Apoptosis: Clinical relevance and pharmacological manipulation

Drugs

Volumn 54, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 511-532

  Thatte, Urmila ^a   Dahanukar, Sharadini ^a  

^a KEM HOSPITAL   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; ANTIANDROGEN; ANTIESTROGEN; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; CYTOTOXIC AGENT; GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; HEMOPOIETIC GROWTH FACTOR; INTERLEUKIN 3;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS; APOPTOSIS; AUTOIMMUNITY; BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; BRAIN INJURY; BREAST CANCER; CANCER; CELL DEATH; CELL SURVIVAL; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; EPILEPSY; ETIOLOGY; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE MUTATION; GENE REPRESSION; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; KIDNEY POLYCYSTIC DISEASE; LYMPHOCYTE; NERVE DEGENERATION; NONHUMAN; OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE; PANCREATITIS; PARKINSON DISEASE; PATHOGENESIS; PROSTATE CANCER; RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA; REVIEW; STROKE; VIRUS INFECTION;

EID: 0030665927     PISSN: 00126667     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00003495-199754040-00002     Document Type: Review

References (196)

1. Kerr JF, Wyllie AH, Currie AR, Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br J Cancer 1972; 26: 239-57
2. Herman Steller. Mechanisms and genes of cellular suicide. Science 1995; 267: 1445-9
3. Cohen JJ, Apoptosis. Immunol Today 1993; 14 (3): 126-30
4. Kerr JFR, Harmon BV, Definition and incidence of apoptosis: an historical perspective. In: Tomie LD, Cope FO, editors. Apoplosis: the molecular basis of cell death. Cold Spring Harbor: Laboratory Press, 1991: 5-29
5. Carson DA, Rebeiro JM. Apoptosis and disease. Lancet 1993; 341: 1251-4
6. Singh N. Apoptosis - new concepts in molecular medicine. Ind J Clin Biochem 1995; 10 (2): 54-6
7. Kontogeorgos G, Kovacs K. Apoptosis in endocrine glands. Endocrine Pathology 1995; 6: 257-65
8. Schwartzman RA, Cedlowski JA. Apoptosis: the biochemistry and molecular biology of programmed cell death. Endocr Rev 1993; 14(2): 133-51
9. Arends MJ, Wyllie AH. Mechanisms and roles in pathology. Int Rev Exp Pathol 1991; 32: 223-54
10. Arends MJ, Morris RG, Wyllie AH. Apoptosis: the role of the endonuclease. Am J Pathol 1990; 36: 593-608
11. Wyllie AH. Glucocorticoid induced thymocyte apoptosis is associated with endogenous endonuclease activation. Nature 1980; 284: 555-6
12. Bortner CD, Oldenburg NBS, Cedlowski JA. The role of DNA fragmentation in apoptosis. Trends Cell Biol 5: 21-6
13. Knight CR, Rees RC, Griffin M. Apoptosis: a potential role for cytosolic transglutaminase and its importance in tumour progression. Bioohem Biophys Acta 1991; 1096: 312-8
14. Gavrieli Y, Sherman Y, Bensasson SA. Identification of programmed cell death in situ via special labelling of nuclear DNA fragments. J Cell Biol 1992; 119: 493-501
15. Kokawa K, Toshihiko S, Ryosuke N. Apoptosis in the human uterine endometrium during the menstrual cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81 (11): 4144-7
16. Hamel W, Dazin P, Israel M. Adaptation of a simple flow cytometric assay to identify different stages during apoptosis. Cytometry 1996; 25: 173-81
17. Dive C, Gregory CD, Phipps DJ. et al. Analysis and discrimination of necrosis and apoptosis (programmed cell death) by multiparameter How cytometry. Biochem Biophys Acta 1992; 1133: 275-85
18. Gong J, Trugunos F, Dursynkiewicz Z. A selective procedure for DNA extracting from apoptotic cells applicable for gel eleclrophoresis and flow cylometry. Anal Biochem 1994; 218: 314-9
19. McConkcy DJ, Hurtzell P, Duddy SK. et al, 2.3.7.8-tetrachlorobenzo-p-dioxin kills immature thymocytes by calcium mediated endonuclease activation. Science 1988; 242: 256-9
20. Gregory CD, Dive C, Henderson S. et al. Activation of Epstein-Barr virus latent genes protects human B cells from death by apoptosis. Nature 1991; 349: 612-4
21. Majno G, Joris I, Apoptosis, oncosis and necrosis: an overview of cell death. Am J Pathol 1995; 146(1): 3-15
22. Lowe S, Bodis S, McClatchey A et al. p53 status and efficacy of cancer treatment in vivo. Science 1994; 266: 807-10
23. Appleby DW, Modak SP. DNA degradation in terminally differentiating lens fibre from chick embryos. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1977; 74: 5579-83
24. Darzynkiewicz Z, Bruno S. Del Bino G, et al. Features of apoptotic cells measured by flow cytometry. Cytometry 1992; 13: 795-808
25. Telford WG, King LE, Fraker PJ. Rapid quantitation of apoptosis in pure and heterogeneous cell populations using flow cytometry. J Immunol Method 1994; 172: 1-16, 25
26. Frankfurt OS. Detection of apoptosis in leukemic and breast cancer cells with monoclonal antibody to single stranded DNA. Anticancer Res 1994; 14 (5A): 1861-9
27. Ellis PA, Smith IE, McCarthy K. et al. Preoperative chemotherapy induces apoptosis in early breast cancer [letler]. Lancet 1997; 349: 849
28. Moreira LF, Naomoto Y, Hamada M. et al. Assessment of apoptosis in esophageal carcinoma preoperative treatment by chemotherapy and radiology. Anticancer Res 1995; 15 (2): 639-44
29. Chen DF, Schneider GE, Martinou J-C, et al. Bcl-2 promotes regeneration of severed axons in mammalian CNS. Nature 1997; 385: 434-9
30. Vaux DL, Strasser A. The molecular biology of apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 2239-44
31. White E. Life, death and the pursuit of apoptosis. Genes Dev 1996; 10: 1-15
32. Linn SC, Honkoop AH, Hockman K et al. p53 and P-glycoprotein are often co-expressed and are associated with poor prognosis. Br J Cancer 1996; 74: 63-8
33. Aas T, Borresen AL, Geisler S. et al. Specific p53 imitations are associated with de novo resistance to doxurubicin in breast cancer patients. Nat Med 1996; 2 (7): 811-4
34. Hockenbery DM, Zutler M, Hickey W. et al. Bcl-2 protein is topographically restricted in tissues characterised by apoptotic death. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 6961-5
35. Vaux DL, Cory S, Adams J. Bcl-2 promotes haemopoietic cell survival and cooperates with e-myc to immortalise pre-beta cells, Nature 1988; 335: 440-2
36. Boise LH, Gonzalez-Garcia M, Postema CE, et al. bcl-x, a bcl-2 related gene that functions as a dominant regulator of apoptosis death. Cell 1993; 74: 597-608
37. Muchmore SW, Sattler M, Liang H. et al. X-ray and NMR structure of human bcl-x. an inhibitor of programmed cell death. Nature 1996; 381: 335-41
38. Minn AJ, Velez P, Schendek SL. et al. Bcl-xl. forms on ion channel in synthetic lipid membranes. Nature 1997; 385: 353-7
39. Lefebre S, Burglen L, Reboullet S. et al. Identification and characterization of a spinal muscular atrophy determining gene, Cell 1995; 80: 155-65
40. Anderson GP. Resolution of chronic inflammation by therapeutic induction of apoptosis, Trends Pharmacol Sci 1996; 17 (12): 438-42
41. Ashwell JD., Berger NA, Cidlowski JA. et al. Coming to terms with death: apnptosis in cancer and immune development. Immunol Today 1994; 15(4): 147-51
42. Vogelstein B. A deadly inheritance. Nature 1990; 348: 681-2
43. Bardeesy N, Beckwith JB, Perretier J. Clonal expansion and attenuated apoptosis in Wilms' tumour are associated with p53 mutations, Cancer Res 1995; 55: 215-9
44. Newcomb EW, p53 gene mutations in lymphoid diseases and their possible relevance to drug resistance. Leuk Lymphoma 1995; 17: 211-21
45. Iwadate Y, Fujimoto S, Tagawa M, et al. Association of p53 gene mutation with decreased chemosensitivity in human gliomas. Int J Cancer 1996; 69 (3): 236-40
46. Evan GI, Wyllie AH, Gilbert CS, el al. Induction of apoptosis in fibroblasts by c-myc protein. Cell 1992; 69: 119-28
47. Anderson GP. Bcl-2 related proteins, apoptosis and disease [comment]. Trends Phurmacol Sci 1997; 18: 51
48. Thompson CB. Apoptosis in the pathogenesis and treatment of disease. Science 1995; 267: 1456-62
49. Watson AJM. Necrosis and apoptosis in the gastointestinal tract. Gut 1995; 37: 165-7
50. Merrill AJ, Pollen CS, Kemp CM, et al. The role of p53 in spontaneous and radiation induced apoptosis in the gastrointestinal tract of normal und p53 deficient mice. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 614-7
51. Bursch W, Oberhummer F, Schulte-Hermann R. Cell death by apoptosis and its protective role in disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1992; 13 (6): 245-51
52. Mullauer I. Grasl-Kraupp B, Bursch W. et al. Transforming growth factor beta-1 induced cell death in preneoplastic foci of rat liver and sensitization by the anti-estrogen tamoxifen, Hepatology 1996; 23 (4): 840-7
53. Sugarman PR, Joseph BK, Savage NW. The role of oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes and growth factors in oral squamous cell carcinoma: a case of apoplosis vs proliferation. Oral Dis 1995; 1: 172-88
54. Masunnaga A, Arai T, Yoshitake T. et al. Reduced expression of apoptosis-relatcd antigens in thymuses from patients with myasthenia gravis. Immunol Lett 1994; 39 (2): 169-72
55. Aringer M, Wintersberger W, Steiner CW. et al. High levels of bcl-2 protein in circulating T lymphocytes, but not B lymphocytes, of patients with systemic lupus crythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1994; 37 (10): 1423-30
56. Woolley KL, Gibson PG, Carty K. et al. Eosinophil apoptosis and the resolution of airway inflammation in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154: 237-43
57. Lee FD. Importance of apoptosis in the histopathology of drug related lesions in the large intestine. J Clin Pathol 1993; 46 (2): 118-22
58. Grigg JM, Savill JS, Sarraf C. et al. Neutrophil apoptosis and clearance from neonatal lungs. Lancet 1991; 338: 720-2
59. Gagliardini V, Hannes P, Drexler CA. et al. Prevention of vertebrate neuronal death by the crm A gene. Science 1994; 263: 826-8
60. Pantaleo G, Graziosi C, Fauci AS. The immunopathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 327-32
61. Ameisen JC, Capron A. Cell dysfunction and depletion in AIDS: the programmed cell death hypothesis. Immunol Today 1991; 12(4): 102-5
62. Terai C, Kornbluth RS, Pauza CD, et al. Apoplosis as a mechanism of cell death in cultured T lymphocytes acutely infected with HIV-1. J Clin Invest 1991; 87: 1710-4
63. Gschwind M, Huber G. Apoptotic cell death induced by beta-amyloid 1-42 peptide is cell type dependent. J Neurochem 1995; 65 (1): 292-300
64. Festoff BW. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: current and future treatment strategies. Drugs 1996; 51(1): 28-44
65. Walkinshaw G, Waters CM. Induction of apoptosis in catecholaminergic PC12 cells by L-DOPA: implications for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. J Clin Invest 1995; 95 (6): 2458-64
66. Dipasquale B, Marini AM, Youle RJ. Apoptosis and DNA degradation induced by l-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium in neurons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 181 (3); 1442-8
67. Portera-Cailliau C, Sung CH, Nathans J, et al. Apoptotic photoreceptor cell death in mouse models of retinitis pigmentosa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91 (3): 974-8
68. Pollard H, Cantagrel S, Charriant MC, et al. Apoptosis associated DNA fragmentation in epileptic brain damage. Neuroreporl 1994; 5 (9): 1053-5
69. Freund G, Apoptosis and gene expression: perspectives on alcohol induced brain damage, Alcohol 1994; 11 (5): 385-7
70. Cartwright MM, Smith SM. Increased cell death and reduced neural crest cell numbers in ethanol-exposed embryos: partial basis for the fetal alcohol syndrome phenotype. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1995; 19(2): 378-86
71. Selleri C, Maciejewski JP, Sato T, et al. Interferon gamma constitutively expressed in The stromal microenvironment of human marrow cultures mediates potent haemopoietic inhibition. Blood 1996; 87 (10): 4149-57
72. Laurence J, Mitra D, Steiner M. et al. Apoplolic depletion of CD4+ T cells in idiopathic CD4+ T lymphocytopenia. J Clin Invest 1996; 97 (3): 672-80
73. Yuan J, Angelucci B, Lucarelli G, el al. Accelerated programmed cell death (apoplosis) in erythroid precursors of patients with severe beta-thalassemia(Cooley's Anemia), Blood 1993; 82 (2): 374-7
74. Efferth TH, Fabry U, Glatte P, et al, Increased induction of apoplosis in mononuclear cells of a G6PD deficient patient. J Mol Med 1995; 73 (1): 47-9
75. Halfill BJ, Fester ED, Steytler JG. Apoptotic megakaryocyte dysplasia in the myelodysplastic syndrome. Hematol Pathol 1992; 6 (2): 87-92
76. Home WI, Tsukamoto H. Dietary modulation of alcohol induced pancreatic injury. Alcohol 1993; 10 (6): 481-4
77. Katz AM. The cardiomyopathy of overload: an unnatural growth response. Eur Heart J 1995; 16 Suppl. O: 110-4
78. Lam TT, Fu J, Hrynewycz M, et al. The effect of aurintricarboxylic acid, an endonucleasc inhibitor, on ischemia/ reperfusion damage in rat retina, J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 1995; 11: 253-9
79. Kischer CW. The microvesscls in hypertrophic scars, keloids and related lesions: a review. J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol 1992; 24(2): 281-96
80. James TN, Terasaki F, Pavlovich ER, et al. Apoplosis and pleomorphic micromitochondriosis in the sinus nodes surgically excised from five patients with the long QT syndrome. J Lab Clin Med 1993; 122(3): 309-23
81. Kwo P, Patel T, Bronk SF, el al. Nuclear serine protease activity contributes to bile acid-induced apoptosis in hepatocyles. Am J Physiol 1995; 268: G613-21
82. Zalewski PD, Forbes U, Betts WH. Correlation of apoptosis with change in intracellular labile Zn (II) using zinquin. Biochem J 1993; 296: 403-8
83. Seigers C-P. Anthranoid laxatives and coloreclal cancer. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1992; 13 (6): 229-31
84. Gehoes K, Spiessens C, Nijs G, et al. Anthranoids and the mucosal immune system of the colon. Pharmacology 1993; 47: 49-57
85. Walker NI, Bennett RE, Axelsen RA. Melanosis coli a consequence of anthraquinone induced apoptosis of colonic epithelial cells. Am J Pathol 1988; 131: 465-76
86. Holmgren L, O'Reilly MS, Folkman J. Dormancy of micrometastases: balanced proliferation and apoptosis in the presence of angiogenesis suppression, Nat Med 1995; 1 (2): 149-53
87. Kyprionou N. Apoptosis: therapeutic significance in the treatment of androgen dependent and androgen independent prostate cancer, World J Urology 1994; 12 (6): 299-303
88. Baral E, Nagy E, Berczi I. Modulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity by tamoxifen and estradiol. Cancer 1995; 75 (2): 591-9
89. Rang Y, Cortina R, Perry RR. Role of c-myc in tamoxifen-induced apoptosis in estrogen independent breast cancer cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996; 88 (5): 279-84
90. Perry RR, Kang Y, Greaves BR. Relationship between tamoxifen induced transforming growth factor beta 1 expression, cytostasis and apoptosis in human breast cancer cells, Br J Cancer 1995; 72: 1441-6
91. Iwasaki K, Toms SA, Barnett GH, et al, Inhibitory effects of tamoxifen and tumour necrosis factor alpha on human glioblastoma cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1995; 40 (4): 228-34
92. YanoT, Korkut E, Pinski J. et al. Inhibition of growth of MCF-7 Mill human breast carcinoma in nude mice by treatment with agonists or antagonists of LH-RH. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1992; 21 (1): 35-45
93. Kleinman D, Douvdeyani A, Schally AV, et al. Direct growth inhibition of human endometrial cancer cells by the gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist SB-75; role of apoptosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994; 170: 96-102
94. Szepeshazi K, Lapis K, Schally AV. Effect of combination treatment with analogs of LHRH or somatostatin and 5FU on pancreatic cancer in hamsters. Int J Cancer 1991; 49 (2): 260-6
95. Smets LA, van den Berg JD. Bcl-2 expression and glucocorticoid induced apoptosis of leukemic cells and lymphoma cells. Leuk Lymphoma 1996; 20: 199-205
96. Alnemri ES, Fernandes TF, Haldar S. et al. Involvement of bcl2 in glucocorticoid induced apoptosis in pre-B-leukemias. Cancer Res 1992; 52(2): 491-5
97. Shwartzman RA, Cidlowsky JA. Mechanism of tissue specific induction of internucleosomal DNA cleavage activity and apoptosis by glucocorticoids. Endocrinology 1993; 133 (2): 591-9
98. McConkey DJ, Orrenius S, Okret S, et al. cAMP potentiates the glucocorticoid induced endonuclease activation in thymocytes. FASEB J 1993; 7 (6): 580-5
99. Brach MA, d Vos S, Gruss HJ, et al. Prolongation of survival of human PMN by GM-CSF is caused by inhibition of programmed cell death. Blood 1992; 80: 2920-4
100. Bergamaschi G, Rosti V, Danova M, et al. Inhibitors of tyrosine phosphorylation induces apoptosis in human leukemic cell lines. Leukemia 1993; 7(12): 2012-8
101. Collins MK, Marvel J, Malde P, et al. IL-3 protects bone marrow cells from apoptosis induced by DNA damaging agents. J Exp Med 1992; 176(4): 1043-51
102. Ushu D, Thutte UM, Dahanukar SA. Therapeutic potential of the hemopoietic growth factors. J Postgrad Med 1994; 40 (4): 210-5
103. Kaplinksky C, Lotem J Sachs L. Protection of human myeloid leukemia cells against doxorubicin-induced apoptosis by granulocyte-mucrophage colony stimulating factor and interleukin-3. Leukemia 1996; 10(3): 460-5
104. Bessho M, Yoshida S, Sakate K, et al. Suppression of the development of murine myeloid leukemia with granulocyle colony stimuluting factor by inducing apoptosis of leukemic cells. Leukemia 1994: 8 (7): 1185-90
105. Bhalla K, Tang C, Ibrado AM, et al. GM-CSF/IL-3 fusion protein (pIXY 321) enhances high dose Ara-C induced programmed cell death or apoptosis in human myeloid leukemia cells. Blood 1992: 80 (11): 2883-90
106. Tang C, Huang Y, Ponnalhpur VS, cl al. Combined antileukemic activity of pIXY 321 and Ara-C against human acute myeloid leukemia cells. Leuk Lymphoma 1994; 15: 445-51
107. Fluckiger AC, Durand I, Banchereau J. Interleukin 10 induces apoptotic cell death of B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. J Exp Med 1994; 179(1): 91-9
108. Cupelli E, Barni S, Vaccarone R, et al. Cell activation and death (apoptosis) induced by IL-2: ultrastructural evidence. Anticancer Res 1996; 16: 1775-80
109. Novelli P, Garotta G, Forni G. Environmental signals influencing expression of the IFN-gamma receptor on human T cells control whether IFN-gamma promotes proliferation or apoplosis. J Immunol 1994; 152 (2): 496-504
110. Kitabayashi A, Hirokawa M, Miura AB. The role of interleukin-10 (IL-IO) in chronic B-lymphocytic leukemia: IL-10 prevents leukemic cells from apoptotic cell death. Int J Haematol 1995; 62: 99-106
111. Tisman G, Show-Jen GW. Lithium-induced leucocytosis. Lancet 1977; 11: 251-2
112. Mediehe AM, Mampuru LJ, Tyobeka EM. Induction of apoptosis in HL-60 cells by lithium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995; 209 (2): 768-74
113. Wood AC, Elvin P, Hickman JA. Induction of apoptosis by anti-cancer drugs with disparate modes of action: kinetics of cell death and changes in c-myc expression. Br J Cancer 1995; 71 (5): 937-41
114. Neubauer A, Thiede C, Huhn D, et al. p53 and induction of apoptosis as a target for anticancer treatment. Leukemia 1996; 10 (3): 52-4
115. Stoetzer OJ, Nussler V, Darsow M, et al. Association of bcl-2, bax, bcl-XL, IL-I beta converting enzyme expression with initial response to chemotherapy treatment in acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 1996; 10 (S3): 318-22
116. Maung ZT, MacLean FR, Reid MM. et al. The relationship between bcl-2 expression and response to chemotherapy in acute leukemia. Br J Haematol 1994; 88: 105-9
117. Segal-Bendirdjian B, Jucquemin-Sablon A. Cisplatin resistance in a murine leukemia cell line is associated with a defective apoptotic process. Exp Ccll Res 1995; 218 (1): 201-12
118. Benhatter J, Cerottini JP, Saraga E. el al. p53 mutations as a possible predictor of response to chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal carcinomas. Int J Cancer 1996; 69 (3): 190-2
119. Cruber J, Oreil R. Apoptosis and therapy of malignant diseases of the hematological system. Int Arch Allergy Imnumol 1494; 105: 368-73
120. Kondo S, Yin D, Takeuchi J, el al Bcl2 gene enables rescue from in vitro myclosuppression (bone marrow cell death) induced by chemotherapy. Br J Cancer 1994; 70: 421-6
121. Singh N. Apoptotic cell death and cancer therapy. Drugs: News and Views 1994
122. Gillio-Tos A, Cignetti A, Roveru G, et al. Retroviral vectormediated transfer of the tumour necrosis factor alpha gene into human cancer cells restores an apoptotic cell death program and induces a bystander-killing effect. Blood 1996; 87: 2486-95
123. Jones KD, Couldwell WT, Hinton DR, et al. Lovastatin induces growth inhibition and apoplosis in human malignant glioma cell lines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994; 205 (1): 1681-7
124. Cotter TG. Programmed to die: cell death in the immune system. Immunologist 1993; 1 (6): 181-4
125. Vaux DL. Toward an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of physiological cell death, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 786-9
126. Emlen W, Niebur J, Kadera R, Accelerated in vitro apoptosis of lymphocytes from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, J Immunol 1994; 152 (1): 1685-92
127. Mountz JD, Wu J, Cheng J. et al. Autoimmune disease: a problem of defective apoplosis. Arthritis Rheum 1994; 37 (10): 1415-20
128. Zetti UK, Gold R, Toyku KV. et al. Intravenous glucocorticoid treatment augments apoptosis of inflammatory T cells in experimental autoimmune neuritis, J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1995; 54 (4): 540-7
129. Spinozzi F, Agea E, Bistoni O. et al. T lymphocytes hearing the gamma delta T cell receptor are susceptible to steroid induced programmed cell death, Scand J Immunol 1995; 41: 504-8
130. Racke MK, Critchfield ZM, Quigley L. el al. Intravenous antigen administration as a therapy for autoimmune demyelinating disease. Ann Neurology 1996; 39: 46-56
131. Suzuki S, Okuho M, Kaise S. et al. Gold sodium thiomalate selectively inhibits II.-5 mediated eosinophils, J Allergy Clin Immunol 1995; 96 (2): 251-6
132. Miesel R, Kurpisz M, Kroger H, Modulation of inflammatory arthritis by inhibition of poly (ADP ribose) polymerase, Inflammation 1995; 19: 179-87
133. Fadok VA, Savill JS, Haslett C. et al. Different populations of macrophages use either the vitronectin receptor or the phosphatidylserine receptor to recognise and remove apoplotic cells. J Immunol 1992; 149 (12): 4029-35
134. Zhang YH, Takahashi K, Jiang GZ. el al. In vivo induction of apoptosis (programmed cell death) in mouse thymus by administration of lipopolysacchande. Infect Immun 1993; 61 (12): 5044-8
135. Mangan DF, Mergenhagen SE, Wahl SM, Apoplosis in human monocytes: possible role in chronic inflammatory diseases. J Periodontol 1993; 64: 461-6
136. Mannick EE, Bravo IE, Zarama G, et al. Inducible nitric oxide synthase. nitrotyrosine and apoptosis in Helicobacter pylori gastritis: effect of antibiotics und antioxidants. Cancer Res 1996; 56 (14): 3238-43
137. Umehara F, Nakamura A, lzumo S, et al. Apoplosis of lymphocytes in the spinal cord lesions in HTLV-1 associated myelopathy: a possible mechanism to control viral infection in the central nervous system. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1994; 53 (6): 617-24
138. Cox G. Glucocorticoid treatment inhibits apoplosis in human neutrophils. Separation of survival and activation outcomes. J Immunol 1995; 154 (9): 4719-25
139. Aoshiba K, Nagai A, Konno K. Erythromycin shortens neutrophil survival by accelerating apoptosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39 (4): 872-7
140. Lu X, Xie W, Reed D. et al. NSAIDs cause apoptosis and induce cyclooxygenase in chicken fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 7961-5
141. Akbar AN, Salmon M, Janossy G. Role of bcl-2 and apoptosis in viral infections, Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1994; 105 (4): 359-62
142. Akbar AN, Savill J, Gombert W, et al. The specific recognition by macrophages of CD8+, CD45RO+ T cells undergoing apoptosis: a mechanism for T cell clearance during resolution of viral infections. J Exp Med 1994; 180 (5): 1943-7
143. Groux H, Torpier G, Monte D. et al. Activation-induced death by apoptosis in CD4+ T cells from human immunodeficiency virus-infected asymptomatic individuals. J Exp Med 1992; 175: 331-40
144. Banda NK, Berrier J, Kurahara DK, et al. Crosslinking CD4 by human immunodeficiency virus gp 120 primes T cells for activation induced apoptosis. J Exp Med 1992; 38: 252-6
145. Mitra D, Steiner M, Lynch DU, et al. HIV-1 upregulates Fas ligand expression in CD4+ T cells in vitro and in vivo: association with Fas-mediated upoptosis and modulation by aurintricarboxylic acid. Immunology 1996; 87: 581-5
146. Finkel TH, Tudor WG, Banda NK, et al. Apoptosis occurs predominantly in bystander cells and not in productively infected cells of HIV and SIV infected lymph nodes. Nat Med 1995; 1 (2): 129-34
147. Famularo G. De Simone C. A new era for curnitine? Immunol Today 1995; 16 (5): 211-3
148. Huss R, Hoy CA, Ottinger H. et al. Cyclosporine induced apoptosis in CD4+ T lymphocytes and computer simulated analysis: modeling a treatment scenario for HIV infection Res Immunol 1995; 146 (2): 101-8
149. Thomson AW, Bonham CA. Inhibition of T lymphocyte activation and apoptotic cell death by cyclosporin A and tacrolimus (FK 506); its relevance to therapy of HIV infection. Adv Exp Med Biol 1995; 374: 211-6
150. Lu W, Salerno-Gontalves R, Yuan J. el al. Glucocorticoids rescue CD4+ T lymphocytes from activation induced apoptosis triggered by HIV-I: implications for pathogenesis and ther. apy. AIDS 1995; 9: 35-42
151. Yang Y, Bailey J, Vacchio MS. et al. Retinoic acid inhibition of ex vivo human immunodeficiency virus associated apoptosis of peripheral blood cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92 (7): 3051-5
152. Forloni G, Chiesa R, Smiroldo S. el al. Apoptosis mediated neuroloxicity induced by chronic application of beta amyloid fragment 25-35, Neuroreport 1993; 4(5): 523-6
153. Branconnier RJ, Branconnier ME, Walshe TM, et al. Blocking the Ca (2+) activated cytotoxic mechanisms of cholincrgic neuronal death: a novel treatment strategy for Alzhcimer's disease. Psychopharmucol Bull 1902; 28 (2): 175-8
154. Hang J, Zuo DM, Yu PH. Lack of protective effect of R (0-deprenyl on programmed cell death of mouse thymocytes induced by dexamethasone. Life Sci 1995; 57 (1): 15-22
155. Mitchell IJ, Lawson S, Moser B. el al. Glutamate-induced apoptosis results in a loss of striatal neurons in the parkinsonian rat. Neuroscienee 1994; 63 (1): 1-5
156. Walkinshaw G, Waters CM. Neurotoxin-induced cell death in neuronal PC12 cells is mediated by induction of apoptosis. Neuroscienee 1994; 63 (4): 975-87
157. Bonfoco E, Kraine D, Ankarcrona M, et al. Apoptosis and necrosis: two distinct events induced, respectively, by mild and intense insults with N-methyl-D-uspartate or nitric oxide/superoxide in cortical cell cultures. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92 (16): 7162-6
158. Neff NT, Prevette D, Houenou LJ. et al. Insulin-like growth factors: putative muscle-derived trophic agents that promote motoneuron survival. J Neurobiol 1993; 24 (12): 1578-88
159. Ferrari Ci, Van CY, Cireene LA. N-acetyleysteine (D- and L-stereoisomers) prevents apoptotic death of neuronal cells, J Neurosci 1995; 15(4): 2857-66
160. Garcia I, Martinou I, Tsujimoto Y. et al. Prevention of programmed cell death of sympathetic neurons by bcl-2 protooncogene. Science 1992; 258: 302-4
161. Vaux DL, Wacker G. Hypothesis: apoptosis caused by cytotoxins represents a defensive response that evolved to combat intracellular pathogens, Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1995; 22: 861-3
162. Patel T, Gores GJ, Apoptosis and hepatobiliary disease. Hepatology 1995; 21 (6): 1725-41
163. Goldin RD, Hunt NC, Clark J, Wickramsinghe SN. Apoptotic bodies in a murine model of alcoholic liver disease: reversibility of ethanol-induced changes, J Pathol 1993; 171 (I): 73-6
164. Cascales M, Alvarez A, Gasco P. el al. Cocaine-induced liver injury in mice elicits specific changes in DNA ploidy and induces programmed death of hepatocytes. Hepatology 1994; 20: 992-1001
165. Woo D, Apoptosis and loss of renal tissue in polycystic kidney diseases. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 18-25
166. Morgan MG, Cable HC, Newcombe NR. et al. Treatment of culture pancreatic beta cells with streptozotocin induces cell death by apoptosis. Biosci Rep 1994; 14 (4): 243-50
167. Mustoe TA, Pierce G. Pharmacologic enhancement of wound healing. Ann Rev Med 1995; 46: 467-81
168. Chen GO, Zhu J, Shi XG. et al. In vitro studies on cellular and molecular mechanisms of arsenic trioxide (As203) in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia: As203 induces NB4 cell apoptosis with downregulation of Bcl-2 expression and modulation of PML-RAR alpha/PMI. proteins. Blood 1996 Aug 1; 88(3): 1052-61
169. Li L, Nevill G, Forge A. Two modes of hair cell loss from the vestibular sensory epithelia of the guinea pig inner ear, J Comp Neurol 1995; 355 (3): 405-17
170. Kimura S, Maekawa T, Hirakawu K. el al. Alterations of c-myc expression by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides enhance the induction of apoptosis in HL-60 cells, Cancer Res 1995; 55 (6): 1379-84
171. Leonetti C, D'Agnano I, Lo-zupone F. et al. Antitumour effect of e-myc untisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynueleotides un human melanoma cells in vitro and in mice. J Nutl Cancer Inst 1996; 88: 419-29
172. Smith MR, Abubakr Y, Mohammad R. et al. Anlisense oligoileoxyribonuelootide down regulation of bcl-2 gene expression inhibits growth of the low grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cell line WSH-RSCCL. Cancer Gene Therapy 1995; 2 (3): 207-12
173. Kuo CL, Chou CC, Yung BY. Berherine complexes with DNA in the berberine induced apoptosis in human leukemic HL-60 cells. Cancer Lett 1995; 93 (2): 193-200
174. Hughes DE, Wright KR, Uy HL. et al. Bisphosphonates promote apoplosis in murine osteoclasts in vitro and in vivo. J Bone Miner Res 1995; 10 (10): 1478-87
175. Mentz F, Merle-Boral H, Ouaazf F: et al. Theophylline. a new inducer of apoplosis in B-CCl: role of cyclic nucleotides. Br J Haematol 1995; 90: 957-9
176. Robertson CN, Robertson KM, Padilla GM, et al. Induction of apoptosis by diethylstilhestrol in hormone insensitive prostate cancer cells. J Natl Cancer Insl 1996 Jul 3; 88 (13): 908-17
177. Rittmaster RS, Norman RW, Thomas IN. et al. Evidence for atrophy and apoptosis in the prostates of given finasteride. J Clin Endocrinol Metah 1996; 81 (2): 814-9
178. Abou-Rabia L, Kendall MD. Involution of the rat thymus in experimentally induced hypothyroidism. Cell Tissue Res 1994; 277(3): 447-55
179. Traganos F, Kapuscinski J, Gong J. et al. Caffeine prevents apoptosis and cell cycle effects induced by camplothecin or topotecan in HL-60 cells. Cancer Res 1993; 53 (19): 4613-8
180. Belizario JE, Tilly JI., Sherwood SW. Caffeine potentiates the lethality of tumor necrosis factor in cancer cells. Br J Cancer 1993; 67 (6): 1229-35
181. 2+ antagonists inhibit DNA fragmentation and toxic cell death induced by acetaminophen. FASEB J 1993; 7: 453-63
182. Pahor M, Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L. et al. Calcium channel blockade and incidence of cancer in aged populations. Lancet 1996; 348: 493-7
183. Jick H, Jick S, Derby LE. el al. Calcium channel Mockers and risk of cancer. Lancet 1997; 349: 525-8
184. Kondo S, Yin D, Morimura T. et al. Combination therapy with cisplatin and nifedipine inducing apoptosis in multidrug-resistant human glioblastoma cells. J Neurosurg 1995; 82: 469-74
185. Boolbol SK, Dannenberg AJ, Chadburn A. el al. Cyclooxygenuse-2 overexpression and tumour formation are blocked by sulindac in a murine model of familial adenomatous polyposis. Cancer Res 1996; 56 (11): 2556-60
186. Pasrichu PJ, Bedi A, O'Connor K. el al. The effects of sulindac on colorectal proliferation and apoptosis in familial adenomatons polyposis, Gastroenterology 1995; 109 (3): 994-8
187. Indap MA, Rao SGA. Cell death by apoptosis and cancer chemotherapy. Natl Mod J India 1995; 8 (2): 65-7
188. Bussing A, Suzart K, Bergmann J. el al. Induction of apoplosis in human lymphocytes treated with viscum album L is mediated by the mistletoe lectins. Cancer Lett 1996; 99: 59-72
189. Thatte UM, Dahanukar SA. Comparative study of immunomodulating activity of Indian medicinal plants, lithium carbonate and glucan. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharm 1988; 10: 639-44
190. Thatte UM, Dahanukar SA. Immunotherapeutic modification of diverse infectious states by Indian medicinal plants. Phytotherapy Res 1984; 3 (2): 43-9
191. Thatte UM, Dahanukar SA, Rao SGA, Tinospora cordifolia induces production of GM-CSF, J Postgrad Med 1994; 40 (4): 202-3
192. Maneckgee R, Minna JD. Opioids induce while nicotine suppresses apoptosis in human lung cancer cells. Cell Growth Differ 1994; 5: 1033-40
193. Grindley J. Apoptosis - death under review. Scrip 1994 Jul/Aug: 42-5
194. Akhtar S, Agrawal S. In vivo studies with antisense oligonudeotides, Trends Pharmacol Sci 1997; 18 (1): 12-8
195. Nicotera P, Brune B, Bagetta G. Nitric oxide: inducer or suppressor of apoptosis? Trends Pharmacol Sci 1997;18 (6): 184-90
196. Olivetti G, Abbi R, Quaini F, et al. Apoptosis in the human heart, N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 1131-41