Models of soot formation and oxidation

Progress in Energy and Combustion Science

Volumn 23, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 95-132

  Kennedy, Ian M ^a  

^a University of California   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMBUSTION; CORRELATION METHODS; FLAME RESEARCH; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; OXIDATION;

SOOT FORMATION;

SOOT;

EID: 0030720685     PISSN: 03601285     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0360-1285(97)00007-5     Document Type: Article

References (155)

1. Haynes, B. S. and Wagner, H. G., Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 7, 229-273 (1981).
2. Kennedy, I. M., Kollmann, W. and Chen, J.-Y., Combust. Flame 81, 73-85 (1990).
3. Colket, M. B. and Hall, R. J., Successes and uncertainties in modeling soot formation in laminar, premixed flames, in Soot Formation in Combustion, H. Bockhorn (Ed.), pp. 442-468, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1994).
4. Hall, R. J., Smooke, M. D. and Colket, M. B., Predictions of soot dynamics in opposed jet diffusion flames, Special Issue of CST for I. Glassman, F. L. Dryer and R. Sawyer (Eds), Gordon & Breach (1996).
5. Markatou, P., Wang, H. and Frenklach, M., Combust. Flame 93, 467-482 (1993).
6. Stein, S. E., J. Phys. Chem. 82, 566-571 (1978).
7. Frenklach, M., Clary, D. W., Gardiner, J. and Stein, S. E., Twentieth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pp. 887-901, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA (1984).
8. Howard, J. B., Twenty-Third Symposium (International) on Combustion, pp. 1107-1127, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA (1990).
9. Calcote, H. F. and Gill, R. J., Comparison of the ionic mechanism of soot formation with a free radical mechanism, Soot Formation in Combustion , H. Bockhorn (Ed.), pp. 471-484, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1994).
10. Hidy, G. M. and Brock, J. R., The Dynamics of Aerocolloidal Systems, Pergamon Press, Oxford (1970).
11. Harris, S. and Kennedy, I. M., Combust. Sci. Tech. 59, 443-454 (1988).
12. Kennedy, I. M. and Harris, S. J., J. Coll. Inter. Sci. 130, 489-497 (1989).
13. Lai, F. S., Friedlander, S. K., Pich, J. and Hidy, G. M., J. Coll. Inter. Sci. 39, 395-405 (1972).
14. Harris, S. J. and Weiner, A. M., Combust. Sci. Tech. 38, 75-87 (1984).
15. Harris, S. J. and Weiner, A. M., Combust. Sci. Tech. 32, 267-275 (1983).
16. Wieschnowsky, U., Bockhorn, H. and Fetting, F., Twenty-Second Symposium (International) on Combustion, pp. 343-352, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA (1988).
17. Lee, K. B., Thring, M. W. and Beer, J. M., Combust. Flame 6, 137-145 (1962).
18. Nagle, J. and Strickland-Constable, R. F., Fifth Carbon Conference, Vol. 1, pp. 154-164, Pergamon, Oxford (1962).
19. Radcliffe, S. A. and Appleton, J. P., Combust. Sci. Tech. 4, 171-175 (1971).
20. Najjar, Y. S. H. and Goodger, E. M., Fuel 60, 987-990 (1981).
21. Fenimore, C. P. and Jones, G. W., Combust. Flame 13, 303-310 (1969).
22. Bradley, D., Dixon-Lewis, G., Habik, S. E.-D. and Mushi, E. M. J., Twentieth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pp. 931-940, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA (1984).
23. Puri, R., Santoro, R. J. and Smyth, K. C., Combust. Flame 97, 125-144 (1994).
24. Neoh, K. G., Howard, J. B. and Sarofim, A. F., Particulate Carbon Formation During Combustion, pp. 261-282, Plenum, New York (1981).
25. Roth, P., Brandt, O. and Gersum, S. V., Twenty-Third Symposium (International) on Combustion, pp. 1485-1491, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA (1990).
26. Dobbins, R. A., Mulholland, G. W. and Bryner, N. P., Atmos. Environ. 28, 889-897 (1994).
27. Koylu, U. O. and Faeth, G. M., J. Heat Trnsfr. - Trans. ASME 115, 409-417 (1993).
28. Koylu, U. O. and Faeth, G. M., J. Heat Trnsfr. - Trans. ASME 116, 152-159 (1994).
29. Koylu, U. O. and Faeth, G. M., J. Heat Trnsfr. - Trans. ASME 116, 971-979 (1994).
30. Koylu, U. O., Faeth, G. M., Farias, T. L. and Carvalho, M. G., Combust. Flame 100, 621-633 (1995).
31. Choi, M. Y., Mulholland, G. W., Hamins, A. and Kashiwagi, T., Combust. Flame 102, 161-169 (1995).
32. Dobbins, R. A., Santoro, R. J. and Semerjian, H. G., Twenty-Third Symposium (International) on Combustion, pp. 1525-1532, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA (1990).
33. Charalampopoulos, T. T., Chang, H. and Stagg, B., Fuel 68, 1173-1179 (1989).
34. Dalzell, W. H. and Sarofim, A. F., J. Heat Trnsfr. -Trans. ASME 91, 100-104 (1969).
35. Sivathanu, Y. R. and Gore, J. P., Combust. Flame 97, 161-172 (1994).
36. Olson, D. B., Pickens, J. C. and Gill, R. J., Combust. Flame 62, 43-60 (1985).
37. Takahashi, F. and Glassman, I., Combust. Sci. Tech. 37, 1-19 (1984).
38. Calcote, H. F. and Manos, D. M., Combust. Flame 49, 289 (1983).
39. Gill, R. J. and Olson, D. B., Combust. Sci. Tech. 40, 307-315 (1984).
40. Harris, M. M., King, G. B. and Laurendau, N. M., Combust. Flame 64, 99-112 (1986).
41. Khan, I. M., Greeves, G. and Probert, D. M., Air Pollution Control in Transport Engines, Vol. C142/71, pp. 205-217, The Institution of Mechanical Engineers, London (1971).
42. Kyriakides, S. C., Dent, J. C. and Mehta, P. S., SAE Technical Paper Series 860330 (1986).
43. Mehta, P. S. and Das, S., Fuel 71, 689-692 (1992).
44. Lefebvre, A., Int. J. Heat Mass Trnsfr. 27, 1493-1510 (1984).
45. Khan, I. M. and Greeves, G., International Seminar, Trogir, Yugoslavia (1973).
46. Edelman, R. B. and Harsha, P. T., Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 4, 1-62 (1978).
47. Rizk, N. K. and Mongia, H. C., J. Propuls. 6, 660-667 (1990).
48. Rizk, N. K. and Mongia, H. C., J. Propuls. 7, 445-451 (1991).
49. Hudson, J. L. and Heicklen, J., Carbon 6, 405-418 (1968).
50. Heicklen, J., Hudson, J. L. and Armi, L., Carbon 7, 365-372 (1969).
51. Smith, G., Combust. Flame 48, 265-272 (1982).
52. Tesner, P. A., Snegiriova, T. D. and Knorre, V. G., Combust. Flame 17, 253-260 (1971).
53. Tesner, P. A., Tsygankova, E. I., Guilazetdinov, E. I., Zuyev, V. P. and Loshakova, G. V., Combust. Flame 17, 279 (1971).
54. Magnussen, B. F., Hjertager, B. H., Olsen, J. G. and Bhaduri, D., Seventeenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pp. 1383-1393, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA (1978).
55. Gordiets, B. F., Shelepin, L. A. and Shmotkin, Y. S., Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva 18, 71-76 (1982).
56. Surovikin, V. F., Khimiya Tverdogo Topliva 10, 111-122 (1976).
57. Mehta, P. S., Gupta, A. K. and Gupta, C. P., SAE Technical Paper Series 881251 (1988).
58. Ermolin, N. E., Korobeinichev, O. P., Tereshchenko, A. G. and Fomin, V. M., Combust., Explosion Shock Waves 18, 36-38 (1982).
59. Brown, A. J. and Heywood, J. B., Combust. Sci. Tech. 58, 195-207 (1988).
60. Curl, R. L., A.I.Ch.E. J. 9, 175-181 (1963).
61. Pratt, D. T., Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 1, 73 (1975).
62. Wang, T. S., Matula, R. A. and Farmer, R. C., Twentieth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pp. 1149, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA (1981).
63. Kouremenos, D. A., Rakopoulos, C. D., Hountalas, D. and Kotsiopoulos, P., Forschung im Ingenieurwesen 56, 22-32 (1990).
64. Hiroyasu, H., Kadota, T. and Arai, M., Bull. JSME 26, 569-575 (1983).
65. Jensen, D. E., Proc. Royal Soc. Lond. A 338, 375-396 (1974).
66. Graham, S. C., Proc. Royal Soc. Lond. A 377, 119-145 (1981).
67. Graham, S. C., Howard, J. B. and Rosenfeld, J. L. J., Proc. Royal Soc. London A 344, 259-285 (1975).
68. Dobbins, R. A., Fletcher, R. A. and Lu, W., Combust. Flame 100, 301-309 (1995).
69. Mulholland, G. W., Global soot growth model, Fire Safety Science, C. E. Grant and P. J. Pagni (Eds), pp. 709-718, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., Washington (1986).
70. Jones, J. M. and Rosenfeld, J. L. J., Combust. Flame 19, 427-434 (1972).
71. Williams, F. A., Combustion Theory, Benjamin/Cummings Menlo Park, CA (1985).
72. Fairweather, M., Jones, W. P. and Lindstedt, R. P., Combust. Flame 89, 45-64 (1992).
73. Fairweather, M., Jones, W. P., Ledin, H. S. and Lindstedt, R. P., Twenty-Fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pp. 1067-1074, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA (1992).
74. Kent, J. H. and Honnery, D., Combust. Sci. Tech. 54, 383-397 (1987).
75. Kollmann, W., Kennedy, I. M., Metternich, M. and Chen, J.-Y., Application of a soot model to a turbulent ethylene diffusion flame, Soot Formation in Combustion, H. Bockhorn (Ed.), pp. 503-526, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1994).
76. Leung, K. M., Lindstedt, R. P. and Jones, W. P., Combust. Flame 87, 289-305 (1991).
77. Moss, J. B., Stewart, C. D. and Young, K. J.,Combust. Flame 101, 491-500 (1995).
78. Syed, K. J., Stewart, C. D. and Moss, J. B., Twenty-Third Symposium (International) on Combustion, pp. 1533-1541, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA (1990).
79. Villasenor, R. and Kennedy, I. M., Twenty-Fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pp. 1023-1030, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA (1992).
80. Gore, J. P. and Faeth, G. M., Twenty-First Symposium (International) on Combustion, pp. 1521-1531, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA (1986).
81. Stewart, C. D., Syed, K. J. and Moss, J. B., Combust. Sci. Tech. 75, 211-226 (1991).
82. Delichatsios, M. A., Combust. Sci. Tech. 100, 283-298 (1994).
83. Lindstedt, P. R., Simplified soot nucleation and surface growth steps for non-premixed flames, Soot Formation in Combustion, H. Bockhorn (Ed.) , pp. 417-439, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1994).
84. Kent, J. H. and Wagner, H. G., Combust. Flame 47, 53-65 (1982).
85. Jones, W. P., Models for turbulent flows with variable density and combustion, Prediction Methods for Turbulent Flows, W. Kollmann (Ed.), pp. 379-421, Hemisphere, Washington (1980).
86. Kesten, A. S., Sangiovanni, J. J. and Goldberg, P., ASME 79-GT-lsr-12 (1979).
87. Wersborg, B. L., Yeung, A. C. and Howard, J. B., Fifteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pp. 1439-1448, The Combustion Insitute, Pittsburgh, PA (1975).
88. Said, R., Garo, A. and Borghi, R., Combust. Flame 108, 71-86 (1997).
89. Kent, J. H., Jander, H. and Wagner, H. G., Eighteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pp. 1117-1126, The Combustion Institute (1980).
90. Santoro, R. J., Yeh, T. T., Horvath, J. J. and Semerjian, H. G., Combust. Sci. Tech. 53, 89-115 (1987).
91. Sivathanu, Y. R. and Faeth, G. M., Combust. Flame 82, 211-230 (1990).
92. Moss, J. B., Stewart, C. D. and Syed, K. J., Twenty-Second Symposium (International) on Combustion, pp. 413-423, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA (1988).
93. Saito, K., Williams, F. A. and Gordon, A. S., ASME Transaction Heat Transfer 108, 640-648 (1985).
94. Alizadeh, S. and Moss, J. B., AGARD Conference Proceedings 536. Fuels and Combustion Technology for Advanced Aircraft Engines, 7-1 to 7-20, AGARD Fiuggi, Italy (1993).
95. Heitor, M. V. and Whitelaw, J. H., Combust. Flame 64, 1-32 (1986).
96. Young, K. J., Stewart, C. D., Syed, K. J. and Moss, J. B., Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium on Air Breathing Engines (1991).
97. Young, K. J., Stewart, C. D. and Moss, J. B., Twenty-Fifth Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA (1994).
98. Young, K. J. and Moss, J. B., Combust. Sci. Tech. 105, 33-53 (1995).
99. Lindstedt, P., A simple reaction mechanism for soot formation in non-premixed flames, Aerothermodynamics in Combustors , R. S. Lee, J. H. Whitelaw and T. S. Wung (Eds), pp. 145-156, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1992).
100. Makel, D. B. and Kennedy, I. M., Combust. Sci. Tech. 97, 303-314 (1994).
101. Bockhorn, H., Moser, A., Wenz, H. and Warnatz, J., Nineteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pp. 197-209, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA (1982).
102. Garo, A., Prado, G. and Lahaye, J., Combust. Flame 79, 226-233 (1990).
103. Jones, W. P. and Lindstedt, R. P., Combust. Flame 73, 233-249 (1988).
104. Vandsburger, U., Kennedy, I. M. and Glassman, I., Combust. Sci. Tech. 39, 263-285 (1984).
105. Nishida, O. and Mukohara, S., Combust. Flame 47, 269-279 (1982).
106. Bockhorn, H., Fetting, F. and Wenz, H. W., Ber. Bunsen Gesell. Phys. Chem. 87, 1067-1073 (1983).
107. Frenklach, M. and Wang, H., Twenty-Third Symposium (International) on Combustion, pp. 1559-1566, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA (1990).
108. Gore, J. P., Ph.D., The Pennsylvania State University, University Park (1986).
109. Puri, R., Santoro, R. J. and Smyth, K. C., Combust. Flame 102, 226-228 (1995).
110. Kennedy, I. M., Rapp, D. R., Santoro, R. J. and Yam, C., Combust. Flame 107, 368-382 (1996).
111. Miller, J. H., Honnery, D. R. and Kent, J. H., Twenty-Fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pp. 1031-1039, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA (1992).
112. Smyth, K. C., Miller, J. H., Dorfman, R. C., Mallard, W. G. and Santoro, R. J., Combust. Flame 62, 157-181 (1985).
113. He, Y. Z., Mallard, W. G. and Tsang, W., J. Phys. Chem. 92, 2196-2201 (1988).
114. Kent, J. H. and Honnery, D. R., Soot mass growth in laminar diffusion flames - parametric modelling, Soot Formation in Combustion, H. Bockhorn (Ed.), pp. 199-218, Springer - Verlag, Berlin (1994).
115. Kent, J. H. and Honnery, D. R., Combust. Flame 79, 287-298 (1990).
116. Honnery, D. R. and Kent, J. H., Twenty-Fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pp. 1041-1047, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA (1992).
117. Honnery, D. R., Tappe, M. and Kent, J. H., Combust. Sci. Tech. 83, 305-321 (1992).
118. Kaplan, C. R., Baek, S. W., Oran, E. S. and Ellzey, J. L., Combust. Flame 96, 1-21 (1994).
119. Chandrasekhar, S., Radiative Transfer, Dover, New York (1960).
120. Talbot, L., Cheng, R. K., Schefer, R. W. and Willis, D. R., J. Fluid Mech. 101, 737-758 (1980).
121. Smooke, M. D., Puri, I. K. and Seshadri, K., Twenty-First Symposium (International) on Combustion, pp. 1783-1792, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA (1986).
122. Frenklach, M., Wang, H. and Rabinowitz, M. J., Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 18, 47-73 (1992).
123. Smooke, M. D. and Giovangigli, V., Impact Comp. Sci. Engr. 4, 46-79 (1992).
124. Puri, R., Moser, M., Santoro, R. J. and Smyth, K. C., Twenty-Fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pp. 1015-1022, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA (1992).
125. Levendis, Y. A., Flagan, R. C. and Gavalas, G. R., Combust. Flame 76, 221-241 (1989).
126. Chan, M.-L., Moody, K. N., Mullins, J. R. and Williams, A., Fuel 66, 1694-1698 (1987).
127. Frenklach, M. and Wang, H., Detailed mechanism and modeling of soot particle formation, Soot Formation in Combustion , H. Bockhorn (Ed.), pp. 162-190, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1994).
128. Yoshihara, Y., Kazakov, A., Wang, H. and Frenklach, M., Twenty-Fifth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pp. 941-948, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA (1994).
129. Tanzawa, T. and W. C. Gardiner, J., J. Phys. Chem. 84, 236-239 (1980).
130. Gelbard, F. and Seinfeld, J. H., J. Coll. Inter. Sci. 78, 485-501 (1980).
131. Harris, S. J., Weiner, A. M. and Ashcroft, C. C., Combust. Flame 64, 65-81 (1986).
132. Harris, M. M., King, G. B. and Laurendau, N. M., Combust. Flame 67, 269-272 (1987).
133. Kee, R. J., Grcar, J. F., Smooke, M. D. and Miller, J. A., Sandia National Laboratory, SAND85-8240 (1985).
134. Harris, S. J. and Frenklach, M., J. Coll. Inter. Sci. 118, 252-261 (1987).
135. Wang, H. and Frenklach, M., Combust. Flame 87, 365-370 (1991).
136. Kazakov, A., Wang, H. and Frenklach, M., Combust. Flame 100, 111-120 (1995).
137. Bönig, M., Feldermann, C., Jander, H., Lüers, B., Rudolph, G. and Wagner, H. G., Twenty-Third Symposium (International) on Combustion, pp. 1581-1587, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA (1991).
138. Frenklach, M., Twenty-Sixth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pp. 2285-2294, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA (1996).
139. D'Anna, A., D'Alessio, A. and Minutolo, P., Spectroscopic and chemical characterization of soot inception processes in premixed laminar flames at atmosphereic pressure, Soot Formation in Combustion, H. Bockhorn (Ed.), pp. 83-101, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1994).
140. Nickerson, G. R. and Johnson, C. W., AIAA/SAE/ ASME/ASEE 28th Joint Propulsion Conference, Paper AIAA 92-3391, Nashville, TN (1992).
141. Jachimowski, C. J., Combust. Flame 55, 213-224 (1984).
142. Mauß, F., Schäfer, T. and Bockhorn, H., Combust. Flame 99, 697-705 (1994).
143. Mauß, F., Trilken, B., Breitbach, H. and Peters, N., Soot formation in partially premixed diffusion flames, Soot Formation in Combustion, H. Bockhorn (Ed.), pp. 325-349, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1994).
144. Frenklach, M. and Warnatz, J., Combust. Sci. Tech. 51, 265-283 (1987).
145. Marquardt, M., Mauß, F., Jungfleisch, B., Suntz, R. and Bockhorn, H., Twenty-Sixth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pp. 2343-2350, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA (1996).
146. Harris, S. J. and Weiner, A. M., Combust. Sci. Tech. 31, 155-167 (1983).
147. Gelbard, F., MAEROS User Manual, Sandia SAND80-0822 (1982).
148. Harris, S. J., Weiner, A. M. and Blint, R. J., Combust. Flame 72, 91-109 (1988).
149. Miller, J. A. and Bowman, C. T., Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 15, 287-338 (1989).
150. Westbrook, C. K. and Dryer, F. L., Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 10, 1-57 (1984).
151. Smooke, M. D., Xu, Y., Zurn, R. M., Lin, P., Frank, J. H. and Long, M. B., Twenty-Fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pp. 813-821, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA (1992).
152. Grosshandler, W. L., RADCAL: A Narrow-Band Model for Radiation Calculations in a Combustion Environment, NIST 1402 (1993).
153. Balthasar, M., Heyl, A., Mauß, F., Schmitt, F. and Bockhorn, H., Twenty-Sixth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pp. 2369-2378, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA (1996).
154. Gomez, A., Littman, M. G. and Glassman, I., Combust. Flame 70, 225 (1987).
155. Jensen, D. E. and Wilson, A. S., Combust. Flame 25, 43-55 (1975).