On the intersectoral migration of agricultural labor

Economic Development and Cultural Change

Volumn 45, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 294-319

  Larson, Donald ^a   Mundlak, Yair ^b  

^a WORLD BANK   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURAL LABOUR; AGRICULTURAL WORKERS; INCOME CONVERGENCE; INCOME INEQUALITY; INTERSECTORAL MIGRATION; LABOUR MIGRATION; MIGRATION DETERMINANTS; MIGRATION MOTIVE;

EID: 0030712110     PISSN: 00130079     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/452275     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, ed. Edwin Cannan (1776; New York: Modern Library, 1937).
2. D. Gale Johnson, "Mobility as a Field of Economic Research," Southern Economic Journal 40 (1948): 152-61.
3. W. A. Lewis, "Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour," Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies 22 (May 1954): 139-91.
4. Johnson makes the following observation on the speed of migration: "Broadly speaking, it may be said that over the past 30 years migration has failed to eliminate the excess labor in agriculture" ("Mobility as a Field of Economic Research," p. 154).
5. O. Stark, The Migration of Labor (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991); J. G. Williamson, Coping with City Growth during the British Industrial Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Ian Molho, "Theories of Migration: A Review," Scottish Journal of Political Economy 33 (November 1986): 396-419; L. Yap, "The Attraction of Cities: A Review of the Migration Literature," Journal of Development Studies 4 (1977): 239-64; and M. Greenwood, "Research on Internal Migration in the United States: A Survey," Journal of Economic Literature 13 (1975): 397-433.
6. O. Stark, The Migration of Labor (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991); J. G. Williamson, Coping with City Growth during the British Industrial Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Ian Molho, "Theories of Migration: A Review," Scottish Journal of Political Economy 33 (November 1986): 396-419; L. Yap, "The Attraction of Cities: A Review of the Migration Literature," Journal of Development Studies 4 (1977): 239-64; and M. Greenwood, "Research on Internal Migration in the United States: A Survey," Journal of Economic Literature 13 (1975): 397-433.
7. O. Stark, The Migration of Labor (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991); J. G. Williamson, Coping with City Growth during the British Industrial Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Ian Molho, "Theories of Migration: A Review," Scottish Journal of Political Economy 33 (November 1986): 396-419; L. Yap, "The Attraction of Cities: A Review of the Migration Literature," Journal of Development Studies 4 (1977): 239-64; and M. Greenwood, "Research on Internal Migration in the United States: A Survey," Journal of Economic Literature 13 (1975): 397-433.
8. O. Stark, The Migration of Labor (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991); J. G. Williamson, Coping with City Growth during the British Industrial Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Ian Molho, "Theories of Migration: A Review," Scottish Journal of Political Economy 33 (November 1986): 396-419; L. Yap, "The Attraction of Cities: A Review of the Migration Literature," Journal of Development Studies 4 (1977): 239-64; and M. Greenwood, "Research on Internal Migration in the United States: A Survey," Journal of Economic Literature 13 (1975): 397-433.
9. O. Stark, The Migration of Labor (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991); J. G. Williamson, Coping with City Growth during the British Industrial Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Ian Molho, "Theories of Migration: A Review," Scottish Journal of Political Economy 33 (November 1986): 396-419; L. Yap, "The Attraction of Cities: A Review of the Migration Literature," Journal of Development Studies 4 (1977): 239-64; and M. Greenwood, "Research on Internal Migration in the United States: A Survey," Journal of Economic Literature 13 (1975): 397-433.
10. J. Hicks, The Theory of Wages (London: Macmillan, 1932), p. 76, quoted in Molho.
11. Williamson, p. 186; L. Squire, Employment Policy in Developing Countries (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981); A. Fishlow, "Brazilian Size Distribution of Income," American Economic Review 62, no. 2 (1972): 391-402; and D. Bellante, "The North-South Differential and the Migration of Heterogeneous Labor," American Economic Review 69 (1979): 166-75.
12. Williamson, p. 186; L. Squire, Employment Policy in Developing Countries (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981); A. Fishlow, "Brazilian Size Distribution of Income," American Economic Review 62, no. 2 (1972): 391-402; and D. Bellante, "The North-South Differential and the Migration of Heterogeneous Labor," American Economic Review 69 (1979): 166-75.
13. Williamson, p. 186; L. Squire, Employment Policy in Developing Countries (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981); A. Fishlow, "Brazilian Size Distribution of Income," American Economic Review 62, no. 2 (1972): 391-402; and D. Bellante, "The North-South Differential and the Migration of Heterogeneous Labor," American Economic Review 69 (1979): 166-75.
14. Williamson, p. 186; L. Squire, Employment Policy in Developing Countries (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981); A. Fishlow, "Brazilian Size Distribution of Income," American Economic Review 62, no. 2 (1972): 391-402; and D. Bellante, "The North-South Differential and the Migration of Heterogeneous Labor," American Economic Review 69 (1979): 166-75.
15. Y. Mundlak, Intersectoral Factor Mobility and Agricultural Growth, Research Report 6 (Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute, 1979).
16. Johnson, "Mobility as a Field of Economic Research," p. 153.
17. L. Sjaastad, "The Costs and Returns of Human Migration," Journal of Political Economy 70 (1962): 80-93; and Johnson, "Mobility as a Field of Economic Research."
18. L. Sjaastad, "The Costs and Returns of Human Migration," Journal of Political Economy 70 (1962): 80-93; and Johnson, "Mobility as a Field of Economic Research."
19. E. Ravenstein, "The Laws of Migration," Journal of the Statistical Society 52 (1889): 284-301.
20. E. Ravenstein, "The Laws of Migration," Journal of the Statistical Society 52 (1889): 284-301.
21. M. P. Todaro, "A Model of Labor Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less Developed Countries," American Economic Review 59, no. 1 (March 1969): 138-48.
22. Johnson, "Mobility as a Field of Economic Research" (n. 2 above), p. 153. In country studies of migration where measures of unemployment were available, it was found that unemployment had a depressing effect on the rate of migration - for Argentina, Yair Mundlak, Domingo Cavallo, and Roberto Domenech, Agriculture and Economic Growth in Argentina, 1913-84, Research Report 76 (Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute, 1989); for Chile, Juan Coeymans and Yair Mundlak, Agricultural and Economic Growth: The Case of Chile, 1960-82, Research Report 95 (Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute, 1993).
23. Johnson, "Mobility as a Field of Economic Research" (n. 2 above), p. 153. In country studies of migration where measures of unemployment were available, it was found that unemployment had a depressing effect on the rate of migration - for Argentina, Yair Mundlak, Domingo Cavallo, and Roberto Domenech, Agriculture and Economic Growth in Argentina, 1913-84, Research Report 76 (Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute, 1989); for Chile, Juan Coeymans and Yair Mundlak, Agricultural and Economic Growth: The Case of Chile, 1960-82, Research Report 95 (Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute, 1993).
24. Johnson, "Mobility as a Field of Economic Research" (n. 2 above), p. 153. In country studies of migration where measures of unemployment were available, it was found that unemployment had a depressing effect on the rate of migration - for Argentina, Yair Mundlak, Domingo Cavallo, and Roberto Domenech, Agriculture and Economic Growth in Argentina, 1913-84, Research Report 76 (Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute, 1989); for Chile, Juan Coeymans and Yair Mundlak, Agricultural and Economic Growth: The Case of Chile, 1960-82, Research Report 95 (Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute, 1993).
25. D. Gale Johnson, "Comparability of Labor Capacities of Farm and Non-farm Labor," American Economic Review 43 (1953): 296-313.
26. Johnson, "Mobility as a Field of Economic Research," p. 155.
27. Johnson, "Comparability of Labor Capacities of Farm and Non-farm Labor," p. 296.
28. In the study of Chile by Coeymans and Mundlak, unemployment in nonagriculture appeared as a separate variable. Its elasticity was significantly higher than that of the income differential, indicating that unemployment carried more weight - a finding consistent with risk aversion.
29. A. Palson, "Insurance Motives for Migration: Evidence from Thailand" (Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1994).
30. M. Tcha, "Altruism and Migration: Evidence from Korea and the U.S.A." (Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1992).
31. S. Kuznets, Modern Economic Growth (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1966).
32. A. Rogers and J. G. Williamson, "Migration, Urbanization, and Third World Development: An Overview," Economic Development and Cultural Change 30 (April 1982): 463-82.
33. International Labour Office, Year Book of Labour Statistics, various issues (Geneva).
34. Robert Barro and Jong-Wha Lee, "International Comparisons of Educational Attainment" (World Bank, Washington, D.C., 1993).
35. John McMillan and Andrew Barkley, "Political Freedom and the Response to Economic Incentives: Labor Migration in Africa, 1972-1987," Institute for Policy Reform Working Paper Series (Institute for Policy Reform, Washington, D.C., 1992); Freedom House, Freedom of the World (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1989).
36. John McMillan and Andrew Barkley, "Political Freedom and the Response to Economic Incentives: Labor Migration in Africa, 1972-1987," Institute for Policy Reform Working Paper Series (Institute for Policy Reform, Washington, D.C., 1992); Freedom House, Freedom of the World (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1989).
37. These data were provided to us by Avner Ahituv.
38. t+2).
39. Mundlak (n. 8 above). Similar results were also reported by Y. Kislev and P. B. Siegel, An Intercountry Analysis of Employment and Returns to Labor in Agriculture (Washington, D.C.: Development Research Department, World Bank, 1987).
40. For discussion on the extent of land titlement, see G. Feder, T. Onchan, Y. Chalamwong, and C. Hongladarom, Land Policies and Farm Poverty in Thailand (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, for the World Bank, 1988), for Indonesia; R. Lopez, "Land Titles and Farm Productivity in Honduras," University of Maryland Working Paper (University of Maryland, College Park, 1995), for Honduras; and E. S. Migot-Adholla, P. Hazell, and F. Place, "Land Rights and Agricultural Productivity in Ghana, Kenya, and Rwanda: A Synthesis of Findings," draft of working paper (World Bank, Washington, D.C., 1995); and F. Place and P. Hazell, "Productivity Effects of Indigenous Tenure Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 75 (1993): 10-19, for Africa.
41. For discussion on the extent of land titlement, see G. Feder, T. Onchan, Y. Chalamwong, and C. Hongladarom, Land Policies and Farm Poverty in Thailand (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, for the World Bank, 1988), for Indonesia; R. Lopez, "Land Titles and Farm Productivity in Honduras," University of Maryland Working Paper (University of Maryland, College Park, 1995), for Honduras; and E. S. Migot-Adholla, P. Hazell, and F. Place, "Land Rights and Agricultural Productivity in Ghana, Kenya, and Rwanda: A Synthesis of Findings," draft of working paper (World Bank, Washington, D.C., 1995); and F. Place and P. Hazell, "Productivity Effects of Indigenous Tenure Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 75 (1993): 10-19, for Africa.
42. For discussion on the extent of land titlement, see G. Feder, T. Onchan, Y. Chalamwong, and C. Hongladarom, Land Policies and Farm Poverty in Thailand (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, for the World Bank, 1988), for Indonesia; R. Lopez, "Land Titles and Farm Productivity in Honduras," University of Maryland Working Paper (University of Maryland, College Park, 1995), for Honduras; and E. S. Migot-Adholla, P. Hazell, and F. Place, "Land Rights and Agricultural Productivity in Ghana, Kenya, and Rwanda: A Synthesis of Findings," draft of working paper (World Bank, Washington, D.C., 1995); and F. Place and P. Hazell, "Productivity Effects of Indigenous Tenure Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 75 (1993): 10-19, for Africa.
43. For discussion on the extent of land titlement, see G. Feder, T. Onchan, Y. Chalamwong, and C. Hongladarom, Land Policies and Farm Poverty in Thailand (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, for the World Bank, 1988), for Indonesia; R. Lopez, "Land Titles and Farm Productivity in Honduras," University of Maryland Working Paper (University of Maryland, College Park, 1995), for Honduras; and E. S. Migot-Adholla, P. Hazell, and F. Place, "Land Rights and Agricultural Productivity in Ghana, Kenya, and Rwanda: A Synthesis of Findings," draft of working paper (World Bank, Washington, D.C., 1995); and F. Place and P. Hazell, "Productivity Effects of Indigenous Tenure Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 75 (1993): 10-19, for Africa.
44. a). Results reported in table 4 (under M3) were based on the assumption that λ = 0.75.
45. Because the political and civil rights measures were only available for 1965-90, observations on the freedom measures were used for the midpoint of the migration period; e.g., the political rights measure from 1965 was used to explain migration from 1960 to 1970, etc. Observations for 1950-60 migration were dropped for this portion of the analysis.
46. McMillan and Barkley.
47. Mundlak.