Neural pathways for the control of birdsong production

Journal of Neurobiology

Volumn 33, Issue 5, 1997, Pages 653-670

  Wild, J Martin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Oscines; Respiration; Vocal control; Vocalization

Indexed keywords

BIRD; BRAIN STEM; CONTROL SYSTEM; JAW MOVEMENT; MOTONEURON; MOTOR COORDINATION; NERVE TRACT; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPIRATION CONTROL; REVIEW; TELENCEPHALON; VOCALIZATION;

ANIMALS; BIRDS; BRAIN; NEURAL PATHWAYS; RESPIRATORY MECHANICS; VOCALIZATION, ANIMAL;

EID: 0030715374     PISSN: 00223034     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4695(19971105)33:5<653::AID-NEU11>3.0.CO;2-A     Document Type: Review

References (128)

1. ARENDS, J. J. A. and ZEIGLER, H. P. (1986). Anatomical identification of an auditory pathway from a nucleus of the lateral lemniscal system to the frontal telencephalon (nucleus basalis). Brain Res. 398:375-381.
2. ARNOLD, A. P. (1992). Developmental plasicity in neural circuits controlling bird song: sexual differentiation and the neural basis of learning. J. Neurobiol. 23:1506-1528.
3. ARNOLD, A. P. and SALTIEL, A. (1979). Sexual difference in pattern of hormone accumulation in the brain of a song bird. Science 205:702-705.
4. BALABAN, E. (1997). Changes in multiple brain regions underlie species differences in a complex, congenital behavior. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:2001-2006.
5. BERKHOUDT, H., DUBBELDAM, J., and ZEILSTRA, S. (1981). Studies on the somatotopy of the trigeminal system in the mallard, Anas platyrhynchos L. IV. Tactile representation in the nucleus basalis. J. Comp. Neurol. 196:407-420.
6. BERKHOUDT, H., KLEIN, B. G., and ZEIGLER, H. P. (1982). Afferents to the trigeminal and facial motor nuclei in pigeon (Columba livia L.): central connections of jaw motoneurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 209:301-312.
7. BISCHOFF, H.-J. and ENGELAGE, J. (1985). Flash evoked responses in a song control nucleus of the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata castanotis). Brain Res. 326:370-374.
8. BOTTJER, S. W. and ARNOLD, A. P. (1982). Afferent neurons in the hypoglossal nerve of the zebra finch (Poephila guttata): localization with horseradish peroxidase. J. Comp. Neurol. 210:190-197.
9. BOTTJER, S. W. and ARNOLD, A. P. (1984). The role of feedback from the vocal organ. I. Maintenance of stereotypical vocalizations by adult zebra finches. J. Neurosci. 4:2387-2396.
10. BOTTJER, S. W. and ARNOLD, A. P. (1986). The ontogeny of vocal learning in songbirds. In: Handbook of Behavioral Neurobiology, Vol. 8. E. M. Blass, Ed. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 129-161.
11. BOTTJER, S. W., MIESNER, E. A., and ARNOLD, A. P. (1984). Forebrain lesions disrupt development but not maintenance of song in passerine birds. Science 244:901-903.
12. BOTTJER, S. W., HALSEMA, K. A., BROWN, S. A., and MIESNER, E. A. (1989). Axonal connections of a forebrain nucleus involved with vocal learning in zebra finches. J. Comp. Neurol. 279:312-326.
13. BRACKENBURY, J. H. (1980). Respiration and production of sounds by birds. Biol. Rev. 55:363-378.
14. BRACKENBURY, J. H. (1989). Functions of the syrinx and the control of sound production. In: Form and Function in Birds, Vol. 4. A. S. King and J. McLelland, Eds. Academic Press, London, pp. 193-220.
15. BRENOWITZ, E. A., MARGOLIASH, D., and NORDEEN, K. (1997). Introduction to birdsong and the avian song system. J. Neurobiol. 33:495-500.
16. BRENOWITZ, E. A. and KROODSMA, D.E. (1996). The neuroethology of birdsong. In: Ecology and Evolution of Acoustic Communication in Birds. D. E. Kroodsma and E. H. Miller, Eds. Comstock, Ithaca, NY, pp. 283-304.
17. CALDER, W. A. (1970). Respiration during song in the canary (Serinus canaria). J. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 32:251-258.
18. CLOWER, R. P., NIXDORF, B. E., and DEVOOGD, T. J. (1989). Synaptic plasticity in the hypoglossal nucleus of female canaries: structural correlates of season, hemisphere, and testosterone treatment. Behav. Neural Biol. 52:63-77.
19. DAVIS, P. J., BARTLETT, D. JR., and LUSCHEI, E. S. (1993). Coordination of the respiratory and laryngeal systems in breathing and vocalization. In: Vocal Fold Physiology, Frontiers in Basic Science. I. R. Titze, Ed. Singular Press, San Diego, pp. 189-226.
20. DAVIS, P. J., ZHANG, S. P., and BANDLER, R. (1996a). Midbrain and medullary regulation of respiration and vocalization. Prog. Brain Res. 107:315-325.
21. DAVIS, P. J., ZHANG, S. P., and BANDLER, R. (1996b). Midbrain and medullary regulation of vocalization. In: Vocal Fold Physiology: Controlling Complexity and Chaos. P. J. Davis and N. H. Fletcher, Eds. Singular Press, San Diego, pp. 121-135.
22. DELIUS, J. D., RUNGE, T. E., and OECKINGHAUS, H. (1979). Short-latency auditory projection to the frontal telencephalon of the pigeon. Exp. Neurol. 63:594-609.
23. DEVOOGD, T. J. (1989). Endocrine modulation of the development and adult function of the avian song system. Psychoneuroendocrinology 16:41-66.
24. DEVOOGD, T. J. and NOTTEBOHM, F. (1981). Sex differences in dendritic morphology of a song control nucleus in the canary: a quantitative Golgi study. J. Comp. Neurol. 196:309-316.
25. DEVOOGD, T. J., PYSKATY, D. J., and NOTTEBOHM, F. (1991). Lateral asymmetries and testosterone-induced changes in the hypoglossal nucleus in adult canaries. J. Comp. Neurol. 307:65-76.
26. DEWET, P. D., FEDDE, M. R., and KITCHELL, R. L. (1967). Innervation of the respiratory muscles of Gallus domesticus. J. Morphol. 123:17-34.
27. DOUPE, A. J. and SOLIS, M. M. (1997). Song- and order-selective neurons develop in the songbird anterior forebrain during vocal learning. J. Neurobiol. 33:694-709.
28. DUBBELDAM, J. L. and VISSER, A. M. (1987). The organization of the nucleus basalis-neostriatum complex in the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos L.) and its connections with the archistriatum and paleostriatum complex. Neuroscience 21:487-517.
29. FEDDE, M. R. (1987). Respiratory muscles. In: Bird Respiration, Vol. I. T. J. Seller, Ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 3-37.
30. FORTIN, G., FOUTZ, A. S., and CHAMPAGNAT, J. (1994). Respiratory rhythm generation in chick hindbrain: effects of MK-801 and vagotomy. Neuroreport 5:1137-1140.
31. FORTUNE, E. S. and MARGOLIASH, D. (1995). Parallel pathways and convergence onto HVc and adjacent neostriatum of adult zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). J. Comp. Neurol. 325:388-404.
32. GAUNT, A. S., GAUNT, S. L. L., and CASEY, R. M. (1982). Syringeal mechanics reassessed: evidence from Streptopelia. Auk. 99:474-494.
33. GERRITS, P.O. and HOLSTEGE, G. (1996). Pontine and medullary projections to the nucleus retroambiguus: a wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase and autoradiographic tracing study in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 373:173-185.
34. GLEESON, M. (1987). The role of vagal afferents in the peripheral control of respiration in birds. In: The Neurology of the Cardiorespiratory System. E. W. Taylor, Ed. Manchester University Press, Manchester, pp. 51-79.
35. GLEESON, M. and MOLONEY, V. (1989). Control of breathing. In: Form and Function in Birds. A. S. King and J. McLelland, Eds. Academic Press, London, pp. 439-484.
36. GOLLER, F. and SUTHERS, R. A. (1995). Implications for lateralization of bird song from unilateral gating of bilateral motor patterns. Nature 373:63-66.
37. GOLLER, F. and SUTHERS, R. A. (1996a). Role of syringeal muscles in gating airflow and sound production in singing brown thrashers. J. Neurophysiol. 75:867-876.
38. GOLLER, F. and SUTHERS, R. A. (1996b). Role of syringeal muscles in controlling the phonology of bird song. J. Neurophysiol. 76:287-300.
39. VON GRABATIN, O. and ABS, M. (1986). Zur efferenten Larynxinnervierung bei der Haustabe (Columba livia domestica L.). Anat. Anz. 162:101-108.
40. GRACCO, V. L. (1990). Characteristics of speech as a motor control system. In: Cerebral Control of Speech and Limb Movements. G. R. Hammond, Ed. North Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 3-28.
41. GRACCO, V.L. (1991). Sensorimotor mechanisms in speech motor control. In: Speech Motor Control and Stuttering. H. F. M. Peters, W. Hulstijn, and C. W. Starkweather, Eds. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, pp. 53-76.
42. GURNEY, M. E. (1981). Hormonal control of cell form and number in the zebra finch song system. J. Neurosci. 1:658-673.
43. HALL, W. S., COHEN, P. L., and BRAUTH, S. E. (1993). Auditory projections to the anterior telencephalon in the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus). Brain Behav. Evol. 41:97-116.
44. HARTLEY, R. S. (1990). Expiratory muscle activity during song production in the canary. Respir. Physiol. 81:177-187.
45. HARTLEY, R. S. and SUTHERS, R. A. (1989). Airflow and pressure during canary song: direct evidence for mini-breaths. J. Comp. Physiol. A. 165:15-26.
46. HAUSBERGER, M., BLACK, J. M., and RICHAARD, J. P. (1992). Bill opening and sound spectrum in barnacle goose loud calls: individuals with "wide mouths" have higher pitched voices. Anim. Behav. 42:319-322.
47. HOESE, W. J. and WESTNEAT, M. W. (1996). Biomechanics of cranial kinesis in birds: testing linkage models in the white crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis). J. Morphol. 227:305-320.
48. HOLSTEGE, G. (1989). Anatomical study of the final common pathway for vocalization in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 284:242-252.
49. HOLSTEGE, G. and EHLING, T. (1996). Two motor systems involved in the production of speech. In: Vocal Fold Physiology. Controlling Complexity and Chaos. P. J. Davis and N. H. Fletcher, Eds. Singular Press, San Diego, pp. 153-169.
50. HOLTMAN, J. R., NORMAN, W. P., and GILLIS, R. A. (1984). Projections from the raphe nucleus to the phrenic motor nucleus in the cat. Neurosci. Lett. 44:105-111.
51. HOSAGAI, M., MATSUO, S., and NAKAO, S. (1993). Firing pattern and location of respiratory neurons in cat medullary raphe nuclei. Neurosci. Lett. 161:149-152.
52. JOHNSON, F., SABLAN, M. M., and BOTTJER, S. A. (1995). Topographic organization of a forebrain pathway involved with vocal learning in zebra finches. J. Comp. Neurol. 358:260-278.
53. JüRGENS, U. (1994). The role of the periaqueductal grey in vocal behavior. Behav. Brain Res. 62:107-117.
54. JüRGENS, U. and PRATT, R. (1979). The cingular vocalization pathway in the squirrel monkey. Exp. Brain Res. 34:499-510.
55. KATZ, D. M. and KARTEN, H. J. (1983). Visceral representation within the nucleus tractus solitarius in the pigeon (Columba livia). J. Comp. Neurol. 218:42-73.
56. KING, A. S. (1989). Functional anatomy of the syrinx. In: Form and Function in Birds, Vol. IV. A. S. King and J. McLelland, Eds. Academic Press, London, pp. 105-192.
57. KONISHI, M. (1965). The role of auditory feedback in the control of vocalization in the white-crowned sparrow. Z. Tierpsychol. 22:770-783.
58. KONISHI, M. (1985). From birdsong to neuron. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 8:125-170.
59. KONISHI, M. (1989). Birdsong for neurobiologists. Neuron 3:541-549.
60. KROODSMA, D. E. and KONISHI, M. (1991). A suboscine bird (eastern phoebe, Sayornis phoebe) develops normal song without auditory feedback. Anim. Behav. 42:477-487.
61. LINDSEY, B. G., HERNANDEZ, Y. M., MORRIS, K. F., SHANNON, R., and GERSTEIN, G. L. (1992). Respiratory-related neural assemblies in the brain stem midline. J. Neurophysiol. 67:905-922.
62. LOHMANN, R. and GAHR, M. (1993). The development of the temporal pattern of the zebra finch song is dependent on the feedback of the syrinx. In: Nervous Systems and Behaviour: Proceedings of the 4th International Congress on Neurethology. M. Burrows, T. Matheson, P. L. Newland, and H. Schuppe, Eds. Georg Thieme, Stuttgart, p. 316.
63. MANOGUE, K. R. and NOTTEBOHM, F. (1982). Relation of medullary motor nuclei to nerves supplying the vocal tract of the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus). J. Comp. Neurol. 204:384-391.
64. MANOGUE, K. R. and PATON, J. A. (1982). Respiratory gating of activity in avian vocal control systems. Brain Res. 247:383-387.
65. MARGOLIASH, D. (1997). Functional organization of forebrain pathways for song production and perception. J. Neurobiol. 33:671-693.
66. MARGOLIASH, D., FORTUNE, E. S., SUTTER, M. L., Yu, A.C., WREN-HARDIN, B.D., and DAVE, A. (1994). Distributed representation in the song system of oscines: evolutionary implications and functional consequences. Brain Behav. Evol. 44:247-264.
67. MARLER and SHERMAN, V. (1983). Song structure without auditory feedback: emendations of the auditory template hypothesis. J. Neurosci. 3:517-531.
68. McLELLAND, J. (1989). Larynx and trachea. In: Form and Function in Birds. A. S. King and J. McLelland, Eds. Academic Press, London, pp. 69-104.
69. MONTEAU, R. and HILAIRE, G. (1991). Spinal respiratory motoneurons. Prog. Neurobiol. 37:83-144.
70. NORDEEN, K. W. and NORDEEN, E. J. (1992). Auditory feedback is necessary for the maintenance of stereotyped song in adult zebra finches. Behav. Neuro. Biol. 57:58-66.
71. NORDEEN, K. W. and NORDEEN, E. J. (1997). Anatomical and synaptic substrates for avian song learning. J. Neurobiol. 33:532-548.
72. NOTTEBOHM, F. (1996). A white canary on Mount Acropolis. J. Comp. Physiol. A. 179:149-156.
73. NOTTEBOHM, F. and ARNOLD, A. P. (1976). Sexual dimorphism in vocal control areas of the song bird brain. Science 194:211-213.
74. NOTTEBOHM, F. and NOTTEBOHM, M. E. (1976). Left hypoglossal dominance in the control of canary and white-crowned sparrow song. J. Comp. Physiol. A 108:171-192.
75. NOTTEBOHM, F., STOKES, T. M., and LEONARD, C. M. (1976). Central control of song in the canary, Serinus canaria. J. Comp. Neurol. 165:457-486.
76. NOTTEBOHM, F., KELLEY, D. B., and PATON, J. A. (1982). Connections of vocal control nuclei in the canary telencephalon. J. Comp. Neurol. 207:344-357.
77. NOTTEBOHM, F., ALVAREZ-BUYLLA, A., CYNX, J., LING, C.-Y., NOTTEBOHM, M., SUTTER, R., TOLLES, A., and WILLIAMS, H. (1990). Song learning in birds: the relation between perception and production. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B. 329:115-124.
78. PATON, J. A. and MANOGUE, K. R. (1982). Bilateral interactions within the vocal control pathway of birds: two evolutionary alternatives. J. Comp. Neurol. 212:329-335.
79. PATON, J. A., MANOGUE, K. R., and NOTTEBOHM, F. (1981). Bilateral organization of the vocal control pathway in the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus). J. Neurosci. 1:1279-1288.
80. PERERA, A. D., HUNGER, F., GAHR, M., and WILD, J. M. (1995). A parallel circuit linking IMAN and Area X in the avian song system. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 21:962.
81. PRICE, P. H. (1979). Developmental determinants of structure in zebra finch song. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 93:260-277.
82. REINKE, H. and WILD, J. M. (1996). Avian inspiratory premotor neurons: connections with respiratory and vocal nuclei. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 22:153.
83. REINKE, H. and WILD, J. M. (1997). Distribution and connections of inspiratory premotor neurons in the brainstem of the pigeon (Columba livia). J. Comp. Neurol. 379:347-362.
84. RUAN, J. and SUTHERS, R. A. (1996). Myotopic representation of syringeal muscles in the hypoglossal nucleus of the cowbird. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 22:1402.
85. SCHARFF, C. and NOTTEBOHM, F. (1991). A comparative study of the behavioral deficits following lesions of various parts of the zebra finch song system: implications for vocal learning. J. Neurosci. 11:2896-2913.
86. SELLER, T. J. (1980). Midbrain regions involved in call production in Java sparrows. Behav. Brain Res. 1:257-265.
87. SELLER, T. J. (1981). Midbrain vocalization centers in birds. Trends Neurosci. 12:301-303.
88. SHIBA, K., YOSHIDA, K., NAKAJIMA, Y., and KONNO, A. (1997). Influences of laryngeal afferent inputs on intralaryngeal muscle activity during vocalization in the cat. Neurosci. Res. 27:85-92.
89. SIMPSON, H. B. and VICARIO, D. S. (1990). Brain pathways for learned and unlearned vocalizations differ in zebra finches. J. Neurosci. 10:1541-1556.
90. SOHRABJI, F., NORDEEN, E. J., and NORDEEN, K. W. (1990). Selective impairment of song learning following lesions of a forebrain nucleus in the juvenile zebra finch. Behav. Neurol. Biol. 53:51-63.
91. STRIEDTER, G. F. (1994). The vocal control pathways in budgerigars differ from those in songbirds. J. Comp. Neurol. 343:35-56.
92. SUTHERS, R. A. (1997). Peripheral control and lateralization of birdsong. J. Neurobiol. 33:632-652.
93. SUTHERS, R. A. and GOLLER, F. (In press). Motor correlates of vocal diversity in songbirds. Curr. Opin. Ornithol.
94. SUTHERS, R. A., GOLLER, F., and HARTLEY, R. S. (1994). Motor dynamics of song production by mimic thrushes. J. Neurobiol. 25:917-936.
95. SUTHERS, R. A., GOLLER, F., BERMEJO, R., WILD, J. M., and ZEIGLER, H. P. (1996). Relationship of beak gape to the lateralization, acoustics and motor dynamics of song in cardinals. In: Abstracts of the Nineteenth Midwinter Meeting of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology, Des Moines, p. 158.
96. VATES, G. E. and NOTTEBOHM, F. (1995). Feedback circuitry within a song-learning pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92:5139-5143.
97. VATES, G. E., BROOME, B. M., MELLO, C. V., and NOTTEBOHM, F. (1996). Auditory pathways of caudal telencephalon and their relation to the song system of adult male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). J. Comp. Neurol. 366:613-642.
98. VATES, G. E., VICARIO, D. S., and NOTTEBOHM, F. (1997). Reafferent thalamo-"cortical" loops in the song system of oscine songbirds. J. Comp. Neurol. 380:275-290.
99. VICARIO, D. S. (1991a). Contributions of syringeal muscles to respiration and vocalization in the zebra finch. J. Neurobiol. 2:63-73.
100. VICARIO, D. S. (1991b). Organization of the zebra finch song control system: II. Functional organization of outputs from nucleus robustus archistriatalis. J. Comp. Neurol. 309:486-494.
101. VICARIO, D. S. (1993). A new brain stem pathway for vocal control in the zebra finch song system. Neuroreport 4:983-986.
102. VICARIO, D.S. (1994). Motor mechanisms relevant to auditory-vocal interactions in songbirds. Brain Behav. Evol. 44:265-278.
103. VICARIO, D. S. and NOTTEBOHM, F. (1988). Organization of the zebra finch song control system: I. Representation of syringeal muscles in the hypoglossal nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol. 271:346-354.
104. VICARIO, D. S. and YOHAY, K. H. (1993). Song-selective auditory input to a forebrain vocal control nucleus in the zebra finch. J. Neurobiol. 24:488-505.
105. Vu, E. T., MAZUREK, M. E., and Kuo, Y. C. (1994). Identification of a forebrain motor programming network for the learned song of zebra finches. J. Neurosci. 14:6924-6934.
106. WARREN, D. K., PATTERSON, D. K., and PEPPERBERG, I. M. (1996). Mechanisms of American English vowel production in a grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus). Auk 113:41-58.
107. WESTNEAT, M. W., LONG, J. H. JR., HOESE, W., and NOWICKI, S. (1993). Kinematics of birdsong: functional correlation of cranial movements and acoustic features in sparrows. J. Exp. Biol. 182:147-171.
108. WILD, J. M. (1981). Identification and localization of the motor nuclei and sensory projections of the glossopharyngeal, vagus and hypoglossal nerves of the cockatoo (Cacatua roseicapilla), Cacatuidae. J. Comp. Neurol. 201:351-377.
109. WILD, J. M. (1990). Peripheral and central terminations of hypoglossal afferents innervating lingual tactile mechanoreceptor complexes in Fringillidae. J. Comp. Neurol. 298:157-171.
110. WILD, J. M. (1993a). Descending projections of the songbird nucleus robustus archistriatalis. J. Comp. Neurol. 338:225-241.
111. WILD, J. M. (1993b). The avian nucleus retroambigualis: a nucleus for breathing, singing and calling. Brain Res. 606:119-124.
112. WILD, J. M. (1994a). The auditory-vocal-respiratory axis in birds. Brain Behav. Evol. 44:192-209.
113. WILD, J. M. (1994b). Visual and somatosensory inputs to the avian song system via nucleus uvaeformis (Uva) and a comparison with the projections of a similar thalamic nucleus in a non-songbird, Columba livia. J. Comp. Neurol. 349:512-535.
114. WILD, J. M. (1997). The avian somatosensory system: the pathway from wing to Wulst in a passerine (Chloris chloris). Brain Res. (in press).
115. WILD, J. M. and ZEIGLER, H. P. (1980). Central representation and somatotopic organization of the jaw muscles within the facial and trigeminal nuclei of the pigeon (Columba livia). J. Comp. Neurol. 192:175-201.
116. WILD, J. M. and ARENDS, J. J. A. (1987). A respiratory-vocal pathway in the brainstem of the pigeon. Brain Res. 407:191-194.
117. WILD, J. M. and FARABAUGH, S. M. (1996). Organization of afferent and efferent projections of nucleus basalis prosencephali in a passerine (Taeniopygia guttata). J. Comp. Neurol. 365:306-328.
118. WILD, J. M. and ZEIGLER, H. P. (1996). Central projections and somatotopic organisation of trigeminal primary afferents in pigeon (Columba livia). J. Comp. Neurol. 368:136-152.
119. WILD, J. M., ARENDS, J. J. A., and ZEIGLER, H. P. (1985). Telencephalic connections of the trigeminal system in the pigeon (Columba livia): a trigeminal sensorimotor circuit. J. Comp. Neurol. 234:441-464.
120. WILD, J. M., ARENDS, J. J. A., and ZEIGLER, H. P. (1990). Projections of the parabrachial nucleus in the pigeon (Columba livia). J. Comp. Neurol. 293:499-523.
121. WILD, J. M., KARTEN, H. J., and FROST, B. J. (1993). Connections of the auditory forebrain in the pigeon (Columba livia). J. Comp. Neurol. 337:32-62.
122. WILD, J. M., GOLLER, F., and SUTHERS, R. A. (1997a). Inspiratory muscle activity during singing in zebra finches and cowbirds. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 23 (in press).
123. WILD, J. M., Li, D., and EAGLETON, C. (1997b). Projections of the dorsomedial nucleus of the intercollicular complex (DM) in relation to respiratory-vocal nuclei in the brainstem of pigeon (Columba livia) and zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). J. Comp. Neurol. 377:392-413.
124. WILLIAMS, H., CRANE, L. A., HALE, T. K., ESPOSITO, M. A., and NOTTEBOHM, F. (1992). Right-sided dominance for song control in the zebra finch. J. Neurobiol. 23:1006-1020.
125. YOSHIDA, Y., MITSUMASU, T., HIRANO, M., and KANASEKI, T. (1987). Afferent connections to the nucleus ambiguus in the brainstem of the cat: an HRP study. In: Laryngeal Function in Phonation and Respiration: Vocal Fold Physiology Series, T. Baer, C. Sasaki, and K. Harris, Eds. Little, Brown, Boston, pp. 45-61.
126. ZEIER, H. and KARTEN, H. J. (1971). The archistriatum of the pigeon: organization of afferent and efferent connections. Brain Res. 31:313-326.
127. ZHANG, S. P., DAVIS, P. J., BANDLER, R., and CARRIVE, P. (1994). Brain stem integration of vocalization: role of the midbrain periaqueductal grey. J. Neurophysiol. 72:1327-1356.
128. ZHANG, S. P., DAVIS, P. J., and BANDLER, R. (1995). Brain stem integration of vocalization: role of the nucleus retroambigualis. J. Neurophysiol. 74:2500-2512.