Lidar determination of the entrainment zone thickness at the top of the unstable marine atmospheric boundary layer

Boundary-Layer Meteorology

Volumn 83, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 247-284

  Flamant, Cyrille ^a   Pelon, Jacques ^a   Flamant, Pierre H ^a   Durand, Pierre ^b  

^a CNRS   (France)

^b LABORATOIRE D AÉROLOGIE   (France)

Author keywords

Entrainment zone; Turbulent kinetic energy shear production; Unstable atmospheric boundary layer

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER; ENTRAINMENT; LIDAR; MARINE BOUNDARY LAYER; TURBULENT KINETIC ENERGY; ZONE THICKNESS;

EID: 0030694342     PISSN: 00068314     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1000258318944     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Ackerman, T. P.: 1977, 'A Model of the Effect of Aerosols on Urban Climates with Particular Applications to the Los Angeles Basin', J. Atmos. Sci. 34, 531-547.
2. Arsenault, H. H. and Marmet, P.: 1977, 'Comparison of Techniques for Extracting Signals from a Strong Background', Rev. Sci. Istrum. 48, 512-516.
3. Ball, F. K.: 1960, 'Control of Inversion Height by Surface Heating', Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 86, 483-494.
4. Batchvarova, E. and Gryning, S.-E.: 1994, 'An Applied Model for the Height of the Daytime Mixed Layer and the Entrainment Zone', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 71, 311-323.
5. Benech, B., Attié, J. L., Blanchard, A., Bougeault, P., Cazaudarré, P., Druilhet, A., Durand, P., Koffi, E., Prudhomme, P. and Tannhauser, D.: 1994, 'Observation of Lee Waves above the Pyrénées (French Spanish PYREX experiment)', Technical Soaring 18, 7-12.
6. Betts, A. K., Desjardins, R. L., and MacPherson, J. I.: 1992, 'Budget Analysis of the Boundary Layer Grid during FIFE 1987', J. Geophys. Res. 97, 533-546.
7. Betts, A. K. and Ball, H.: 1994, 'Budget Analysis of FIFE 1987 Sonde Data', J. Geophys. Res. 99, 3655-3666.
8. Bock, F. V.: 1986, 'A Non-Linear Filter to Remove Impulse Noise from Meterological Data', J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech. 3, 51-58.
9. Boers, R., Eloranta, E. W., and Coulter, R. L.: 1984, 'Lidar Observations of Mixed Layer Dynamics: Tests of Parametrized Entrainment Models of Mixed Layer Growth Rate', J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol. 23, 247-266.
10. Boers, R. and Eloranta, E. W.: 1986, 'Lidar Measurements of the Atmospheric Entrainment Zone and Potential Temperature Jump across the Top of the Mixed Layer', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 34, 357-375.
11. Boers, R. and Melfi, S. H.: 1987, 'Cold-Air Outbreak during MASEX: Lidar Observations and Boundary Layer Model Test', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 39, 41-51.
12. Bougeault, P., Jansa Clar, A., Benech, B., Carissimo, B., Pelon, P., and Richard, E.: 1990, 'Momentum Budget over the Pyrénées: The PYREX Experiment', Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. 71, 806-818.
13. Bougeault, P., Jansa Clar, A., Beau, I., Benech, B., Benoit, R., Bessemoulin, P., Caccia, J. L., Campins, J., Carissimo, B., Champeaux, J. L., Crochet, M., Druilhet, A., Durand, P., Elkalfi, A., Flamant, P. H., Genoves, A., Georgelin, M., Hoinka, K. P., Klaus, V., Koffi, E., Krotoni, V., Mazaudier, C., Pelon, J., Petitdidier, M., Pointin, Y., Richard, E., Satumora, T., Stein, S., and Tannhauser, D.: 1993, 'The Atmospheric Momentum Budget over a Major Mountain Range: First Results of the PYREX Field Program', Ann. Geophys. 11, 395-418.
14. Brown, R. A.: 1970, 'A Secondary Flow Model for the Planetary Boundary Layer', J. Atmos. Sci. 27, 742-757.
15. Campins, J., Jansa Clar, A., Benech, B., Koffi, E., and Bessemoulin, P.: 1995, 'Pyrex Observation and Model Diagnosis of the Tramontane Wind', Meteorol. Atm. Phys. 56, 209-228.
16. Chou, S. H., Atlas, D., and Yeh, E.-N.: 1986, 'Turbulence in the Convective Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer', J. Atmos. Sci. 43, 547-564.
17. Chou, S. H. and Zimmerman, J.: 1989, 'Bivariate Conditional Sampling of Buoyancy Flux During an Intense Cold-Air Outbreak', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 46, 93-112.
18. Clark, T. L., Hauf, T., and Kuettner, J. P.: 1986, 'Convectively Forced Internal Gravity Waves: Results from Two-Dimensional Numerical Experiments', Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 112, 899-925.
19. Crum, T. D., Stull, R. B., and Eloranta, E. W.: 1987, 'Coincident Lidar and Aircraft Observations of the Entrainment into Thermals and Mixed Layers', J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol. 26, 774-788.
20. Deardorff, J. W.: 1979, 'Prediction of Convectively Mixed-Layer Entrainment for Realistic Capping Inversion Structure', J. Atmos Sci. 36, 424-436.
21. Deardorff, J. W., Willis, G. E., and Stockton, B. H.: 1980, 'Laboratory Studies of the Entrainment Zone of a Convectively Mixed Layer', J. Fluid Mech. 100, 41-64.
22. Driedonks, A. G. M.: 1982, 'Models and Observations of the Growth of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 23, 283-306.
23. Dupont, E.: 1991, 'Etude Méthodologique et Expérimentale de la Couche Limite Atmosphérique par Télédétection Laser', Ph.D. Thesis, Service d'Aéronomie du CNRS, Paris, 220 pp.
24. Dupont, E., Pelon, J., and Flamant, C.: 1994, 'Study of the Moist Convective Boundary Layer Structure by Backscatter Lidar', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 69, 1-25.
25. Flamant, C. and Pelon, J.: 1996, 'Boundary Layer Structure over the Mediterranean during a Tramontane Event', Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 122, 1741-1778.
26. Garratt, J. R.: 1992, The Atmospheric Boundary Layer, Cambridge University Press, 316 pp.
27. Geernaert, G. L.: 1990, 'Bulk Parameterizations for the Wind Stress and Heat Fluxes', in Geernaert and Pland (eds.), Surface Waves and Fluxes, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 91-172.
28. Georgelin, M., Richard, E., Petitdidier, M., and Druilhet, A.: 1994, 'Impact of Subgrid-Scale Orography Parametrization on the Simulation of Orographic Flows', Mon. Wea. Rev. 122, 1509-1522.
29. Gryning, S.-E. and Batchvarova, E.: 1994, 'Parametrization of the Depth of the Entrainment Zone above the Daytime Mixed Layer', Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 120, 47-58.
30. Hedde, T. and Durand, P.: 1994, 'Turbulence Intensities and Bulk Coefficients in the Surface Layer above the Sea', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 71, 415-432.
31. Hein, P. F. and Brown, R. A.: 1988, 'Observation of Longitudinal Roll Vortices during Artic Cold-Air Outbreaks over Open Water', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 45, 177-199.
32. Hooper, W. P.: 1982, 'The Diurnal Evolution of the Planetary Boundary Layer: Lidar Observations above a Flat Homogeous Surface', Master of Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
33. Kaimal, J. C., Wyngaard, J. C., Haugen, D. A., Cote, O. R., Izumi, Y., Caughey, S. G., and Readings, C. J.: 1976, 'Turbulent Structure in the Convective Boundary Layer', J. Atmos. Sci. 33, 2152-2169.
34. Kunkel, K. E., Eloranta, E. W., and Shipley, S. T.: 1977, 'Lidar Observations of the Convective Boundary Layer', J. Appl. Meteorol. 16, 1306-1311.
35. Kuttner, J. P., Hildebrand, P. A., and Clark, T. L.: 1987, 'Convection Waves: Observations of Gravity Wave Systems over Convective Boundary Layers', Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 113, 445-467.
36. LeMone, M. A.: 1973, 'The Structure and Dynamics of the Horizontal Roll Vortices in the Planetary Boundary Layer', J. Atmos. Sci. 30, 1077-1091.
37. Lenshow, D. H. and Stephens, P. L.: 1980,'The Role of Thermals in the Convective Boundary Layer', Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 19, 509-532.
38. Moeng, C.-H. and Sullivan, P. P.: 1994, 'A Comparison of Shear- and Buoyancy-Driven Planetary Boundary Layer Flows', J. Atmos. Sci. 51, 999-1022.
39. Melfi, S. H., Sphinhirne, J. D., Chou, S. H., and Palm, S. P.: 1985, 'Lidar Observations of the Vertically Organized Convection in the Planetary Boundary Layer over the Ocean', J. Climate Appl. Meteorol. 24, 806-821.
40. Nelson, E., Stull, R., and Eloranta, E. W.: 1989, 'A Prognostic Relationship for Entrainment Zone Thickness', J. Appl. Meteorol. 28, 885-903.
41. Noonkster, V. R.: 1974, 'Convective Activity Observed by FM-CW Radar', TR 1919, Naval Electronics Laboratory Center, San Diego, 70 pp.
42. Pelon, J., Flamant, P. H., and Meissonnier, M.: 1990, 'The French Airborne Backscatter Lidar LEANDRE I: Conception and Operation', in V. E. Zuev (ed.), Proceedings of 15th ILRC, Tomsk, U.S.S.R., Institute of Atmospheric Optics Publication, p. 36.
43. Robinson, S. K.: 1991, 'Coherent Motions in the Turbulent Boundary Layer', Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech. 23, 601-640.
44. Stull, R. B.: 1976a, 'The Energetics of Entrainment across a Density Interface', J. Atmos. Sci. 33, 1260-1267.
45. Stull, R. B.: 1976b, 'Internal Gravity Waves Generated by Penetrative Convection', J. Atmos. Sci. 33, 1279-1286.
46. Stull, R. B. and Eloranta, E. W.: 1984, 'Boundary Layer Experiment 1983', Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. 65, 450-456.
47. Stull, R. B.: 1988, An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 666 pp.
48. Stull, R. B.: 1994, 'A Convective Transport Theory for Surface Fluxes', J. Atmos. Sci. 51, 3-22.
49. Tennekes, H. and Driedonks, A. G. M.: 1981, 'Basic Entrainment Equations for the Atmospheric Boundary Layer', J. Atmos. Sci. 20, 515-531.
50. Werner, C.: 1972, 'Lidar Measurements of the Atmospheric Aerosol as a Function of Relative Humidity', Opto. Electr. 4, 125-132.
51. Wilde, N. P., Stull, R. B., and Eloranta, E. W.: 1985, 'The LCL Zone and Cumulus Onset', J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol. 24, 640-657.
52. Young, G. P.: 1988, 'Turbulent Structure of the Convective Boundary Layer. Part II: Phoenix 78 Aircraft Observations of Thermals and their Environment', J. Atmos. Sci. 45, 727-735.