Inst., Oreg. State Univ., Corvallis., 1981.
14. Fiadeiro, M.E., Three-dimensional modeling of tracers in the deep Pacific Ocean, II, Radiocarbon and the circulation, J. Mar. Res., 40, 537-550, 1982.
15. 12C ratio of atmospheric carbon dioxide in the past two centuries, Nature, 324, 237-238, 1986.
16. Garrett, C., Mixing in the ocean interior, Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 3, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 239-265, 1979.
17. Gaspar, P., Y. Gregorius, and J.-M. Lefevre, A simple eddy kinetic energy model for simulations of oceanic vertical mixing: Tests at Station Papa and Long-Term Upper Ocean Study Site, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 16179-16193, 1990.
18. Harvey, L. D. D., Effect of the ocean mixing on the transient climate response to a CO2 increase: Analysis of recent model results, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 2709-2718, 1986.
19. Hesshaimer, V., M. Heimann, and I. Levin, Radiocarbon evidence for a smaller oceanic carbon dioxide sink than previously believed, Nature, 370, 201-203, 1994.
20. Joos, F., Bomb radiocarbon: Imbalance in the budget, Nature, 370, 181-182, 1994.
21. Joos, F., J. L. Sarmiento, and U. Siegenthaler, Estimates of the effect of Southern Ocean iron fertilization on atmospheric CO2 concentrations, Nature, 349, 772-775, 1991.
22. Keeling, C. D., R. B. Bacastow, A. F. Carter, S. C. Piper, T. P. Whorf, M. Heimann, W. G. Mook, and H. Roeloffzen, A three-dimensional model of atmospheric CO2 transport based on observed winds, 1. Analysis of observational data, in Aspects of Climate Variability in the Pacific and Western Americas, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 55, Washington D. C., edited by D. H. Peterson, pp 165-236, AGU, 1989.
23. Keeling, R. F., and S. R. Shertz, Seasonal and interannual variations in atmospheric oxygen and implications for the global carbon cycle, Nature, 358, 723-727, 1992.
24. Kurz, K. D., and E. Maier-Reimer, Iron fertilization of the Austral Ocean-The Hamburg model assessment, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 7, 229-244, 1993.
25. Ledwell, J. R., A. J. Watson, and C. S. Law, Evidence of slow mixing across the pycnocline from an open-ocean tracer-release experiment, Nature, 364, 701-703, 1993.
26. Mahlman, J. D., Some fundamental limitations of simplified-transport models as implied by results from a three-dimensional general-circulation/tracer model, in Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on the Climatic Impact Assessment Program, edited by T. M. Hard and A. J. Brod-erick, pp. 132-146, U.S. Dep. of Transp., Washington D. C., 1975.
27. Maier-Reimer, E., and K. Hasselmann, Transport and storage of CO2 in the ocean-an inorganic ocean-circulation carbon cycle model, Clim. Dyn., 2, 63-90, 1987.
28. Munk, W. H., Abyssal recipes, Deep-Sea Res., 13, 707-730, 1966.
29. Najjar, R. G., Simulations of the phosphorus and oxygen cycles in the world ocean using a general circulation model, Ph.D. thesis, 190 pp., Princeton Univ., Princeton, N. J., 1990.
30. Najjar, R. G., Downward transport and fate of organic matter in the ocean: simulations with a general circulation model, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 6, 45-76, 1992.
31. Neftel, A., E. Moor, H. Oeschger, and B. Stauffer, Evidence from polar ice cores for the increase in atmospheric CO2 in the past two centuries, Nature, 315, 45-47, 1985.
32. Newell, R. E., The general circulation of the atmosphere and its effects on the movement of tracer substances, J. Geophys. Res., 68, 3949-3962, 1963.
33. Oeschger, H., U. Siegenthaler, U. Schotterer, and A. Gugelmann, A box diffusion model to study the carbon dioxide exchange in nature, Tellus, 27, 168-192, 1975.
34. Packard, T. T., M. Denis, M. Rodier, and P. Garfield, Deep-ocean metabolic CO2 production: Calculations from ETS activity, Deep-Sea Res., Part A, 35, 371-382, 1988.
35. Peixoto, J. P., and A.H. Oort, Physics of Climate, Am. Inst, of Phys., New York, pp. 61-65, 1992.
36. Plumb, R. A., and Mahlman, J.D., The zonally averaged transport characteristics of the GFDL general circulation/transport model. J. Atmos. Science 44, 298-327, 1987.
37. Redi, M. H., Oceanic isopycnal mixing by coordinate rotation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 1154-1158, 1982.
38. Revelle, R., and H. E. Suess, Carbon dioxide exchange between atmosphere and ocean and the question of an increase of atmospheric CO2 during past decades, Tellus, 9, 18-27, 1957.
39. Sarmiento, J. L., A simulation of bomb tritium entry into the North Atlantic Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 1924-1939, 1983.
40. Sarmiento, J.L., W. H. Feely, W. S. Moore, A. E. Bain-bridge, and W. S. Broecker, The relationship between vertical eddy diffusion and buoyancy gradient in the deep sea, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 32, 357-370, 1976.
41. Sarmiento, J. L., J. C. Orr, and U. Siegenthaler, A perturbation simulation of CO2 uptake in an ocean general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 3621-3645, 1992.
42. Schimel, D., I. G. Enting, M. Heimann, T. M. L. Wigley, D. Raynaud, D. Alves, and U. Siegenthaler, CO2 and the carbon cycle, in Climate Change 1994, edited by J. T. Houghton, L. G. Meira Filho, J. Bruce, H. Lee, B. A. Callander, E. Haites, N. Harris, and K. Maskell, pp. 35-71, Int. Panel on Clim. Change, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1995.
43. Schlesinger, M. E., and X. Jiang, Simple model representation of atmosphere-ocean GCMs and estimation of the time scale of C02-induced climate change, J. Climate, 3, 1297-1315, 1990.
44. Shaffer, G., and J. L. Sarmiento, Biogeochemical cycling in the global ocean, 1, A new, analytical model with continuous vertical resolution and high-latitude dynamics, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 2659-2672, 1995.
45. Siegenthaler U., and F. Joos, Use of a simple model for studying oceanic tracer distributions and the global carbon cycle, Tellus, Ser. B, 44, 186-207, 1992.
46. Siegenthaler, U., and H. Oeschger, Transient temperature changes due to increasing CO2 using simple models, Ann. Glaciol. 5, 153-159, 1984.
47. Siegenthaler, U., and H. Oeschger, Biospheric CO2 emissions during the past 200 years reconstructed by deconvolution of ice core data, Tellus, Ser. B, 39, 140-154, 1987.
48. Siegenthaler, U., and J. L. Sarmiento, Atmospheric carbon dioxide and the ocean, Nature, 365, 119-125, 1993.
49. Siegenthaler, U., and T. Wenk, Rapid atmospheric CO2 variations and ocean circulation, Nature, 308, 624-625, 1984.
50. Toggweiler, J. R., K. Dixon, and K. Bryan, Simulations of radiocarbon in a coarse resolution world ocean model, 1, Steady state prebomb distributions, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 8217-8242, 1989a.
51. Toggweiler, J. R., K. Dixon, and K. Bryan, Simulations of radiocarbon in a coarse.resolution world ocean model, 2, Distributions of bomb-produced carbon 14, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 8243-8264, 1989b.
52. Welander, P., Theoretical forms for the vertical exchange coefficients in a stratified fluid with applications to lakes and seas, Acta R. Soc. Sci. Litt. Gothob. Geophys., vol. I, Gothenburg, Sweden, 1968.
53. Walsh, J., A data set on northern hemisphere sea ice extent, 1953-76, Glacialogical data, Report SD-2, pp 49-51 World Data Cent. A for Glaciol. [Snow and Ice], Boulder, Colo., 1978.
54. Yin, F.L., and I. Y. Fung, Net diffusivity in ocean general circulation models with nonuniform grids. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 10773-10776, 1991.
55. Zwally, H.J., J. Comiso, C. Parkinson, W. Campbell, F. Carsey, and P. Gloerson, Antarctic sea ice, 1973-76: Satellite passive microwave observations, NASA Publ., 206 pp., 1983.