Disinhibition of the superior colliculus restores orienting to visual stimuli in the hemianopic field of the cat

Journal of Comparative Neurology

Volumn 387, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 568-587

  Ciaramitaro, Vivian M ^a   Todd, Wendy E ^a   Rosenquist, Alan C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Cortical lesion; Gamma aminobutyric; Neglect; Sensorimotor integration; Visual orienting

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; BRAIN INJURY; CAT; HEMIANOPIA; MALE; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SUBSTANTIA NIGRA; SUPERIOR COLLICULUS; VISUAL FIELD; VISUAL ORIENTATION; VISUAL STIMULATION;

ANIMALS; BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL; BICUCULLINE; CATS; FUNCTIONAL LATERALITY; GABA ANTAGONISTS; INJECTIONS; MALE; NEURAL INHIBITION; ORIENTATION; PHOTIC STIMULATION; REMISSION INDUCTION; SUPERIOR COLLICULUS; VISION DISORDERS; VISUAL CORTEX; VISUAL FIELDS;

EID: 0030693354     PISSN: 00219967     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19971103)387:4<568::AID-CNE7>3.0.CO;2-0     Document Type: Article

References (117)

1. Albano, J.E., M. Mishkin, L.E. Westbrook, and H.H. Wurtz (1982) Visuomotor deficits following ablation of monkey superior colliculus. J. Neurophysiol. 48:338-351.
2. Anderson, K.U. (1970) Cortico-tectal and tecto-tectal interactions in the cat. Bull. Georgia Acad. Sci. 28:41-42.
3. Appell, P.R., and M. Behan (1990) Sources of subcortical GABAergic projections to the superior colliculus in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 302:143-158.
4. Araki, M., P.L. McGeer, and E.G. McGeer (1984) Presumptive gamma-amminobutyric acid pathways from the midbrain to the superior colliculus studied by a combined horseradish peroxidase-gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase pharmaco-histochemical method. Neuroscience 13:433-439.
5. Beckstead, R.M., and A. Frankfurter (1983) A direct projection from the retina to the intermediate gray layer of the superior colliculus demonstrated by anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase in monkey, cat and rat. Exp. Brain Res. 52:261-268.
6. Beckstead, R.M., S.B. Edwards, and A. Frankfurter (1981) A comparison of the intranigral distribution of nigrotectal neurons labeled with horseradish peroxidase in the monkey, cat and rat. J. Neurosci. 1:121-125.
7. Behan, M., C.S. Lin, and W.C. Hall (1987) The nigrotectal projection in the cat: An electron microscope autoradiographic study. Neuroscience 21: 529-539.
8. Berman, A.L. (1968) The Brain Stem of the Cat: A Cytoarchitectonic Atlas with Stereotaxic Coordinates. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
9. Boussaoud, D., and J.P. Joseph (1985) Role of the cat substantia nigra pars reticulata in eye and head movements. II. Effects of local pharmacological injections. Exp. Brain. Res. 57:297-304.
10. Buchtel, H.A., R. Camarda, G. Rizzolati, and C. Scandolara (1979) The effect of hemidecortication on the inhibitory interactions in the superior colliculus of the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 184:795-810.
11. Buee, J., J.M. Deniau, and G. Chevalier (1986) Nigral modulation of cerebello-thalamo cortical transmission in the ventral medial thalamic nucleus. Exp. Brain Res. 65:241-244.
12. Butter, C.M., C. Weinstein, D. Bender, and C.G. Gross (1978) Localization and detection of visual stimuli following superior colliculus lesions in rhesus monkeys. Brain Res. 156:33-49.
13. Chevalier, G., A.M. Thierry, T. Shibazaki, and J. Feger (1981) Evidence for a GABAergic inhibitory nigrotectal pathway in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 21:67-70.
14. A mediated disinhibition of the superior colliculus restores visual orienting responses in the previously hemianopic visual field of the cortically blind cat. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 20:1186.
15. Ciaramitaro, V.M., J.S. Durmer, W.E. Todd, and A.C. Rosenquist (1995) Visual orienting responses in the hemianopic visual field of the cortically blind cat can be restored by site-specific GABA-ergic disinhibition of the superior colliculus. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 27:656.
16. Ciaramitaro, V., S.F. Wallace, and A.C. Rosenquist (1997) Lesions to the substantia nigra ipsilateral to a visual cortical lesion fail to restore visual orientation behavior in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 377:596-610.
17. Crossman, A.R., I.J. Mitchell, M.A. Sambrook, and A. Jackson (1988) Chorea and myoclonus in the monkey induced by gamma-aminobutyric acid antagonism in the lentiform complex. Brain 111:1211-1233.
18. Dean, P., and P. Redgrave (1992) Behavioral consequences of manipulating GABA neurotransmission in the superior colliculus. In R.R. Mize, R.E. Marc, and A.M. Sillito (eds): Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 90. New York: Elsevier, pp. 263-281.
19. Dean, P., P. Redgrave, N. Sahibzada, and K. Tsuji (1986) Head and body movements produced by electrical stimulation of superior colliculus in rats: Effects of interruption of crossed tectoreticulospinal pathways. Neuroscience 19:367-380.
20. Dean, P., I.J. Mitchell, and P Redgrave (1988a) Contralateral head movements produced by microinjection of glutamate into the superior colliculus of rats: Evidence for mediation by multiple output pathways. Neuroscience 24:491-500.
21. Dean, P., I.J. Mitchell, and P. Redgrave (1988b) Responses resembling defensive behaviour produced by microinjection of glutamate into superior colliculus of rat. Neuroscience 24:501-510.
22. Dean, P., P. Redgrave, and I.J. Mitchell (1988c) Organisation of efferent projections from superior colliculus to brainstem in rat: Evidence for functional output channels. In I.P. Hicks and G. Benedek (eds): Vision Within Extrageniculo-Striate Systems. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 75. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 27-36.
23. Dean, P., P. Redgrave, and G.W.M. Westby (1989) Event or emergency? Two response systems in the mammalian superior colliculus. TINS 12:137-147.
24. Desimone, R., M. Wessinger, L. Thomas, and W. Schneider (1989) Effects of deactivation of lateral pulvinar or superior colliculus on the ability to selectively attend to a visual stimulus. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 15:162.
25. Desimone, R., M. Wessinger, L. Thomas, and W. Schneider (1990) Attentional control of visual perception: Cortical and subcortical mechanisms. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 55:963-971.
26. DiChiara, G., M. Morelli, A. Imperato, and M.L. Porceddu (1982) A reevaluation of the role of superior colliculus in turning behavior. Brain Res. 237:61-77.
27. Edwards, S.B., C.L. Ginsburg, C.K. Henkel, and B.E. Stein (1979) Sources of subcortical projections to the superior colliculus in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 184:309-330.
28. Ellard, C.G., and M.A. Goodale (1986) The role of the predorsal bundle in head and body movements elicited by electrical stimulation of the superior colliculus in the mongolian gerbil. Exp. Brain Res. 64:421-433.
29. Ellard, C.G., and M.A. Goodale (1988) A functional analysis of the collicular output pathways: A dissociation of deficits following lesions of the dorsal tegmental decussation and the ipsilateral collicular efferent bundle. Exp. Brain Res. 71:307-319.
30. Feldon, S., P. Feldon, and L. Kruger (1970) Topography of the retinal projection upon the superior colliculus of the cat. Vision Res. 10:135-143.
31. Ficalora, A.S., and R.R. Mize (1989) The neurons of the substantia nigra and zona incerta which project to the eat superior colliculus are GABA immunoreactive: A double-label study using GABAimmunocytochemistry and lectin retrograde transport. Neuroscience 29:567-581.
32. Freedman, E.G., T.R. Stanford, and D.L. Sparks (1996) Combined eye-head gaze shifts produced by electrical stimulation of the superior colliculus in rhesus monkeys. J. Neurophysiol. 76:927-952.
33. Gerfen, C.R., W.A. Staines, G.W. Arbuthnott, and H.C. Fibiger (1982) Crossed connections of the substantia nigra in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 207:283-303.
34. Goldberg, M.E., and R.H. Wurtz (1972) Activity of superior colliculus in behaving monkeys. II. Effects of attention on neuronal responses. J. Neurophysiol. 35:560-574.
35. Goodale, M. (1973) Corticotectal and intertectal modulation of visual responses in the rat's superior colliculus. Exp. Brain Res. 17:75-86.
36. Grace, A.A. (1992) The depolarization block hypothesis of neuroleptic action: Implications for the etiology and treatment of schizophrenia. J. Neural Transm. 36:91-131.
37. Grantyn, A., and A. Berthoz (1985) Burst activity of identified tecto-reticulospinal neurons in the alert cat. Exp. Brain Res. 46:243-256.
38. Hardy, S.C., and B.E. Stein (1988) Small lateral suprasylvian cortex lesions produce visual neglect and decreased visual activity in the superior colliculus. J. Comp. Neurol. 273:527-542.
39. Harting, J.K., and D.P. Lieshout (1991) Spatial relationships of axons arising from the substantia nigra, spinal trigeminal nucleus, and pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus within the intermediate gray of the cat superior colliculus. J. Comp. Neurol. 305:543-558.
40. Harting, J.K., M.F. Huerta, T. Hashikawa, J.T. Weber, and D.P. Van Lieshout (1988) Neuroanatomical studies of the nigrotectal projection in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 278:615-631.
41. Henry D.J., R.A. Wise, P.-P. Rompre, and F.J. White (1992) Acute depolarization block of A10 dopamine neurons: Interactions of morphine with dopamine antagonists. Brain Res. 596:231-237.
42. Hikosaka, O., and R.H. Wurtz (1985a) Modification of saccadic eye movements by GABA-related substances. I. Effects of muscimol and bicuculline in monkey superior colliculus. J. Neurophysiol. 53:266-291.
43. Hikosaka, O., and R.H. Wurtz (1985b) Modification of saccadic eye movements by GABA-related substances. II. Effects of muscimol in monkey substantia nigra pars reticulata. J. Neurophysiol. 53:292-308.
44. Hikosaka, O., and R.H. Wurtz (1989) The basal ganglia. In R.H. Wurtz and M.E. Goldberg (eds): The Neurobiology of Saccadic Eye Movements. Review of Oculomotor Research. Vol. 3. New York: Elsevier, pp. 257-281.
45. Hopkins, D.A., and L.W. Niessen (1976) Substantia nigra projections to the reticular formation, superior colliculus and central gray in the rat, cat and monkey. Neurosci. Lett. 2:253-259.
46. Hovda, D.A., and J.R. Villablanca (1990) Sparing of visual field perception in neonatal but not adult cerebral hemispherectomized cats. Relationship with oxidative metabolism of the superior colliculus. Behav. Brain Res. 37:119-132.
47. Hovda, D.A., R.L. Sutton, and D.M. Feeney (1987) Recovery of tactile placing after visual cortex ablation in cats: A behavioral and metabolic study of diaschisis. Exp. Neurol. 97:391-402.
48. Huerta, M.F., and J.K. Harting (1984) The mammalian superior colliculus: Studies of its morphology and connections. In H. Vanegas (ed): The Comparative Neurology of the Optic Tectum. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 687-773.
49. Illing, R.B., and A.M. Graybiel (1985) Convergence of afferents from frontal cortex and substantia nigra onto acetylcholinesterase-rich patches of the cat's superior colliculus. Neuroscience 14:455-482.
50. Illing, R.B., and A.M. Graybiel (1986) Complementary and non-matching afferent compartments in the cat's superior colliculus: Innervation of the acetylcholinesterase-poor domain of the intermediate gray layer. Neuroscience 18:373-394.
51. Joseph, J.P., and D. Boussaoud (1985) Role of the cat substantia nigra pars reticulata in eye and head movements. I. Neural activity. Exp. Brain Res. 57:286-296.
52. Karabelas, A.B., and A.K. Moschovakis (1985) Nigral inhibitory termination on efferent neurons of the superior colliculus: An intracellular horseradish peroxidase study in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 239:309-329.
53. Kilpatrick, I.C., G.L. Collingridge, and M.S. Starr (1982) Evidence for the participation of γ-aminobutyrate containing neurons in striatal and nigral derived circling in the rat. Neuroscience 7:207-222.
54. Kustov, A.A., and D.L. Robinson (1996) Shared neural control of attentional shifts and eye movements. Nature 384:74-77.
55. Lomber, S.G., and B.R. Payne (1996) Removal of two halves restores the whole: Reversal of visual hemineglect during bilateral cortical or collicular inactivation in the cat. Vis. Neurosci. 13:1143-1156.
56. Lomber, S.G., P. Cornwell, J.S. Sun, and M.A. MacNeil (1994) Reversible inactivation of visual processing operations in middle suprasylvian cortex of the behaving cat. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:2999-3003.
57. Lomber, S.G., B.R. Payne, and P. Cornwell (1996) Learning and recall of form discrimination during reversible cooling deactivation of ventral-posterior suprasylvian cortex in the cat. PNAS 93:1654-1658.
58. Loop, M.S., and S.M. Sherman (1977) Visual discrimination of cats with cortical and tectal lesions. J. Comp. Neurol. 174:79-88.
59. Maksay, G. (1994) Thermodynamics of g-aminobutyric acid type A receptor binding differentiate agonists from antagonists. Mol. Pharmacol. 46:386-390.
60. Maksay, G., and M.K. Ticku (1984) Kinetic differences in GABA receptor binding following GABA and bicuculline methiodide pretreatment. Neurosci. Lett. 51:219-224.
61. Matsumura, M., L. Tremblay, H. Richard, and M. Filion (1995) Activity of pallidal neurons in the monkey during dyskinesia induced by injection of bicuculline in the external pallidum. Neuroscience 65:59-70.
62. May, P.J., and W.C. Hall (1986) The sources of the nigrotectal pathway. Neuroscience 19:159-180.
63. McHaffie, J., M. Norita, D.D. Dunning, and B.E. Stein (1993) Corticotectal relationships: Direct and "indirect" corticotectal pathways. In R.R. Mize, R.E. Marc, and A.M. Sillito (eds): The Visually Responsive Neruon: From Basic Neurophysiology to Behavior. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 95. New York: Elesevier, pp. 139-150.
64. Meredith, M.A., and B.E. Stein (1986) Visual, auditory, and somatosensory convergence on cells in superior colliculus results in multisensory integration. J. Neurophysiol. 56:640-662.
65. Meredith, M.A., J.W. Nemitz, and B.E. Stein (1987) Determinants of multisensory integration in superior colliculus neurons. I. Temporal factors. J. Neurosci. 7:3215-3229.
66. Mize, R.R. (1992) The organization of GABAergic neurons in the mammalian superior colliculus. In R.R. Mize, R. Marc, and A. Sillito (eds): GABA in the Retina and Central Visual System. Progress in Brain Research. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 219-248.
67. Mohler, C.W., and R.H. Wurtz (1976) Organization of monkey superior colliculus: Intermediate layer cells discharging before eye movements. J. Neurophysiol. 39:722-744.
68. Munoz, D.P., and D. Guitton (1991) Control of orienting gaze shifts by the tectoreticulospinal system in the head-free cat. II. Sustained discharges during motor preparation and fixation. J. Neurophysiol. 66:1624-1641.
69. Munoz, D.P., and R.H. Wurtz (1993) Fixation cells in monkey superior colliculus. II. Reversible activation and deactivation. J. Neurophysiol. 70:576-589.
70. Nagata, T., H. Magalhaes-Castro, P. Saraiva, and B. Magalhaes-Castro (1980) Absence of tectotectal pathway in the rabbit: An anatomical and electrophysiological study. Neurosci. Lett. 17:125-130.
71. Ogasawara, K., J.G. McHaffie, and B.E. Stein (1984) Two visual corticotectal systems in cat. J. Neurophysiol. 52:1226-1245.
72. 3H] Bicuculline methochloride binding to low affinity γ-aminobutyric acid receptor sites. J. Neurochem. 41:1653-1663.
73. Onn, S.-P., and A.A. Grace (1995) Repeated treatment with haloperidol and clozapine exerts differential effects on dye coupling between neurons in subregions of striatum and nucleus accumbens. J. Neurosci. 15:7024-7036.
74. Pasternak, T., and J.H.R. Maunsell (1992) Spatiotemporal sensitivity following lesions of area 18 in the cat. J. Neurosci. 12:4521-4529.
75. Pasternak, T., K.M. Horn, and J.H.R. Maunsell (1989) Deficits in speed discrimination following lesions of the lateral suprasylvian cortex in the cat. Vis. Neurosci. 3:365-376.
76. Pasternak, T., J. Tompkins, and C.R. Olson (1995) The role of striate cortex in visual function of the cat. J. Neurosci. 15:1940-1950.
77. Peck, C.K. (1989) Visual responses of neurones in cat superior colliculus in relation to fixation of targets. J. Physiol. 414:301-315.
78. Peck, C.K., M. Schlag-Rey, and J. Schlag (1980) Visuo-oculomotor properties of cells in the superior colliculus of the alert cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 194:97-116.
79. Peck, C.K., J.A. Baro, and S.M. Warder (1993) Sensory integration in the deep layers of superior colliculus. Prog. Brain Res. 95:91-102.
80. Posner, M.I., J.A. Walker, F.J. Friedrich, and R.D. Rafal (1984) Effects of parietal injury on covert orienting of attention. J. Neurosci. 4:1863-1874.
81. Rafal, R.D., M.I. Posner, J.H. Friedman, A.W. Inhoff, and E. Bernstein (1988) Orienting of visual attention in progressive supranuclear palsy. Brain 111:267-280.
82. Reinoso-Suarez, F. (1961) Topographisher Hirnattas der Katze fur Experimental Physiologische Untersuchungen. Darmstadt: E Merck.
83. Rinvik, E., I. Grofova, and O.P. Otterson (1976) Demonstration of nigrotectal and nigroreticular projections in the cat by axonal transport proteins. Brain Res. 112:338-394.
84. Rizzolati, G., V. Tradardi, and R. Camarda (1970) Unit responses to visual stimuli in the cat's superior colliculus after removal of the visual cortex. Brain Res. 24:336-339.
85. Rizzolati, G., R. Camarda, L.A. Grupp, and M. Pisa (1973) Inhibition of visual responses of single units in the cat superior colliculus by the introduction of a second visual stimulus. Brain Res. 61:390-394.
86. Rizzolati, G., R. Camarda, L.A. Grupp, and M. Pisa (1974) Inhibitory effects of remote visual stimuli on visual responses of cat superior colliculus: Spatial and temporal factors. J. Neurophysiol. 37:1262-1275.
87. Robinson, D.A. (1972) Eye movements evoked by collicular stimulation in the alert monkey. Vision Res. 12:1795-1808.
88. Robinson, D.L., and C. Kertzman (1995) Covert orienting of attention in macaques. III. Contributions of the superior colliculus. J. Neurophysiol. 74:713-721.
89. Rosenquist, A.C. (1985) Connections of visual cortical areas in the cat. In A. Peters and E.G. Jones (eds): Cerebral Cortex. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 81-117.
90. Rosenquist, A.C., and L.A. Palmer (1971) Visual receptive field properties of cells of the superior colliculus after cortical lesions in the cat. Exp. Neurol. 33:629-652.
91. Rosenquist, A.C., V.M. Ciaramitaro, J.S. Durmer, S.F. Wallace, and W.E. Todd (1996) Ibotenic acid lesions of the superior colliculus produce longer lasting deficits in visual orienting behavior than aspiration lesions in the cat. Prog. Brain Res. 112:117-130.
92. Sahibzada, N., P. Dean, and P. Redgrave (1986) Movement resembling orientation or avoidance elicited by electrical stimulation of the superior colliculus in rats. J. Neurosci. 6:723-733.
93. Saraiva, P., B. Magalhaes-Castro, H. Magalhaes-Castro, and S.R. Torres (1978) Electrophysiological aspects of the superior colliculus of the opossum: Cortico-tectal and tectotectal influences. In C.E. Rocha Miranda and R. Lent (eds): Opossum Neurobiology. Rio de Janeiro: Academia Bisileiva de Ciencias, pp. 151-165.
94. Schiller, P.H., and K. Koerner (1971) Discharge characteristics of single units in superior colliculus of the alert rhesus monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 34:920-936.
95. Schiller, P.H., and M. Stryker (1972) Single unit recording and stimulation in superior colliculus of the alert rhesus monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 35:915-924.
96. Sherman, S.M. (1974) Visual fields of cats with cortical and tectal lesions. Science 185:355-357.
97. Sherman, S.M. (1977) The effect of superior colliculus lesions upon the visual fields of cats with cortical ablations. J. Comp. Neurol. 172:211-229.
98. Sparks, D.L. (1975) Response properties of eye movement-related neurons in monkey superior colliculus. Brain Res. 90:147-152.
99. Sparks, D.L. (1978) Functional properties of neurons in the monkey superior colliculus: Coupling of neuronal activity and saccade onset. Brain Res. 156:1-16.
100. Sparks, D.L., and L.E. Mays (1980) Movement fields of saccade-related burst neurons in the monkey superior colliculus. Brain Res. 190:39-50.
101. Sparks, D.L., R. Holland, and B.L. Guthrie (1976) Size and distribution of movement fields in the monkey superior colliculus. Brain Res. 113:21-34.
102. Sparks, D.L., C. Lee, and W.H. Rohrer (1990) Population coding of the direction, amplitude, and velocity of saccadic eye movements by neurons in the superior colliculus. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 55:805-811.
103. Sprague, J.M. (1966a) Interaction of cortex and superior colliculus in mediation of visually guided behavior in the cat. Science 153:1544-1547.
104. Sprague, J.M. (1966b) Visual, acoustic and somesthetic deficits in the cat after cortical and midbrain lesions. In D.P. Purpura and M.D. Yahr (eds): The Thalamus. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 391-417.
105. Sprague, J.M., and T.H. Meikle (1965) The role of the superior colliculus in visually guided behavior. Exp. Neurol. 11:115-146.
106. Sprague, J.M., G. Berlucchi, and G. Rizzolati (1973) The role of the superior colliculus and pretectum in vision and visually guided behavior. In R. Jung (ed): Handbook of Sensory Physiology. Central Processing of Visual Information. Part B. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 27-101.
107. Stein B.E. (1984) Multimodal representation in the superior colliculus and optic tectum. In: H. Vanegas (Ed.), Comparative Neurology of the Optic Tectum. Plenum, New York, pp. 819-841.
108. Taylor, P. (1990) Cholinergic agonists. In A.G. Gilman, T.W. Rail, A.S. Nies, and P. Taylor (eds): Godman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. New York: Pergamon Press, pp. 122-130.
109. Vincent, S.R., T. Hattori, and E.G. McGeer (1978) The nigrotectal projection: A biochemical and ultrastructural characterization. Brain Res. 151:159-164.
110. Wallace, S.F., A.C. Rosenquist, and J.M. Sprague (1989) Recovery from cortical blindness mediated by destruction of nontectotectal fibers in the commissure of the superior colliculus in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 284:429-450.
111. Wallace, S.F., A.C. Rosenquist, and J.M. Sprague (1990) Ibotenic acid lesions of the lateral substantia nigra restore visual orientation behavior in the hemianopic cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 296:222-252.
112. Wickelgren, B.G., and P. Sterling (1969) Influence of visual cortex on receptive fields in the superior colliculus of the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 32:16-23.
113. Wurtz, R.H., and M.E. Goldberg (1971) Superior colliculus cell responses related to eye movements in awake monkeys. Science 171:82-84.
114. Wurtz, R.H., and M.E. Goldberg (1972) Activity of superior colliculus in behaving monkey. III. Cells discharging before eye movements. J. Neurophysiol. 35:575-586.
115. Wurtz, R.H., and J.E. Albano (1980) Visual-motor function of the primate superior colliculus. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 3:189-226.
116. Yoshida, M., Y. Nagatsuka, S. Muramatsu, and K. Niijima (1991) Differential roles of the caudate nucleus and putamen in motor behavior of the cat as investigated by local injection of GABA antagonists. Neurosci. Res. 10:34-51.
117. A receptor activation and the excitability of nerve terminals in the rat posterior pituitary. J. Physiol. 483:583-595.