메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 72, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 365-379

The natural history of amphibian skin secretions, their normal functioning and potential medical applications

Author keywords

Amphibians; Antibacterials; Antifungals; Bufo spp; Granular glands; Medical uses; Natural history; Skin glands; Skin secretions; Toads

Indexed keywords

ALKALOID; BIOGENIC AMINE; BUFOGENIN; PEPTIDE; PROTEIN; STEROID;

EID: 0030689711     PISSN: 14647931     EISSN: 1469185X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.1997.tb00018.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (388)

References (65)
  • 1
    • 0041807157 scopus 로고
    • Bioadhesives: Potential for exploitation
    • Abbott, A. (1990). Bioadhesives: Potential for exploitation. Science Progress 74, 131-146.
    • (1990) Science Progress , vol.74 , pp. 131-146
    • Abbott, A.1
  • 3
    • 0343623252 scopus 로고
    • Keep taking the frog skin
    • Anderson, I. (1993). Keep taking the frog skin. New Scientist 140 (1894), 10.
    • (1993) New Scientist , vol.140 , Issue.1894 , pp. 10
    • Anderson, I.1
  • 4
    • 0002365275 scopus 로고
    • The evolution of courtship behavior in New World salamanders with some comments on Old World salamanders
    • (ed., D. H. Taylor, S. I. Guttman, Plenum Press, London & New York
    • Arnold, S. J. (1977). The evolution of courtship behavior in New World salamanders with some comments on Old World salamanders. In Reproductive Biology of Amphibians (ed. D. H. Taylor and S. I. Guttman), pp. 141-183. Plenum Press, London & New York.
    • (1977) Reproductive Biology of Amphibians , pp. 141-183
    • Arnold, S.J.1
  • 5
    • 0024871505 scopus 로고
    • A phylogeny for the Old World newts, genus Triturus: Biochemical and behavioural data
    • Arntzen, J. W. & Sparreboom, M. (1989). A phylogeny for the Old World newts, genus Triturus: Biochemical and behavioural data. Journal of Zoology, London 219, 645-664.
    • (1989) Journal of Zoology, London , vol.219 , pp. 645-664
    • Arntzen, J.W.1    Sparreboom, M.2
  • 6
    • 0023550105 scopus 로고
    • A low molecular weight protein with antimicrobial activity in the cutaneous ‘venom' of the Yellow-bellied Toad (Bombina variegata pachypus)
    • &
    • Barberio, C., Delfino, G., & Mastromei, G. (1987). A low molecular weight protein with antimicrobial activity in the cutaneous ‘venom' of the Yellow-bellied Toad (Bombina variegata pachypus). Toxicon 25, 899-909.
    • (1987) Toxicon , vol.25 , pp. 899-909
    • Barberio, C.1    Delfino, G.2    Mastromei, G.3
  • 7
    • 0342753040 scopus 로고
    • Bacteria on the skin of Salamandra salamandra (L.) (Amphibia, Urodela) with notes on their possible significance
    • Bettin, C. & Greven, H. (1986). Bacteria on the skin of Salamandra salamandra (L.) (Amphibia, Urodela) with notes on their possible significance. Zoologischer Anzeiger 216, 267-270.
    • (1986) Zoologischer Anzeiger , vol.216 , pp. 267-270
    • Bettin, C.1    Greven, H.2
  • 9
    • 0028975526 scopus 로고
    • The puzzle of declining amphibian populations
    • Blaustein, A. R. & Wake, D. B. (1995). The puzzle of declining amphibian populations. Scientific American 272 (4), 56-61.
    • (1995) Scientific American , vol.272 , Issue.4 , pp. 56-61
    • Blaustein, A.R.1    Wake, D.B.2
  • 10
    • 0029662616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution of myrmecophagy and its correlates in poison frogs (Family Dendrobatidae)
    • Caldwell, J. P. (1996). The evolution of myrmecophagy and its correlates in poison frogs (Family Dendrobatidae). Journal of Zoology, London 240, 75-101.
    • (1996) Journal of Zoology, London , vol.240 , pp. 75-101
    • Caldwell, J.P.1
  • 11
    • 0342900385 scopus 로고
    • Cutaneous Mechanoreceptors
    • (ed., R. Llinas, W. Precht, Springer Verlag, Berlin
    • Catton, W. T. (1976). Cutaneous Mechanoreceptors. In Frog Neurobiology (ed. R. Llinas and W. Precht), pp. 629-642. Springer Verlag, Berlin.
    • (1976) Frog Neurobiology , pp. 629-642
    • Catton, W.T.1
  • 12
    • 84963049010 scopus 로고
    • Taxonomic and evolutionary significance of biogenic amines and polypeptides in amphibian skin. II. Toads of the genera Bufo and Melanophryniscus
    • Cei, J. M., Erspamer, V. & Roseghini, M. (1968). Taxonomic and evolutionary significance of biogenic amines and polypeptides in amphibian skin. II. Toads of the genera Bufo and Melanophryniscus. Systematic Zoology 17, 232-245.
    • (1968) Systematic Zoology , vol.17 , pp. 232-245
    • Cei, J.M.1    Erspamer, V.2    Roseghini, M.3
  • 13
    • 0001571811 scopus 로고
    • Biogenic amines
    • &, In, (ed., W. F. Blair, University of Texas Press, Austin & London
    • Cei, J. M., Erspamer, V. & Roseghini, M. (1972). Biogenic amines. In Evolution in the genus Bufo (ed. W. F. Blair), pp. 233-243. University of Texas Press, Austin & London.
    • (1972) Evolution in the genus Bufo , pp. 233-243
    • Cei, J.M.1    Erspamer, V.2    Roseghini, M.3
  • 14
    • 0017838205 scopus 로고
    • Antibacterial activity in the skin secretion of the frog Rana ridibunda
    • Cevikbas, A. (1978). Antibacterial activity in the skin secretion of the frog Rana ridibunda. Toxicon 16, 195-197.
    • (1978) Toxicon , vol.16 , pp. 195-197
    • Cevikbas, A.1
  • 15
    • 0015551333 scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial activity in the skin secretions of Bombina variegata pachypus
    • Croce, G., Gigliolli, N. & Bolognani, L. (1973). Antimicrobial activity in the skin secretions of Bombina variegata pachypus. Toxicon 11, 99-100.
    • (1973) Toxicon , vol.11 , pp. 99-100
    • Croce, G.1    Gigliolli, N.2    Bolognani, L.3
  • 16
    • 0014572881 scopus 로고
    • Primary structure of two oligopeptides of the toxin of Bombina variegata L
    • Csordas, A. & Michl, H. (1969). Primary structure of two oligopeptides of the toxin of Bombina variegata L. Toxicon 7, 103-108.
    • (1969) Toxicon , vol.7 , pp. 103-108
    • Csordas, A.1    Michl, H.2
  • 17
    • 0028035507 scopus 로고
    • Dietry source for skin alkaloids of poison frogs (Dendrobatidae)?Journal of Chemical
    • Daly, J. W., Garraffo, H. M., Spande, T. F., Jamarillo, C. & Rand, A. S. (1994). Dietry source for skin alkaloids of poison frogs (Dendrobatidae)?Journal of Chemical. Ecology 20, 943-955.
    • (1994) Ecology , vol.20 , pp. 943-955
    • Daly, J.W.1    Garraffo, H.M.2    Spande, T.F.3    Jamarillo, C.4    Rand, A.S.5
  • 18
    • 0021734024 scopus 로고
    • Occurrence of skin alkaloids in non-dendrobatid frogs from Brazil (Bufonidae), Australia (Myobatrachidae) and Madagascar (Mantellinae)
    • Daly, J. W., Highet, R. J. & Myers, C. W. (1984). Occurrence of skin alkaloids in non-dendrobatid frogs from Brazil (Bufonidae), Australia (Myobatrachidae) and Madagascar (Mantellinae). Toxicon 22, 905-919.
    • (1984) Toxicon , vol.22 , pp. 905-919
    • Daly, J.W.1    Highet, R.J.2    Myers, C.W.3
  • 19
    • 0023612372 scopus 로고
    • Further classification of skin alkaloids from neotropical poison frogs (Dendrobatidae), with a general survey of toxic/ noxious substances in the Amphibia
    • Daly, J. W., Myers, C. W. & Whittaker, N. (1987). Further classification of skin alkaloids from neotropical poison frogs (Dendrobatidae), with a general survey of toxic/ noxious substances in the Amphibia. Toxicon 25, 1023-1095.
    • (1987) Toxicon , vol.25 , pp. 1023-1095
    • Daly, J.W.1    Myers, C.W.2    Whittaker, N.3
  • 20
    • 0345562478 scopus 로고
    • Chemistry and pharmacology of frog venoms
    • &, In, (ed., W. Bucherl, E. E. Buckley, Academic Press, New York & London
    • Daly, J. W. & Witkop, B. (1971). Chemistry and pharmacology of frog venoms. In Venomous Animals and their Venoms. Vol. II. Venomous Vertebrates (ed. W. Bucherl and E. E. Buckley), pp. 497-519. Academic Press, New York & London.
    • (1971) Venomous Animals and their Venoms. Vol. II. Venomous Vertebrates , pp. 497-519
    • Daly, J.W.1    Witkop, B.2
  • 21
    • 85053947396 scopus 로고
    • Ultrastructural aspects of venom secretion in anuran cutaneous glands
    • (ed., A. T. Tu, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York Basel Hong Kong
    • Delfino, G. (1991). Ultrastructural aspects of venom secretion in anuran cutaneous glands. In Handbook of Natural Toxins. Vol. 5. Reptile Venoms and Toxins (ed. A. T. Tu), pp. 777-802. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, Basel, Hong Kong.
    • (1991) Handbook of Natural Toxins. Vol. 5. Reptile Venoms and Toxins , pp. 777-802
    • Delfino, G.1
  • 23
    • 84995196721 scopus 로고
    • Mucopolysaccarides in the anuran defence against dessication
    • Elkan, E. (1968). Mucopolysaccarides in the anuran defence against dessication. Journal of Zoology, London 155, 9-53.
    • (1968) Journal of Zoology, London , vol.155 , pp. 9-53
    • Elkan, E.1
  • 25
    • 0015194242 scopus 로고
    • Biogenic amines and active polypeptides of amphibian skin
    • Erspamer, V. (1971). Biogenic amines and active polypeptides of amphibian skin. Annual Review of Pharmacology 11, 327-350.
    • (1971) Annual Review of Pharmacology , vol.11 , pp. 327-350
    • Erspamer, V.1
  • 26
    • 0000952847 scopus 로고
    • Bioactive secretions of the amphibian integument
    • (ed., H. Heatwole, G. T. Barthalmus, A. Y. Heatwole
    • Erspamer, V. (1994). Bioactive secretions of the amphibian integument. In Amphibian Biology. Vol. 1 (ed. H. Heatwole, G. T. Barthalmus and A. Y. Heatwole), pp. 178-350.
    • (1994) Amphibian Biology , vol.1 , pp. 178-350
    • Erspamer, V.1
  • 27
    • 0015892959 scopus 로고
    • Active polypeptides of the amphibian skin and their synthetic analogues
    • Erspamer V. & Melchiorri, P. (1973). Active polypeptides of the amphibian skin and their synthetic analogues. Pure and Applied Chemistry 35, 463-494.
    • (1973) Pure and Applied Chemistry , vol.35 , pp. 463-494
    • Erspamer, V.1    Melchiorri, P.2
  • 28
    • 0007823317 scopus 로고
    • Adhesive strength of amphibian skin secretions
    • Evans, C. M. & Brodie, E. D. Jr. (1994). Adhesive strength of amphibian skin secretions. Journal of Herpetology 28, 499-502.
    • (1994) Journal of Herpetology , vol.28 , pp. 499-502
    • Evans, C.M.1    Brodie, E.D.2
  • 29
    • 0004268067 scopus 로고
    • The Humana Press, Clifton New Jersey
    • Fox, H. (1984). Amphibian Morphogenesis. The Humana Press, Clifton, New Jersey.
    • (1984) Amphibian Morphogenesis
    • Fox, H.1
  • 30
    • 0002523208 scopus 로고
    • The skin of Amphibia. Epidermis
    • (ed., J. Bereiter-Hahn, A. G. Matoltsy, K. S. Richards, Springer Verlag, Berlin
    • Fox, H. (1986). The skin of Amphibia. Epidermis. In The Integument. Vol. 2. Vertebrates (ed. J. Bereiter-Hahn, A. G. Matoltsy and K. S. Richards), pp. 78-110. Springer Verlag, Berlin.
    • (1986) The Integument. Vol. 2. Vertebrates , pp. 78-110
    • Fox, H.1
  • 31
    • 0025582464 scopus 로고
    • Peptide vaccines for viral diseases
    • Francis, M. J. (1990). Peptide vaccines for viral diseases. Science Progress 74, 115-130.
    • (1990) Science Progress , vol.74 , pp. 115-130
    • Francis, M.J.1
  • 32
    • 0023100945 scopus 로고
    • Biosynthesis and degradation of peptides derived from Xenopus laevis prohormones
    • Giovanni, M. G., Poulter, L. Gibson, B. W. & Williams, D. H. (1987). Biosynthesis and degradation of peptides derived from Xenopus laevis prohormones. Biochemical Journal 243, 113-120.
    • (1987) Biochemical Journal , vol.243 , pp. 113-120
    • Giovanni, M.G.1    Poulter, L.2    Gibson, B.W.3    Williams, D.H.4
  • 33
    • 0041671889 scopus 로고
    • Venoms of Amphibia
    • (ed., M. Florkin, B. T. Scheer, Academic Press, London & New York
    • Habermehl, G. G. (1974). Venoms of Amphibia. In Chemical Zoology. Vol. IX (ed. M. Florkin and B. T. Scheer), pp. 78-110. Academic Press, London & New York.
    • (1974) Chemical Zoology , vol.9 , pp. 78-110
    • Habermehl, G.G.1
  • 35
    • 0014635681 scopus 로고
    • Hemmung des Wachstums von Pilzen und Bakterien durch das Hautdrusenekret von Salamandra maculosa
    • Habermehl, G. G. & Preusser, H. J. (1969). Hemmung des Wachstums von Pilzen und Bakterien durch das Hautdrusenekret von Salamandra maculosa. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung, Wiesbaden 248, 1599-1601.
    • (1969) Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung, Wiesbaden , vol.248 , pp. 1599-1601
    • Habermehl, G.G.1    Preusser, H.J.2
  • 36
    • 0001953932 scopus 로고
    • The courtship of European newts: An evolutionary perspective
    • (ed., D. H. Taylor, S. I. Guttman, Plenum Press, London & New York
    • Halliday, T. R. (1977). The courtship of European newts: An evolutionary perspective. In The Reproductive Biology of Amphibians (ed. D. H. Taylor and S. I. Guttman), pp. 185-232. Plenum Press, London & New York.
    • (1977) The Reproductive Biology of Amphibians , pp. 185-232
    • Halliday, T.R.1
  • 37
    • 0342318114 scopus 로고
    • Courtship - twists and turns in salamanders and newts
    • (ed., T. R. Halliday, K., Adler, George Allen & Unwin, London & Sydney
    • Halliday, T. R. (1986). Courtship - twists and turns in salamanders and newts. In The Encyclopaedia of Reptiles and Amphibians (ed. T. R. Halliday and K., Adler), pp. 32-33. George Allen & Unwin, London & Sydney.
    • (1986) The Encyclopaedia of Reptiles and Amphibians , pp. 32-33
    • Halliday, T.R.1
  • 38
  • 39
    • 0028553049 scopus 로고
    • Role of the skin in reproduction and behaviour
    • &, In, (ed., H. Heatwole, G. T. Barthalmus, A. Y. Heatwole, Surrey Beatty, Chipping Norton N.S.W
    • Houck, L. D. & Sever, D. M. (1994). Role of the skin in reproduction and behaviour. In Amphibian Biology, Vol. 1. The Integument (ed. H. Heatwole, G. T. Barthalmus and A. Y. Heatwole), pp. 351-381. Surrey Beatty, Chipping Norton, N.S.W.
    • (1994) Amphibian Biology, Vol. 1. The Integument , pp. 351-381
    • Houck, L.D.1    Sever, D.M.2
  • 40
    • 84936423754 scopus 로고
    • Prospectors for tropical medicines
    • Joyce, C. (1991). Prospectors for tropical medicines. New Scientist 132 (1791), 36-40.
    • (1991) New Scientist , vol.132 , Issue.1791 , pp. 36-40
    • Joyce, C.1
  • 41
    • 0023480950 scopus 로고
    • Freeze tolerance and the dynamics of ice formation in wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) from Southern Ohio
    • Layne, J. R. Jr. & Lee, R. E. Jr. (1987). Freeze tolerance and the dynamics of ice formation in wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) from Southern Ohio. Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, 2062-2065.
    • (1987) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.65 , pp. 2062-2065
    • Layne, J.R.1    Lee, R.E.2
  • 42
    • 0000608358 scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of body water during freezing and thawing in a freeze-tolerant fro
    • Lee, R. E. Jr., Costanzo, J. P., Davidson, E. C. & Layne, J. R. Jr. (1992). Dynamics of body water during freezing and thawing in a freeze-tolerant fro. Journal of Thermal Biology 17, 263-266.
    • (1992) Journal of Thermal Biology , vol.17 , pp. 263-266
    • Lee, R.E.1    Costanzo, J.P.2    Davidson, E.C.3    Layne, J.R.4
  • 43
    • 0001735433 scopus 로고
    • The structure and function of the epidermis
    • &, In, (ed., R. Llinas, W. Precht, Springer Verlag, Berlin
    • Lindemann, B. & Voute, C. (1976). The structure and function of the epidermis. In Frog Neurobiology (ed. R. Llinas and W. Precht), pp. 169-210. Springer Verlag, Berlin.
    • (1976) Frog Neurobiology , pp. 169-210
    • Lindemann, B.1    Voute, C.2
  • 44
    • 0012621351 scopus 로고
    • Evidence from parotoid-gland secretions
    • (ed., W. F. Blair, University of Texas Press, Austin & London
    • Low, B. S. (1972). Evidence from parotoid-gland secretions. In Evolution in the genus Bufo (ed. W. F. Blair), pp. 244-264. University of Texas Press: Austin & London.
    • (1972) Evolution in the genus Bufo , pp. 244-264
    • Low, B.S.1
  • 46
    • 0001092926 scopus 로고
    • Collection of toad venoms and chemistry of the toad venom steroids
    • &, In, (ed., W. Bucherl, E. E. Buckley, Academic Press, New York & London
    • Meyer, K. & Linde, H. (1971). Collection of toad venoms and chemistry of the toad venom steroids. In Venomous Animals and their Venoms. Vol. II. Venomous Vertebrates (ed. W. Bucherl and E. E. Buckley), pp. 521-556. Academic Press, New York & London.
    • (1971) Venomous Animals and their Venoms. Vol. II. Venomous Vertebrates , pp. 521-556
    • Meyer, K.1    Linde, H.2
  • 47
    • 0000254224 scopus 로고
    • Preliminary evaluation of skin toxins and vocalisations in taxonomic and evolutionary studies of Poison-dart frogs (Dendrobatidae)
    • Myers, C. W. & Daly, J. W. (1976). Preliminary evaluation of skin toxins and vocalisations in taxonomic and evolutionary studies of Poison-dart frogs (Dendrobatidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 157, 173-262.
    • (1976) Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History , vol.157 , pp. 173-262
    • Myers, C.W.1    Daly, J.W.2
  • 48
    • 0001012851 scopus 로고
    • A dangerously toxic new frog (Phyllobates) used by Embera Indians of western Colombia, with discussion of blowgun fabrication and dart poisoning
    • Myers, C. W., Daly, J. W. & Malkin, B. (1978). A dangerously toxic new frog (Phyllobates) used by Embera Indians of western Colombia, with discussion of blowgun fabrication and dart poisoning. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 161, 1-28.
    • (1978) Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History , vol.161 , pp. 1-28
    • Myers, C.W.1    Daly, J.W.2    Malkin, B.3
  • 50
    • 0002751590 scopus 로고
    • The nature and definition of an alkaloid
    • (ed., S. W. Pelletier,), p., John Wiley & Sons, New York
    • Pelletier, S. W. (1983). The nature and definition of an alkaloid. In Alkaloids: Chemical and Biological Perspectives. Vol. 1 (ed. S. W. Pelletier), p. 1. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
    • (1983) Alkaloids: Chemical and Biological Perspectives , vol.1 , pp. 1
    • Pelletier, S.W.1
  • 51
    • 0016771673 scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial activity of alkaloids from amphibian venoms and effects on the ultrastructure of yeast cells
    • Preusser, H. J., Habermehl, G., Sablofski, M. & Schmall-Haury, D. (1975). Antimicrobial activity of alkaloids from amphibian venoms and effects on the ultrastructure of yeast cells. Toxicon 13, 285-289.
    • (1975) Toxicon , vol.13 , pp. 285-289
    • Preusser, H.J.1    Habermehl, G.2    Sablofski, M.3    Schmall-Haury, D.4
  • 52
    • 84970614707 scopus 로고
    • Peptides from Australian frogs. The structure of the dynastins from the Banjo frogs Limnodynastes interioris, Limnodynastes dumerilii and Limndodynastes terraereginae
    • Rafferty, M. J., Bradford, A. M., Bowie, J. H., Wallace, J. C. & Tyler, M. J. (1993). Peptides from Australian frogs. The structure of the dynastins from the Banjo frogs Limnodynastes interioris, Limnodynastes dumerilii and Limndodynastes terraereginae. Australian Journal of Chemistry 46, 833-842.
    • (1993) Australian Journal of Chemistry , vol.46 , pp. 833-842
    • Rafferty, M.J.1    Bradford, A.M.2    Bowie, J.H.3    Wallace, J.C.4    Tyler, M.J.5
  • 53
    • 0003010727 scopus 로고
    • Amphibian lateral line receptors
    • (ed., R. Llinas, W. Precht, Springer Verlag, Berlin
    • Russell, I. J. (1976). Amphibian lateral line receptors. In Frog Neurobiology (ed. R. Llinas and W. Precht), pp. 513-550. Springer Verlag, Berlin.
    • (1976) Frog Neurobiology , pp. 513-550
    • Russell, I.J.1
  • 54
    • 0002891544 scopus 로고
    • The geographic distributions of frogs: Patterns and predictions
    • (ed., J. L. Vial, University of Missouri Press, Colombia
    • Savage, J. M. (1973). The geographic distributions of frogs: Patterns and predictions. In Evolutionary Biology of the Anurans, Contemporary Research on Major Problems (ed. J. L. Vial), pp. 351-445. University of Missouri Press, Colombia.
    • (1973) Evolutionary Biology of the Anurans, Contemporary Research on Major Problems , pp. 351-445
    • Savage, J.M.1
  • 55
    • 0002260009 scopus 로고
    • Pain and temperature receptors of anurans
    • (ed., R. Llinas, W. Precht, Springer Verlag, Berlin
    • Spray, D. C. (1976). Pain and temperature receptors of anurans. In Frog Neurobiology (ed. R. Llinas and W. Precht), pp. 607-629. Springer Verlag, Berlin.
    • (1976) Frog Neurobiology , pp. 607-629
    • Spray, D.C.1
  • 56
    • 0021693846 scopus 로고
    • Biochemical adaptation for freezing tolerance in the wood frog (Rana sylvatica)
    • Storey, K. B. & Storey, J. M. (1984). Biochemical adaptation for freezing tolerance in the wood frog (Rana sylvatica). Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 155, 29-36.
    • (1984) Journal of Comparative Physiology B , vol.155 , pp. 29-36
    • Storey, K.B.1    Storey, J.M.2
  • 57
    • 0342318217 scopus 로고
    • Abrasion injuries in burrowing frogs (Amphibia, Anura) from the Northern Territory, Australia
    • Tyler, M. J., Davies, M. & Walker, K. F. (1985). Abrasion injuries in burrowing frogs (Amphibia, Anura) from the Northern Territory, Australia. Zoologischer Anzeiger 214, 54-60.
    • (1985) Zoologischer Anzeiger , vol.214 , pp. 54-60
    • Tyler, M.J.1    Davies, M.2    Walker, K.F.3
  • 58
    • 0027069524 scopus 로고
    • A novel method for the release and collection of dermal glandular secretions from the skin of frogs
    • Tyler, M. J., Stone, D. J. M. & Bowie, J. H. (1992). A novel method for the release and collection of dermal glandular secretions from the skin of frogs. Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods 28, 199-200.
    • (1992) Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods , vol.28 , pp. 199-200
    • Tyler, M.J.1    Stone, D.J.M.2    Bowie, J.H.3
  • 59
    • 0342753036 scopus 로고
    • The histology of dermal glands of mating Breviceps with comments on their possible functional value in microhylids (Amphibia: Anura)
    • Visser, J., Cei, J. M. & Gutierrez, L. S. (1982). The histology of dermal glands of mating Breviceps with comments on their possible functional value in microhylids (Amphibia: Anura). South African Journal of Zoology 17, 24-27.
    • (1982) South African Journal of Zoology , vol.17 , pp. 24-27
    • Visser, J.1    Cei, J.M.2    Gutierrez, L.S.3
  • 60
    • 0025900560 scopus 로고
    • Declining amphibian populations
    • Wake, D. B. (1991). Declining amphibian populations. Science 253, 860.
    • (1991) Science , vol.253 , pp. 860
    • Wake, D.B.1
  • 61
    • 0242354024 scopus 로고
    • Natural toxins and drug development
    • &, In, (ed., P. Krogsgaard-Larsen, S. Brogger Christensen, H. Kofod,), Alfred Benzon Symposium, Munksgaard, Copenhagen
    • Witkop, B. & Brossi, A. (1984). Natural toxins and drug development. In Natural Products and Drug Development (ed. P. Krogsgaard-Larsen, S. Brogger Christensen and H. Kofod), Alfred Benzon Symposium 20, pp. 283-300. Munksgaard, Copenhagen.
    • (1984) Natural Products and Drug Development , vol.20 , pp. 283-300
    • Witkop, B.1    Brossi, A.2
  • 62
    • 77957097677 scopus 로고
    • Amphibian alkaloids
    • &, Chapter 5. In, (ed., R. Manske, Academic Press Inc
    • Witkop, B. & Gossinger, E. (1983). Amphibian alkaloids. Chapter 5. In The Alkaloids (ed. R. Manske), 21, 139-253. Academic Press Inc.
    • (1983) The Alkaloids , vol.21 , pp. 139-253
    • Witkop, B.1    Gossinger, E.2
  • 63
    • 0023096321 scopus 로고
    • Production of tetrodtoxin and its derivatives by Pseudomonas from the skin of a Pufferfish
    • Yotsu, M., Yamazaki, T., Meguro, Y., Endo, A., Murata, M., Naoki, H. & Yasumoto, T. (1987). Production of tetrodtoxin and its derivatives by Pseudomonas from the skin of a Pufferfish. Toxicon 25, 225-228.
    • (1987) Toxicon , vol.25 , pp. 225-228
    • Yotsu, M.1    Yamazaki, T.2    Meguro, Y.3    Endo, A.4    Murata, M.5    Naoki, H.6    Yasumoto, T.7
  • 64
    • 0342753035 scopus 로고
    • A glimpse of immortality
    • Young, S. (1988). A glimpse of immortality. New Scientist 119 (1630), 44-48.
    • (1988) New Scientist , vol.119 , Issue.1630 , pp. 44-48
    • Young, S.1
  • 65
    • 2042513493 scopus 로고
    • Magainins, a class of antimicrobial peptides from Xenopus skin: Isolation, characterization of two active forms, and partial cDNA sequence of precursor
    • Zasloff, M. (1987). Magainins, a class of antimicrobial peptides from Xenopus skin: Isolation, characterization of two active forms, and partial cDNA sequence of precursor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 84, 5449-5453.
    • (1987) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. , vol.84 , pp. 5449-5453
    • Zasloff, M.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.