Synaptic elimination, neurodevelopment, and the mechanism of hallucinated 'voices' in schizophrenia

American Journal of Psychiatry

Volumn 154, Issue 12, 1997, Pages 1683-1689

  Huffman, Ralph E ^a,b   McGlashan, Thomas H ^a  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b Yale New Haven Psychiatric Hospital   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BRAIN MATURATION; COMPUTER SIMULATION; FRONTAL CORTEX; HALLUCINATION; MEMORY; ONSET AGE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SYNAPSE;

EID: 0030707702     PISSN: 0002953X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1176/ajp.154.12.1683     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Gleick J: Chaos. New York, Viking, 1987
2. Amit DJ, Brunel N, Tsodyks MV: Correlations of cortical Hebbian reverberations: theory versus experiment. J Neurosci 1994; 14:6435-6445
3. Grunze HCR, Rainnie DG, Hasselmo ME, Barkai K, Hearn EH, McCarley RW, Greene RW: NMDA-dependent modulation of CA1 local circuit inhibition. J Neurosci 1996; 16:2034-2043
4. Huttenlocher PR: Synaptic density in the human frontal cortex -developmental changes and effects of aging. Brain Res 1979; 163:195-205
5. Braitenbern V: Cortical architectonics: general and areal, in Architectonics of the Cerebral Cortex. Edited by Brazier MAB, Petsehe H. New York, Raven Press, 1978, pp 443-465
6. Feinberg I: Schizophrenia: caused by a fault in programmed synaptic elimination during adolescence? J Psychiatr Res 1982/ 1983; 17:319-334
7. Weinberger DR: Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987; 44:660-669
8. Hoffman RE, Dobscha S: Cortical pruning and the development of schizophrenia: a computer model. Schizophr Bull 1989; 15: 477-490
9. Margolis RL, Chuang D-M, Post RM: Programmed cell death: implications for neuropsychiatric disorders. Biol Psychiatry 1995; 35:946-956
10. Olney JW, Farber NB: Glutamate receptor dysfunction and schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52:998-1007
11. Weinberger DR, Lipska BK: Cortical maldevelopment, anti-psychotic drugs, and schizophrenia: a search for common ground. Schizophr Res 1995; 16:87-110
12. Pettegrew JW, Keshavan MS, Panchalingam K, Strychor S, Kaplan DB, Tretta MG, Allen M: Alterations in brain high-energy phosphate and membrane phospholipid metabolism in first-episode, drug-naive schizophrenics: a pilot study of the dorsal prefrontal cortex by in vivo phosphorus 31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 48:563-568
13. Stanley JA, Williamson PC, Drost DJ, Carr TJ, Rylett J, Malla A, Thompson T: An in vivo study of the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenic patients at different stages of illness via phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52: 399-406
14. Keshavan MS, Anderson S, Pettegrew JW: Is schizophrenia due to excessive synaptic pruning in the prefrontal cortex? the Feinberg hypothesis revisited. J Psychiatr Res 1994; 28:239-265
15. Selemon LD, Rajkowska G, Goldman-Rakic PS: Abnormally high neuronal density in the schizophrenic cortex: a morphometric analysis of prefrontal area 9 and occipital area 17. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52:805-818
16. Garey LJ, Ong WY, Patel TS, Kanani M, Davis A, Hornstein C, Bauer M: Reduction in dendritic spine number on cortical pyramidal neurons in schizophrenia (abstract). Abstracts of the Society for Neuroscience 1995; 21:237
17. Glantz LA, Lewis DA: Assessment of spine density on layer III pyramidal cells in the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenic subjects (abstract). Abstracts of the Society for Neuroscience 1995; 21: 239
18. Browning MD, Dudek EM, Rapier JL, Leonard S, Freedman R: Significant reductions in synapsin but not synaptophysin specific activity in the brains of some schizophrenics. Biol Psychiatry 1993; 34:529-535
19. Eastwood SL, Burner PW, Harrison PJ: Altered synaptophysin expression as a marker of synaptic pathology in schizophrenia. Neuroscience 1995; 66:309-319
20. Sartorious N, Shapiro R, Jablonsky A: The International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1974; 1:21-35
21. Huffman RE: Verbal hallucinations and language production processes in schizophrenia. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1986; 9:503-548
22. Silbersweig DA, Stern E, Frith C, Cahill C, Holmes A, Grootoonk S, Seaward J, McKenna P, Chua SE, Schnorr L, Jones T, Frackowiak RSJ: A functional neuroanatomy of hallucinations in schizophrenia. Nature 1995; 378:176-179
23. David AS, Woodruff PW, Howard R, Mellers JD, Brammer M, Bullmore E, Wright I, Andrew C, Williams SC: Auditory hallucinations inhibit exogenous activation of auditory association cortex. Neuroreport 1996; 7:932-936
24. Kalikow DN, Stevens KN: Development of a test of speech intel-ligibility in noise using sentence materials with controlled word predictability. J Acoust Soc Am 1977; 5:1337-1351
25. McClelland JL, Elman JL: Interactive processes in speech perception: the TRACE model, in Parallel Distributed Processing, vol 2. Edited by McClelland JL, Rumelhart DE. Cambridge, Mass, MIT Press, 1986, pp 58-121
26. Warren RM, Warren RP: Auditory illusions and confusions. Sci Am 1970; 223:30-36
27. Woods WA: HWIM: a speech understanding system on a computer, in Models of Language Processes. Edited by Arbib MA, Caplan D, Marshall JC. New York, Academic Press, 1982, pp 95-113
28. Jackendoff R: Consciousness and the Computational Mind. Cambridge, Mass, MIT Press, 1987
29. Elman JL: Finding structure in time. Cognitive Sci 1990; 14:179-211
30. Weinberger DR, Herman KF, Suddath R, Torrey EF: Evidence of dysfunction of a prefrontal-limbic network in schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance imaging and regional cerebral blood flow study of discordant monozygotic twins. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149:890-897
31. Park S, Holzman PS: Schizophrenics show spatial working memory deficits. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49:975-982
32. Gold JM, Carpenter C, Randolph C, Goldberg TE, Weinberger DR: Auditory working memory and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997; 54:159-165
33. Goldman-Rakic PS, Friedman HR: The circuitry of working memory revealed by anatomy and metabolic imaging, in Frontal Lobe Function and Dysfunction. Edited by Levin HS, Eisenberg HM, Benton AL. New York, Oxford University Press, 1991, pp 72-91
34. Elman JL: Representation and structure in connectionist models, in Cognitive Models of Speech Processing: Psycholinguistic and Computational Perspectives. Edited by Altmann GTM. Cambridge Mass, MIT Press, 1990, pp 345-382
35. Huffman RE, Rapaport J, Ameli R, McGlashan TH, Hareherik D, Servan-Schreiber D: A neural network simulation of hallucinated "voices" and associated speech perception impairments in schizophrenic patients. J Cognitive Neuroscience 1995; 7:479-496
36. Miikkulainen R: Subsymbolic Natural Language Processing: An Integrated Model of Scripts, Lexicon, and Memory. Cambridge, Mass, MIT Press, 1993
37. EdelmanGM: Neural Darwinism. New York, Basic Books, 1987
38. Geinisman Y, Morrell F, deToledo-Morrell L: Remodeling synaptic architecture during hippocampal "kindling." Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85:3260-3264
39. Nelson PG, Fields RD, Yu C, Neale EA: Mechanisms involved in activity-dependent synapse formation in mammalian central nervous system cell cultures. J Neurobiol 1990; 21:138-156
40. Scheich H, Wallhausser-Franke E, Braun K: Does synaptic selection explain auditory imprinting? in Memory: Organization and Locus of Change. Edited by Squire LR, Weinberger NM, Lynch G, McGaugh JL. New York, Oxford University Press, 1991, pp 114-159
41. Johnson JS, Newport EL: Critical period effects on universal properties of language: the status of subjacency in the acquisition of a second language. Cognition 1991; 39:215-258
42. Le Cun Y, Denker JS, Solla SA: Optimal brain damage, in Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol 2. Edited by Touretsky DS. San Francisco, Morgan Kauffmann, 1990, pp 598-605
43. Goldman-Rakic PS: Working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1994; 6:348-357
44. Mata M, Fink DJ, Gainer H, Smith CB, Davidsen L, Savaki H, Schwartz WJ, Sokoloff L: Activity-dependent energy metabolism in rat posterior pituitary primarily reflects sodium pump activity. J Neurochem 1980; 34:213-215
45. Roland P: Brain Activation. San Francisco, Wiley-Liss, 1993
46. Chugani HT, Phelps ME, Mazziotta JC: Positron emission tomography study of human brain functional development. Ann Neurol 1987; 22:487-497
47. Buchsbaum MS: The frontal lobes, basal ganglia, and temporal lobes as sites for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1990; 16:379-389
48. Crow TJ: A Darwinian approach to the origins of psychosis. Br J Psychiatry 1995; 167:12-25; correction, 167:414
49. Hoffman RE, Oates E, Hafner RJ, Hustig HH, McGlashan TH: Semantic organization of hallucinated "voices" in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151:1229-1230