The epidemiology of tuberculosis by ethnic group in Birmingham and its implications for future trends in tuberculosis in the UK

Ethnicity and Health

Volumn 2, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 147-153

  Bakhshi, Surinder S ^a,c   Hawker, Jeremy ^b   Ali, Shaukat ^a  

^a Birmingham Health Authority   (United Kingdom)

^b CDSC (West Midlands)   (United Kingdom)

^c Birmingham Health Authority   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Epidemiology; Ethnicity; Trends; Tuberculosis

Indexed keywords

DISEASE INCIDENCE; ETHNIC DISPARITY; MEDICAL GEOGRAPHY; TUBERCULOSIS;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFRICA; AGE; AGED; ARTICLE; ASIAN; CAUCASIAN; CHILD; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; ETHNIC GROUP; FEMALE; HUMAN; INFANT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NEWBORN; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; TUBERCULOSIS; UNITED KINGDOM;

BIRMINGHAM; UK; WEST MIDLANDS;

EID: 0030721449     PISSN: 13557858     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13557858.1997.9961823     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Office of Populations and Census and Surveys. Communicable Disease 1987-1990. London: HMSO, 1988-1991 (series MB2, No. 14-17).
2. Centres for Disease Control. MMWR 1990; 39: 1-2.
3. Bloom BR & Murray CJL. Tuberculosis: commentary on a re-emergent Killer. Science 1992; 257: 1055-64.
4. World Health Organisation. Tuberculosis. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1995; 70: 73-77.
5. Anonymous. Expanded tuberculosis surveillance and tuberculosis morbidity - United States, 1993. MMWR 1994; 43: 361-66.
6. British Tuberculosis Association. Tuberculosis among immigrants to England and Wales: a national survey in 1965. A report from the research committee of the British Tuberculosis Association. Tubercle 1966; 47: 145-56.
7. Hayward AC & Watson JM. Tuberculosis in England and Wales 1982 to 1993: notifications exceeded predictions. Communicable Disease Report 1995; 5: R29-33.
8. Brown JS, Wells F, Duckworth G, Paul E & Barnes NK. Improving notification rates for tuberculosis. BMJ 1995; 310: 974.
9. Doherty MJ, Davies PDO, Bellis MA & Tocgue K. Tuberculosis in England and Wales: ethnic origin is more important than social deprivation. BMJ 1995; 311: 187 (letter).
10. Darbyshire JH. Tuberculosis: old reasons for a new increase? BMJ 1995; 310: 954-5.
11. Anonymous. Tuberculosis among foreign-born persons entering the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee for Elimination of Tuberculosis. MMWR 1990; 39 (RR-18): 1-5.
12. Barnes PF, Block AB, Davidson PT & Snider DE Jr. Tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Eng J Med 1991; 324: 1644-50.
13. Rieder HL, Cauthen GM, Comstock GW & Snider DE Jr. Epidemiology of tuberculosis in the United States. Epidemiol Rev 1989; 11: 79-98.
14. Brudney K & Dobkin J. Resurgent tuberculosis in New York City. Human immunodeficiency virus, homelessness and the decline of tuberculosis control programs. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144: 745-9.
15. Medical Research Council Cardiothoracic Epidemiology Group. National Survey of notifications of tuberculosis in England and Wales in 1988. Thorax 1992; 47: 770-5.
16. McCarthy OR. Asian immigrant tuberculosis - the effect of visiting Asia. Br J Dis Chest 1984; 78: 248-53.
17. Canetti G, Sutherland I & Svandova E. Endogenous reactivation and exogenous reinfection. Their relative importance in the outbreak of nonprimary tuberculosis. Bull Int Union Against Tuberculosis 1972; 47: 122-43.
18. Wang JS, Allen EA, Enarson DA & Grzybowski S. Tuberculosis in recent Asian immigrants in British Columbia, Canada: 1982-1985. Tubercle 1991; 72: 277-83.
19. Styblo K. State of the art. 1. Epidemiology of tuberculosis. Bull Int Union Against Tuberculosis 1978; 53: 141.
20. Sutherland I. Recent studies in the epidemiology of tuberculosis, based on the risk of being infected with tubercle bacilli. Adv Tuberculosis Res 1956; 19: 1.
21. Orme IM. A mouse model of the recrudescence of latent tuberculosis in the elderly. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 137: 716-18.
22. Springett VH. Tuberculosis notification rates in the elderly. Communicable Dis Rep 1991; 1: R149-50.
23. Watson JM, Fern KJ, Porter JDH & Whitmore SE. Notifications of tuberculosis in England and Wales, 1982-1989. Communicable Dis Rep 1991; 1: R13-6.
24. Helbert M, Robinson D, Buchanan D et al. Mycobacterial infection in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Thorax 1990; 45: 45-8.
25. Ford JA, Colhoun EM, Macintosh WB & Dunningon MC. Rickets and osteomalacia in the Glasgow Pakistani community 1961-71. BMJ 1972; 2: 677-80.
26. Davies PDO. A possible link between vitamin D deficiency and impaired host defences to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tubercle 1985; 66: 307-12.
27. Finch PJ, Millard FJC & Maxwell JD. Risk of tuberculosis in immigrant Asians: culturally acquired immunodeficiency. Thorax 1991; 46: 1-5.
28. Strachan DP, Powell KJ, Thaker A, Millard FJC & Maxwell JD. Vegetarian diet as a risk factor for tuberculosis in immigrant south London Asians. Thorax 1995; 50: 175-80.
29. Chanarin I & Stephenson E. Vegetarian diet and cobalamin deficiency: their association with tuberculosis. J Clin Pathol 1988; 41: 759-62.
30. Mather HM & Keen H. The Southall Diabetes Survey: prevalence of known diabetes in Asian and Europeans. BMJ 1985; 291: 1081-4.
31. Public Health Laboratory Service Aids Centre. AIDS/HIV Quarterly Surveillance Tables; March 1996, No. 31: Table 2. London: PHLS, 1996.
32. Lalvani A & Shastri JS. HIV epidemic in India: opportunity to learn from the past. Lancet 1996; 347: 1349-50.
33. Watson JM for the PHLS/BTS/DH Collaborative Group. Results of a national survey of tuberculosis notifications in England and Wales in 1993. Thorax 1994; 49: 442.