Neuroanatomical localization, pharmacological characterization and functions of CGRP, related peptides and their receptors

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews

Volumn 21, Issue 5, 1997, Pages 649-678

  Van Rossum, Denise ^a,b   Hanisch, Uwe Karsten ^a,c   Quirion, Rémi ^a  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR BRAIN RESEARCH   (Germany)

^c MAX DELBRÜCK CENTER FOR MOLECULAR MEDICINE   (Germany)

Author keywords

Adrenomedullin; Amylin; Calcitonin; CGRP; Rat brain; Receptor subtype

Indexed keywords

CALCITONIN GENE RELATED PEPTIDE RECEPTOR;

ALTERNATIVE RNA SPLICING; AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; DRUG RECEPTOR BINDING; ENZYME ACTIVITY; GLUCOSE TRANSPORT; IMMUNOREACTIVITY; INSULINOMA; NEUROANATOMY; NONHUMAN; NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMALS; CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE; HUMANS; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; NERVOUS SYSTEM; NERVOUS SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY; RATS; RECEPTORS, CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE;

EID: 0030665019     PISSN: 01497634     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0149-7634(96)00023-1     Document Type: Article

References (396)

1. Abdelrahman A., Wang Y.-X., Chang S.D., Pang C.C.Y. Mechanism of the vasodilator action of calcitonin gene-related peptide in conscious rats. Br. J. Pharmacol. 106:1992;45-48.
2. Adema G.J., van Hulst K.L., Baas P.D. Uridine branch acceptor is a cis-acting element involved in regulation of the alternative processing of calcitonin/CGRP-I pre-mRNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 18:1990;5365-5373.
3. Ahrén B., Sundler F. Localization of calcitonin gene-related peptide and islet amyloid polypeptide in the rat and mouse pancreas. Cell Tissue Res. 269:1992;315-322.
4. Aiyar N., Nambi P., Griffin E., Bhatnagar P., Feuerstein G. Identification and characterization of calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors in porcine renal medullary membranes. Endocrinology. 129:1991;965-969.
5. Albrandt K., Mull E., Brady E.M.G., Herich J., Moore C.X., Beaumont K. Molecular cloning of two receptors from rat brain with high affinity for salmon calcitonin. FEBS Lett. 325:1993;225-232.
6. Alvarez F.J., Kavookjian A.M., Light A.R. Ultrastructural morphology, synaptic relationships, and CGRP immunoreactivity of physiologically identified C-fiber terminals in the monkey spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 329:1993;472-490.
7. Amara S.G., Jonas V., Rosenfeld M.G., Ong E.S., Evans R.M. Alternative RNA processing in calcitonin gene expression generates mRNAs encoding different polypeptide products. Nature. 296:1982;240-244.
8. Amara S.G., Arriza J.L., Leff S.E., Swanson L.W., Evans R.M., Rosenfeld M.G. Expression in brain of a messenger RNA encoding a novel neuropeptide homologous to calcitonin gene-related peptide. Science. 229:1985;1094-1097.
9. Amerini S., Mantelli L., Ledda F. Nitric oxide is not involved in the effects induced by non-adrenergic non-cholinergic stimulation and calcitonin gene-related peptide in the rat mesenteric vascular bed. Neuropeptides. 25:1993;51-56.
10. + transport in rat soleus muscle. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 264:1993;419-429.
11. G-nitro-arginine methyl ester modulate the ocular and hypotensive effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 224:1992;89-91.
12. Arvidsson U., Johnson H., Piehl F., Cullheim S., Hökfelt T., Risling M., Terenius L., Ulfhake B. Peripheral nerve section induces increased levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-like immunoreactivity in axotomized motoneurons. Exp. Brain Res. 79:1990;212-216.
13. Arvidsson U., Schalling M., Cullheim S., Ulfhake B., Terenius L., Verhofstad A., Hökfelt T. Evidence for coexistence between calcitonin gene-related peptide and serotonin in the bulbospinal pathway in the monkey. Brain Res. 532:1990;47-57.
14. Arvidsson U., Ulfhake B., Cullheim S., Terenius L., Hökfelt T. Calcitonin gene-related peptide in monkey spinal cord and medulla oblongata. Brain Res. 558:1991;330-334.
15. Asai J., Nakazato M., Miyazato M., Kangawa K., Matsuo H., Matsukura S. Regional distribution and molecular forms of rat islet amyloid polypeptide. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 169:1990;788-795.
16. Baffi J., Görcs T., Slowik F., Horváth M., Lekka N., Pásztor E., Palkovits M. Neuropeptides in the human superior cervical ganglion. Brain Res. 570:1992;272-278.
17. Baker H. Calcitonin gene-related peptide in the developing mouse olfactory system. Dev. Brain Res. 54:1990;295-298.
18. Baskaya M.K., Suzuki Y., Anzai M., Seki K., Saito K., Takayasu M., Shibuya M., Sugita K. Effects of adrenomedullin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and amylin on cerebral circulation in dogs. J. Cerebr. Blood Flow Metab. 15:1995;827-834.
19. Bauerfeind P., Hof R., Hof A., Cucala M., Siegrist S., von Ritter C., Fischer J.A., Blum A.L. Effects of hCGRP I and II on gastric blood flow and acid secretion in anesthetized rabbits. Am. J. Physiol. Gastroinvest. Liver Physiol. 256:1989;145-149.
20. Beaumont K., Kenney M.A., Young A.A., Rink T.J. High affinity amylin binding sites in rat brain. Mol. Pharmacol. 44:1993;493-497.
21. Beaumont K., Moore C.X., Pittner R., Prickett K., Gaeta L.S.L., Rink T.J., Young A.A. Differential antagonism of amylin's metabolic and vascular actions with amylin receptor antagonists. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. (Abstract). 72:1994;31.
22. Beglinger C., Born W., Hildebrand P., Ensinck J.W., Burkhardt F., Fischer J.A., Gyr K. Calcitonin gene related peptides I and II and calcitonin: Distinct effects on gastric acid secretion in humans. Gastroenterology. 95:1988;958-965.
23. Beglinger C., Born W., Münch R., Kurtz A., Gutzwiller J.-P., Jäger K., Fischer J.A. Distinct hemodynamic and gastric effects of human CGRP I and II in man. Peptides. 12:1991;1347-1351.
24. Bergman A.S.F., Falt K., Odar-Cederloef I., Westman L., Takolander R. Calcitonin gene-related peptide attenuates experimental ischemic renal failure in a rat model of reversible renal ischemic insult. Renal Failure. 16:1994;351-357.
25. Betsholtz C., Christmanson L., Gebre-Medhin S., Westermark P. Islet amyloid polypeptide-hen of egg in type 2 diabetes pathogenesis? Acta Oncol. 32:1993;149-154.
26. Bhogal R., Smith D.M., Bloom S.R. Investigation and characterization of binding sites for islet amyloid polypeptide in rat membranes. Endocrinology. 130:1992;906-913.
27. Bhogal R., Smith D.M., Bloom S.R. Solubilisation of CGRP and IAPP receptors from rat lung. Neuropeptides (Abstract). 24:1993;186.
28. Bhogal R., Smith D.M., Purkiss P., Bloom S.R. Molecular identification of binding sites for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) in mammalian lung: species variation and binding of truncated CGRP and IAPP. Endocrinology. 133:1993;2351-2361.
29. Bhogal R., Smith D.M., Bloom S.R. Characterization of islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP)/calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptors in mammalian lung. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 73:1995;1030-1036.
30. Biella G., Panara C., Pecile A., Sotgiu M.L. Facilitatory role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) on excitation induced by substance P (SP) and noxious stimuli in rat spinal dorsal horn neurons. An iontophoretic study in vivo. Brain Res. 559:1991;352-356.
31. Biffo S., DeLucia R., Mulatero B., Margolis F., Fasolo A. Carnosine-, calcitonin gene-related peptide- and tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactivity in the mouse olfactory bulb following peripheral denervation. Brain Res. 528:1990;353-357.
32. Bishop G.A. Calcitonin gene-related peptide in afferents to the cat's cerebellar cortex: distribution and origin. J. Comp. Neurol. 322:1992;201-212.
33. Bovenberg R.A.L., Moen T.C., Jansz H.S., Baas P.D. In vitro spicing analysis of mini-gene constructs of the alternatively processed human calcitonin/CGRP-I pre-mRNA. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1008:1989;223-233.
34. Brain S.D., Williams T.J. Inflammatory oedema induced by synergism between calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and mediators of increased vasclar permeability. Br. J. Pharmacol. 86:1985;855-860.
35. Brain S.D., Williams T.J., Tippins J.R., Morris H.R., MacIntyre I. Calcitonin gene-related peptide is a potent vasodilator. Nature. 313:1985;54-56.
36. 1H NMR and distance geometry with restrained molecular dynamics. Biochemistry. 30:1991;575-582.
37. Candeletti S., Ferri S. Antinociceptive profile of intracerebroventricular salmon calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide in the mouse formalin test. Neuropeptides. 17:1990;93-98.
38. Carlton S.M., Westlund K.N., Zhang D., Sorkin L.S., Willis W.D. Calcitonin gene-related peptide containing primary afferent fibers synapse on primate spinothalamic tract cells. Neurosci. Lett. 109:1990;76-81.
39. 2+/inositol phosphate signaling pathways. Mol. Endocrinol. 6:1992;551-556.
40. Chakder S., Rattan S. [Tyr0]-calcitonin gene-related peptide 28-37 (rat) as a putative antagonist of calcitonin gene-related peptide responses on opossum internal anal sphincter smooth muscle. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 253:1990;200-206.
41. Chakraborty M., Chatterjee D., Kellokumpu S., Rasmussen H., Baron R. Cell cycle-dependent coupling of the calcitonin receptor to different G proteins. Science. 251:1991;1078-1082.
42. Chance W.T., Balasubramaniam A., Zhang F.S., Wimalawansa S.J., Fischer J.E. Anorexia following the intrahypothalamic administration of amylin. Brain Res. 539:1991;352-354.
43. Chance W.T., Balasubramaniam A., Chen X., Fischer J.E. Tests of adipsia and conditioned taste aversion following the intrahypothalamic injection of amylin. Peptides. 13:1992;961-964.
44. Chance W.T., Balasubramaniam A., Stallion A., Fischer J.E. Anorexia following the systemic injection of amylin. Brain Res. 607:1993;185-188.
45. Chantry A., Leighton B., Day A.J. Cross-reactivity of amylin with calcitonin-gene-related peptide binding sites in rat liver and skeletal muscle membranes. Biochem. J. 277:1991;139-143.
46. Chatterjee T.K., Fisher R.A. Multiple affinity forms of the calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor in rat cerebellum. Mol. Pharmacol. 39:1991;798-804.
47. Chatterjee T.K., Moy J.A., Fisher R.A. Characterization and regulation of high affinity calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors in cultured neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. Endocrinology. 128:1991;2731-2738.
48. Chatterjee T.K., Moy J.A., Cai J.J., Lee H.C., Fisher R.A. Solubilization and characterization of a guanine nucleotide-sensitive form of the calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor. Mol. Pharmacol. 43:1993;167-175.
49. Chiba T., Yamaguchi A., Yamatani T., Nakamura A., Morishita T., Inui T., Fukase M., Noda T., Fujita T. Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist human CGRP-(8-37). Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 256:1989;331-335.
50. Chijiiwa Y., Kabemura T., Misawa T., Kawakami O., Nawata H. Direct inhibitory effect of calcitonin gene-related peptide and atrial natriuretic peptide on gastric smooth muscle cells via different mechanisms. Life Sci. 50:1992;1615-1623.
51. 1 receptors. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 269:1994;989-992.
52. Christmanson L., Westermark P., Betsholtz C. Islet amyloid polypeptide stimulates cyclic AMP accumulation via the porcine calcitonin receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 205:1994;1226-1235.
53. Clementi G., Grassi M., Valerio C., Prato A., Fiore C.E., Drago F. Effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide on extrapyramidal motor system. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 42:1992;545-548.
54. Clementi G., Caruso A., Prato A., De Bernardis E., Fiore C.E., Amico-Roxas M. A role for nitric oxide in the anti-ulcer activity of calcitonin gene-related peptide. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 256:1994;7-8.
55. Cooper G.J.S., Willis A.C., Clark A., Turner R.C., Sim R.B., Reid B.M. Purification and characterization of a peptide from amyloid-rich pancreases of type 2 diabetic patients. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 84:1987;8628-8632.
56. Cooper G.J.S., Leighton B., Dimitriadis G.D., Parry-Billings M., Kowalchuk J.M., Howland K., Rothbard J.B., Willis A.C., Reid K.B.M. Amylin found in amyloid deposits in human type 2 diabetes mellitus may be a hormone that regulates glycogen metabolism in skeletal muscle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 85:1988;7763-7766.
57. Cooper G.J.S. Amylin compared with calcitonin gene-related peptide: structure, biology, and relevance to metabolic disease. Endocrine Rev. 15:1994;163-201.
58. Cote G.J., Stolow D.T., Peleg S., Berget S.M., Gagel R.F. Identification of exon sequences and an exon binding protein involved in alternative RNA splicing of calcitonin/CGRP. Nucleic Acids Res. 20:1992;2361-2366.
59. Coupe M.O., Mak J.C., Yacoub M., Oldershaw P.J., Barnes P.J. Autoradiographic mapping of calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors in human and guinea pig hearts. Circulation. 81:1990;741-747.
60. Cox H.M., Tough I.R. Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors in human gastrointestinal epithelia. Br. J. Pharmacol. 113:1994;1243-1248.
61. Cridland R.A., Henry J.L. Intrathecal administration of CGRP in the rat attenuates a facilitation of the tail flick reflex induced by either substance P or noxious cutaneous stimulation. Neurosci. Lett. 102:1989;241-246.
62. Crook R.B., Yabu J.M. Calcitonin gene-related peptide stimulates intracellular cAMP via a protein kinase C-controlled mechanism in human ocular ciliary epithelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 188:1992;662-670.
63. Cruwys S.C., Kidd B.L., Mapp P.I., Walsh D.A., Blake D.R. The effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide on formation of intra-articular oedema by inflammatory mediators. Br. J. Pharmacol. 107:1992;116-119.
64. D'Alessio D.A., Verchere C.B., Kahn S.E., Hoagland V., Baskin D.G., Palmiter R.D., Ensinck J.W. Pancreatic expression and secretion of human islet amyloid polypeptide in a transgenic mouse. Diabetes. 43:1994;1457-1461.
65. D'Santos C.S., Gatti A., Poyner D.R., Hanley M.R. Stimulation of adenylate cyclase by amylin in CHO-K1 cells. Mol. Pharmacol. 41:1992;894-899.
66. Deems R.O., Cardinaux F., Deacon R.W., Young D.A. Amylin or CGRP(8-37) fragments reverse amylin-induced inhibition of 14C-glycogen accumulation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 181:1991;116-120.
67. Deems R.O., Deacon R.W., Young D.A. Amylin activates glycogen phosphorylase and inactivates glycogen synthase via a cAMP-independent mechanism. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 174:1991;716-720.
68. Denis-Donini S. Expression of dopaminergic phenotypes in the mouse olfactory bulb induced by the calcitonin gene-related peptide. Nature. 339:1989;701-703.
69. Dennis T., Fournier A., St-Pierre S., Quirion R. Structure-activity profile of calcitonin gene-related peptide in peripheral and brain tissues. Evidence for receptor multiplicity. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 251:1989;718-725.
70. Dennis T., Fournier A., Cadieux A., Pomerleau F., Jolicoeur F.B., St-Pierre S., Quirion R. hCGRP8-37, a calcitonin gene-related peptide antagonist revealing calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor heterogeneity in brain and periphery. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 254:1990;123-128.
71. Dennis T., Fournier A., Guard S., St-Pierre S., Quirion R. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (hCGRPalpha) binding sites in the nucleus accumbens. Atypical structural requirements and marked phylogenic differences. Brain Res. 539:1991;59-66.
72. Deutch A.Y., Roth R.H. Calcitonin gene-related peptide in the ventral tegmental area: selective modulation of prefrontal cortical dopamine metabolism. Neurosci. Lett. 74:1987;169-174.
73. Dotti-Sigrist S., Born W., Fischer J.A. Identification of a receptor for calcitonin gene-related peptides I and II in human cerebellum. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 151:1988;1081-1087.
74. Dubois-Randé J.L., Merlet P., Benvenuti C., Sediame S., Macquin-Mavier I., Chabrier E., Braquet P., Castaigne A., Adnot S. Effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide on cardiac contractility, coronary hemodynamics and myocardial energetics in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am. J. Cardiol. 70:1992;906-912.
75. Dunning B.E., Taborsky G.J.J. Calcitonin gene-related peptide: a potent and selective stimulator of gastrointestinal somatostatin secretion. Endocrinology. 120:1987;1774-1781.
76. Edvinsson L., Fredholm B.B., Hamel E., Jansen I., Verrecchia C. Perivascular peptides relax cerebral arteries concomitant with stimulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate accumulation or release of an endothelium-derived relaxing factor in the cat. Neurosci. Lett. 58:1985;213-217.
77. Edvinsson L., Ekman R., Jansen I., McCulloch J., Uddman R. Calcitonin gene-related peptide and cerebral blood vessels: distribution and vasomotor effects. J. Cerebr. Blood Flow Metab. 7:1987;720-728.
78. Edvinsson L., Ekman R., Jansen I., Ottosson A., Uddman R. Peptide-containing nerve fibers in human cerebral arteries: immunocytochemistry, radioimmunoassay, and in vitro pharmacology. Ann Neurol. 21:1987;431-437.
79. Edvinsson L. Innervation and effects of dilatory neuropeptides on cerebral vessels. Blood Vessels. 28:1991;35-45.
80. Edwards R.M., Stack E.J., Trizna W. Calcitonin gene-related peptide stimulates adenylate cyclase and relaxes intracerebral arterioles. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 257:1991;1020-1024.
81. Eguchi S., Hirata Y., Iwasaki H., Sato K., Watanabe T.X., Inui T., Nakajima K., Sakakibara S., Marumo F. Structure-activity relationship of adrenomedullin, a novel vasodilatory peptide, in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Endocrinology. 135:1994;2454-2458.
82. Eguchi S., Hirata Y., Kano H., Sato K., Watanabe Y., Watanabe T.X., Nakajima K., Sakakibara S., Marumo F. Specific receptors for adrenomedullin in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. FEBS Lett. 340:1994;226-230.
83. Emeson R.B., Hedjran F., Yeakley J.M., Guise J.W., Rosenfeld M.G. Alternative production of calcitonin and CGRP mRNA is regulated at the calcitonin-specific splice acceptor. Nature. 341:1989;76-80.
84. Entzeroth M., Doods H.N., Wieland H.A., Wienen W. Adrenomedullin mediates vasodilation via CGRP1 receptors. Life Sci. 56:1994;L19-L25.
85. European CGRP in Subarachnoid Haemorrhage Study Group Effect of calcitonin-gene-related peptide in patients with delayed post-operative cerebral ischaemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Lancet. 339:1992;831-834.
86. Evangelista S., Tramontana M., Maggi C.A. Pharmacological evidence for the involvement of multiple calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptors in the antisecretory and antiulcer effect of CGRP in rat stomach. Life Sci. 50:1992;13-18.
87. Fehmann H.-C., Weber V., Goke R., Goke B., Arnold R. Cosecretion of amylin and insulin from isolated rat pancreas. FEBS Lett. 262:1990;279-281.
88. Fehmann H.-C., Weber V., Goke R., Goke B., Eissele R., Arnold R. Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP; amylin) influences the endocrine but not the exocrine rat pancreas. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 167:1990;1102-1108.
89. Ferrier G.J.M., Pierson A.M., Jones P.M., Bloom S.R., Girgis S.I., Legon S. Expression of the rat amylin (IAPP/DAP) gene. J. Mol. Endocr. 3:1989;1-4.
90. Finger T.E., Böttger B. Expression of the dopaminergic phenotype in the olfactory bulb: Neither calcitonin gene-related peptide nor olfactory input is necessary. Neurosci. Lett. 143:1992;15-18.
91. Fiscus R.R., Zhou H.-L., Wang X., Han C., Ali S., Joyce C.D., Murad F. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-induced cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP and vasorelaxant responses in rat thoracic aorta are antagonized by blockers of endothelium-derived relaxant factor (EDRF). Neuropeptides. 20:1991;133-143.
92. Fisher L.A., Kikkawa D.O., Rivier J.E., Amara S.G., Evans R.M., Rosenfeld M.G., Vale W.W., Brown M.R. Stimulation of noradrenergic sympathetic outflow by calcitonin gene-related peptide. Nature. 305:1983;534-536.
93. Fisher R.A., Robertson S.M., Olson M.S. Stimulation and homologous desensitization of calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors in cultured beating rat heart cells. Endocrinology. 123:1988;106-112.
94. Fluhmann B., Muff R., Hunziker W., Fischer J.A., Born W. A human orphan calcitonin receptor-like structure. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 206:1995;341-347.
95. Fone K.C.F. Distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide in rat and rabbit spinal cords: Effect of intrathecal 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine. J. Neurochem. 59:1992;1251-1256.
96. Fontaine B., Changeux J.P., Hökfelt T., Klarsfeld A. Calcitonin gene-related peptide, a peptide present in spinal cord motoneurons, increases the number of acetylcholine receptors in primary cultures of chick embryo myotubes. Neurosci. Lett. 71:1986;59-65.
97. Foord S.M., Craig R.K. Isolation and characterisation of a human calcitonin-gene-related peptide receptor. Eur. J. Biochem. 170:1987;373-379.
98. Force T., Bonventre J.V., Flannery M.R., Gorn A.H., Yamin M., Goldring S.R. A cloned porcine renal calcitonin receptor couples to adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase C. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 262:1992;1110-1115.
99. Forger N.G., Hodges L.L., Breedlove S.M. Ontogeny of calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity in rat lumbar motoneurons: delayed appearance and sexual dimorphism in the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus. J. Comp. Neurol. 330:1993;514-520.
100. Fox N., Schrementi J., Nishi M., Ohagi S., Chan S.J., Heisserman J.A., Westermark G.T., Leckstrom A., Westermark P., Steiner D.F. Human islet amyloid polypeptide transgenic mice as a model of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). FEBS Lett. 323:1993;40-44.
101. Franco Cereceda A., Henke H., Lundberg J.M., Petermann J.B., Hökfelt T., Fischer J.A. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in capsaicin-sensitive substance P-immunoreactive sensory neurons in animals and man: distribution and release by capsaicin. Peptides. 8:1987;399-410.
102. Franco Cereceda A., Saria A., Lundberg J.M. Differential release of calcitonin gene-related peptide and neuropeptide Y from the isolated heart by capsaicin, ischaemia, nicotine, bradykinin and ouabain. Acta Physiol. Scand. 135:1989;173-187.
103. Franco Cereceda A. Calcitonin gene-related peptide and human epicardial coronary arteries: presence, release and vasodilator effects. Br. J. Pharmacol. 102:1991;506-510.
104. Franco-Cereceda A., Kallner G., Lundberg J.M. Capsazepine-sensitive release of calcitonin gene-related peptide from C-fibre afferents in the guinea-pig heart by low pH and lactic acid. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 238:1993;311-316.
105. Galeazza M.T., O'Brien T.D., Johnson K.H., Seybold V.S. Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) competes for two binding sites of CGRP. Peptides. 12:1991;585-591.
106. Gamse R., Saria A. Nociceptive behavior after intrathecal injections of substance P, neurokinin A and calcitonin gene-related peptide in mice. Neurosci. Lett. 70:1986;143-147.
107. Gardiner S.M., Compton A.M., Bennett T. Regional hemodynamic effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide. Am. J. Physiol. Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 256:1989;332-338.
108. Gardiner S.M., Compton A.M., Bennett T. Differential effects of neuropeptides on coeliac and superior mesenteric blood flows in conscious rats. Regul. Pept. 29:1990;215-227.
109. Gardiner S.M., Compton A.M., Kemp P.A., Bennett T., Bose C., Foulkes R., Hughes B. Antagonistic effect of human alpha-CGRP (8-37) on the in vivo regional haemodynamic actions of human alpha-CGRP. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 171:1990;938-943.
110. Gardiner S.M., Compton A.M., Kemp P.A., Bennett T., Bose C., Foulkes R., Hughes B. Antagonistic effect of human alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide (8-37) on regional hemodynamic actions of rat islet amyloid polypeptide in conscious Long-Evans rats. Diabetes. 40:1991;948-951.
111. Gates T.S., Zimmerman R.P., Mantyh C.R., Vigna R., Mantyh P.W. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-alpha receptor binding sites in the gastrointestinal tract. Neuroscience. 31:1989;757-770.
112. Gennari C., Fischer J.A. Cardiovascular action of calcitonin gene-related peptide in humans. Calcif. Tissue Int. 37:1985;581-584.
113. Gennari C., Nami R., Agnusdei D., Fischer J.A. Improved cardiac performance with human calcitonin gene related peptide in patients with congestive heart failure. Cardiovasc. Res. 24:1990;239-241.
114. Gibbins I.L., Furness J.B., Costa M. Pathway-specific patterns of the co-existence of substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, cholecystokinin and dynorphin in neurons of the dorsal root ganglia of the guinea-pig. Cell Tissue Res. 248:1987;417-437.
115. Gibbins I.L., Wattchow D., Coventry B. Two immunohistochemically identified populations of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactive axons in human skin. Brain Res. 414:1987;143-148.
116. Gibson S.J., Polak J.M., Bloom S.R., Sabate I.M., Mulderry P.K., Ghatei M.A., Morrison J.F.B., Kelly J.S., Evans R.M., Rosenfeld M.G. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity in the spinal cord of man and eight other species. J. Neurosci. 4:1984;3101-3111.
117. 2+] in guinea-pig cardiac myocytes elicited by calcitonin gene-related peptide. Exp. Physiol. 77:1992;925-928.
118. Girgis S.I., MacIntyre I., Macdonald D.W.R., Lynch C., Morris H.R., Wimalawansa S.J., Self C.H., Stevenson J.C., Bevis P.J.R. Calcitonin gene-related peptide - potent vasodilator and major product of calcitonin gene. Lancet. 2:1985;14-16.
119. Giuliani S., Wimalawansa S.J., Maggi C.A. Involvement of multiple receptors in the biological effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide and amylin in rat and guinea-pig preparations. Br. J. Pharmacol. 107:1992;510-514.
120. Goadsby P.J., Edvinsson L., Ekman R. Vasoactive peptide release in the extracerebral circulation of humans during migraine headache. Ann. Neurol. 28:1990;183-187.
121. Goadsby P.J., Edvinsson L. The trigeminovascular system and migraine: studies characterizing cerebrovascular and neuropeptide changes seen in humans and cats. Ann. Neurol. 33:1993;48-56.
122. Goldring S.R., Gorn A.H., Yamin M., Krane S.M., Wang J.-T. Characterization of the structural and functional properties of cloned calcitonin receptor cDNAs. Horm. Metab. Res. 25:1993;477-480.
123. Gon G., Giaid A., Steel J.H., O'Halloran D.J., Van Noorden S., Ghatei M.A., Jones P.M., Amara S.G., Ishikawa H., Bloom S.R., Polak J.M. Localization of immunoreactivity for calcitonin gene-related peptide in the rat anterior pituitary during ontogeny and gonadal steroid manipulations and detection of its messenger ribo-nucleic acid. Endocrinology. 127:1990;2618-2629.
124. Gorn A.H., Lin H.Y., Yamin M., Auron P.E., Flannery M.R., Tapp D.R., Manning C.A., Lodish H.F., Krane S.M., Goldring S.R. Cloning, characterization, and expression of a human calcitonin receptor from an ovarian carcinoma cell line. J. Clin. Invest. 90:1992;1726-1735.
125. Gray D.W., Marshall I. Nitric oxide synthesis inhibitors attenuate calcitonin gene-related peptide endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in rat aorta. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 212:1992;37-42.
126. Gray D.W., Marshall I. Human a-calcitonin gene-related peptide stimulates adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase and relaxes rat thoracic aorta by releasing nitric oxide. Br. J. Pharmacol. 107:1992;691-696.
127. Green T., Dockray G.J. Characterization of the peptidergic afferent innervation of the stomach in the rat, mouse and guinea-pig. Neuroscience. 25:1988;181-193.
128. Guidobono F., Coluzzi M., Pagani F., Pecile A., Netti C. Amylin given by central and peripheral routes inhibits acid gastric secretion. Peptides. 15:1994;699-702.
129. Gulbenkian S., Merighi A., Wharton J., Varndell I.M., Polak J.M. Ultrastructural evidence for the coexistence of calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P in secretory vesicles of peripheral nerves in the guinea pig. J. Neurocytol. 15:1986;535-542.
130. Gulbenkian S., Edvinsson L., Opgaard O.S., Wharton J., Polak J.M., David-Ferreira J.F. Peptide-containing nerve fibres in guinea-pig coronary arteries: immunohistochemistry, ultrastructure and vasomotility. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 31:1990;153-168.
131. 13-52 with calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors in the microvasculature of the rat and hamster. Br. J. Pharmacol. 114:1995;592-597.
132. Han S.-P., Naes L., Westfall T.C. Inhibition of periarterial nerve stimulation-induced vasodilation of the mesenteric arterial bed by CGRP (8-37) and CGRP receptor desensitization. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 168:1990;786-791.
133. Hardebo J.E., Suzuki N., Ekblad E., Owman C. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and acetylcholine coexist with neuropeptide Y, dopamine-b-hydroxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase, substance P or calcitonin gene-related peptide in neuronal subpopulations in cranial parasympathetic ganglia of rat. Cell Tissue Res. 267:1992;291-300.
134. Harrigan E.A., Magnuson D.J., Thunstedt G.M., Gray T.S. Corticotropin releasing factor neurons are innervated by calcitonin gene-related peptide terminals in the rat central amygdaloid nucleus. Brain Res. Bull. 33:1994;529-534.
135. Henke H., Tschopp F.A., Fischer J.A. Distinct binding sites for calcitonin gene-related peptide and salmon calcitonin in rat central nervous system. Brain Res. 360:1985;165-171.
136. Henke H., Sigrist S., Lang W., Schneider J., Fischer J.A. Comparison of binding sites for the calcitonin gene-related peptides I and II in man. Brain Res. 410:1987;404-408.
137. Henry M.A., Nousek-Goebl N.A., Westrum L.E. Light and electron microscopic localization of calcitonin gene- related peptide immunoreactivity in lamina II of the feline trigeminal pars caudalis/medullary dorsal horn: A qualitative study. Synapse. 13:1993;99-107.
138. Hirata Y., Takagi Y., Takata S., Fukuda Y., Yoshimi H., Fujita T. Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor in cultured vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 151:1988;1113-1121.
139. Hoheisel U., Mense S., Scherotzke R. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactivity in functionally identified primary afferent neurones in the rat. Anat. Embryol. 189:1994;41-49.
140. Holzer P. Local effector functions of capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerve endings: involvement of tachykinins, calcitonin gene-related peptide and other neuropeptides. Neuroscience. 24:1988;739-768.
141. Holzer P., Guth P.H. Neuropeptide control of rat gastric mucosal blood flow. Increase by calcitonin gene-related peptide and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, but not substance P and neurokinin A. Circ. Res. 68:1991;100-105.
142. Holzer P., Livingston E.H., Guth P.H. Sensory neurons signal for an increase in rat gastric mucosal blood flow in the face of pending acid injury. Gastroenterology. 101:1991;416-423.
143. Holzer P., Livingston E.H., Saria A., Guth P.H. Sensory neurons mediate protective vasodilatation in rat gastric mucosa. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 260:1991;363-370.
144. Honda T., Zhou Z.-C., Gu Z.-F., Kitsukawa Y., Mrozinski J.E.J., Jensen R.T. Structural analysis of CGRP receptors on gastric smooth muscle and pancreatic acinar cells. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 27:1993;1142-1152.
145. Hökfelt T., Arvidsson U., Ceccatelli S., Cortés R., Cullheim S., Dagerlind Å., Johnson H., Orazzo C., Piehl F., Pieribone V., Schalling M., Terenius L., Ulfhake B., Verge V.M., Villar M., Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z., Xu X.-J., Xu Z. Calcitonin gene-related peptide in the brain, spinal cord, and some peripheral systems. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 657:1992;119-134.
146. Hubbard J.A.M., Martin S.R., Chaplin L.C., Bose C., Kelly S.M., Price N.C. Solution structures of calcitonin-gene-related-peptide analogues of calcitonin-gene-related peptide and amylin. Biochem. J. 275:1991;785-788.
147. Hughes J.J., Gosnell B.A., Levine A.S., Morley J.E., Silvis S.E. Intraventricular calcitonin gene-related peptide inhibits gastric-acid secretion. Peptides. 5:1984;665-667.
148. Hughes S.R., Brain S.D. A calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) antagonist (CGRP8-37) inhibits microvascular responses induced by CGRP and capsaicin in skin. Br. J. Pharmacol. 104:1991;738-742.
149. Ichiki Y., Kitamura K., Kangawa K., Kawamoto M., Matsuo H., Eto T. Distribution and characterization of immunoreactive adrenomedullin in human tissue and plasma. FEBS Lett. 338:1994;6-10.
150. Inagaki S., Kito S., Kubota Y., Girgis S., Hillyard C.J., MacIntyre I. Autoradiographic localization of calcitonin gene-related peptide binding sites in human and rat brains. Brain Res. 374:1986;287-298.
151. Inagaki S., Matsuda Y., Nakai Y., Takagi H. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity in the afferents to the caudate-putamen and perirhinal cortex of rats. Brain Res. 537:1990;263-270.
152. Inaishi Y., Kashihara Y., Sakaguchi M., Nawa H., Kuno M. Cooperative regulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide levels in rat sensory neurons via their central and peripheral processes. J. Neurosci. 12:1992;518-524.
153. Inoue K., Hiramatsu S., Hisatomi A., Umeda F., Nawata H. Effects of amylin on the release of insulin and glucagon from the perfused rat pancreas. Horm. Metab. Res. 25:1993;135-137.
154. Ishida-Yamamoto A., Tohyama M. Calcitonin gene-related peptide in the nervous tissue. Prog. Neurobiol. 33:1989;335-386.
155. Ishihara T., Nakamura S., Kaziro Y., Takahashi T., Takahashi K., Nagata S. Molecular cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding the secretin receptor. EMBO J. 10:1991;1635-1641.
156. Ishihara T., Shigemoto R., Mori K., Takahashi K., Nagata S. Functional expression and tissue distribution of a novel receptor for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Neuron. 8:1992;811-819.
157. Ishikawa T., Okamura N., Saito A., Masaki T., Goto K. Positive inotropic effect of calcitonin gene-related peptide mediated by cyclic AMP in guinea pig heart. Circ. Res. 63:1988;726-734.
158. Ishiyama Y., Kitamura K., Ichiki Y., Nakamura S., Kida O., Kangawa K., Eto T. Hemodynamic effects of a novel hypotensive peptide, human adrenomedullin, in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 241:1993;271-273.
159. Ishizaka Y., Tanaka M., Kitamura K., Kangawa K., Minamino N., Matsuo H., Eto T. Adrenomedullin stimulates cyclic AMP formation in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 200:1994;642-646.
160. Jansen I. Characterization of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptors in guinea pig basilar artery. Neuropeptides. 21:1992;73-79.
161. Jennings C.G.B., Mudge A.W. Chick myotubes in culture express high-affinity receptors for calcitonin gene-related peptide. Brain Res. 504:1989;199-205.
162. Johnston F.G., Bell B.A., Robertson I.J., Miller J.D., Haliburn C., O'Shaughnessy D., Riddell A.J., O'Laoire S.A. Effect of calcitonin-gene-related peptide on postoperative neurological deficits after subarachnoid haemorrhage. Lancet. 335:1990;869-872.
163. Jolicoeur F.B., Menard D., Fournier A., St-Pierre S. Structure-activity analysis of CGRP's neurobehavioral effects. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 657:1992;155-163.
164. Ju G., Hökfelt T., Brodin E., Fahrenkrug J., Fischer J.A., Frey P., Elde R.P., Brown J.C. Primary sensory neurons of the rat showing calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity and their relation to substance P-, somatostatin-, galanin-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide- and cholecystokinin-immunoreactive ganglion cells. Cell Tissue Res. 247:1987;417-431.
165. Ju G. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity and its relation with neurotensin- and corticotropin-releasing hormone-like immunoreactive neurons in the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis in the rat. Brain Res. Bull. 27:1991;617-624.
166. Ju G., Liu S.-J., Ma D. Calcitonin gene-related peptide- and substance P-like-immunoreactive innervation of the anterior pituitary in the rat. Neuroscience. 54:1993;981-989.
167. Juppner H., Abou-Samra A.-B., Freeman M., Kong X.F., Schipani E., Richards J., Kolakowski L.F., Hock J., Potts J.T., Kronenberg H.M., Segre G.V. A G protein-linked receptor for parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related peptide. Science. 254:1991;1024-1026.
168. Jurgen Lenz H. Calcitonin and CGRP inhibit gastrointestinal transit via distinct neuronal pathways. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 254:1988;920-924.
169. Juul R., Aakhus S., Bjornstak K., Gisvold S.E., Brubakk A.O., Edvinsson L. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (human a-CGRP) counteracts vasoconstriction in human subarachnoid haemorrhage. Neurosci. Lett. 170:1994;67-70.
170. Kageyama M., Yanagisawa T., Taira N. Calcitonin gene-related peptide relaxes porcine coronary arteries via cyclic AMP-dependent mechanisms, but not activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 265:1993;490-497.
171. Kanatsuka A., Makino H., Ohsawa H., Tokuyama Y., Yamaguchi T., Yoshida S., Adachi M. Secretion of islet amyloid polypeptide in response to glucose. FEBS Lett. 259:1989;199-201.
172. Kangrga I., Larew J.S.A., Randic M. The effects of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide on the efflux of endogenous glutamate and aspartate from the rat spinal dorsal horn in vitro. Neurosci. Lett. 108:1990;155-160.
173. Kapas S., Catt K.J., Clark A.J.L. Cloning and expression of cDNA encoding a rat adrenomedullin receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 270:1995;25344-25347.
174. Kapas S., Clark A.J.L. Identification of an orphan receptor gene as a type 1 calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 217:1995;832-838.
175. Katoh K., Tohyama M., Noguchi K., Senba E. Axonal flow blockade induces alpha-CGRP mRNA expression in rat motoneurons. Brain Res. 599:1992;153-157.
176. Kawai Y., Takami K., Shiosaka S., Emson P.C., Hillyard C.J., Girgis S., MacIntyre I., Tohyama M. Topographic localization of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the rat brain: an immunohistochemical analysis. Neuroscience. 15:1985;747-763.
177. Kawamura M., Kuraishi Y., Minami M., Satoh M. Antinociceptive effect of intrathecally administered antiserum against calcitonin gene-related peptide on thermal and mechanical noxious stimuli in experimental hyperalgesic rats. Brain Res. 497:1989;199-203.
178. + current in atrial cells. Pflugers Arch. 418:1991;338-345.
179. Kitamura K., Kangawa K., Kawamoto M., Ichiki Y., Nakamura S., Matsuo H., Eto T. Adrenomedullin: a novel hypotensive peptide isolated from human pheochromocytoma. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 192:1993;553-560.
180. Kitamura K., Sakata J., Kangawa K., Kojima M., Matsuo H., Eto T. Cloning and characterization of cDNA encoding a precursor for human adrenomedulin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 194:1993;720-725.
181. Kitamura K., Ichiki Y., Tanaka M., Kawamoto M., Emura J., Sakakibara S., Kangawa K., Matsuo H., Eto T. Immunoreactive adrenomedullin in human plasma. FEBS Lett. 341:1994;288-290.
182. Kitamura K., Kangawa K., Kojima M., Ichiki Y., Matsuo H., Eto T. Complete amino acid sequence of porcine adrenomedullin and cloning of cDNA encoding its precursor. FEBS Lett. 338:1994;306-310.
183. 125Icalcitonin gene-related peptide binding sites in coronary arteries. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 219:1992;415-425.
184. Kohno M., Yokokawa K., Yasunari K., Kano H., Horio T., Takeda T. Stimulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate formation by the novel vasorelaxant peptide adrenomedullin in cultured rat mesangial cells. Metabolism. 44:1995;10-12.
185. Kovács A., Telegdy G. Effects of intracerebroventricular administration of calcitonin gene-related peptide on passive avoidance behaviour in rats. Neuropeptides. 23:1992;51-54.
186. Kovács A., Telegdy G. Effect of calcitonin gene-related peptide on passive avoidance behavior in rats. Role of transmitters. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 657:1992;543-545.
187. Kovács A., Telegdy G. Behavioural impairment induced by calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) antiserum in passive avoidance reflex in rats. Neuropeptides. 26:1994;233-236.
188. Kovács A., Telegdy G. CGRP prevents electroconvulsive shock-induced amnesia in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 47:1994;121-125.
189. Kraenzlin M.E., Ch'ng J.L.C., Mulderry P.K., Ghatei M.A., Bloom S.R. Infusion of a novel peptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in man. Pharmacokinetics and effects on gastric acid secretion and on gastrointestinal hormones. Regul. Pept. 10:1985;189-197.
190. Krahn D.D., Gosnell B.A., Levine S., Morley J.E. Effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide on food intake. Peptides. 5:1984;861-864.
191. Kresse A., Jacobowitz D.M., Skofitsch G. Distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the central nervous system of the rat by immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization histochemistry. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 657:1992;455-457.
192. Kruger L., Mantyh P.W., Sternini C., Brecha C.N., Mantyh C.R. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the rat central nervous system: patterns of immunoreactivity and receptor binding sites. Brain Res. 463:1988;223-244.
193. Kruger L., Silverman J.D., Mantyh P.W., Sternini C., Brecha N.C. Peripheral patterns of calcitonin gene-related peptide general somatic sensory innervation: cutaneous and deep terminations. J. Comp. Neurol. 280:1989;291-302.
194. Kubota Y., Inagaki S., Shimada S., Takatsuji K., Tohyama M., Takagi H. Striatal calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactive afferents from the regions venral and medial to the medial geniculate nucleus of rats. Neuroscience. 40:1991;423-428.
195. Kuo T.-f., Ouchi Y., Kim s., Toba K., Orimo H. The role of activation of the sympathetic nervous system in the central pressor action of calcitonin gene-related peptide in conscious rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 349:1994;394-400.
196. Lambrecht N., Burchert M., Respondek M., Müller K.-M., Peskar B.M. Role of calcitonin gene-related peptide and nitric oxide in the gastroprotective effect of capsaicin in the rat. Gastroenterology. 104:1993;1371-1380.
197. Landis S.C., Fredieu J.R. Coexistence of calcitonin gene-related peptide and vasoactive intestinal peptide in cholinergic sympathetic innervation of rat sweat glands. Brain Res. 377:1986;177-181.
198. Latchman D.S. Cell-type-specific splicing factors and the regulation of alternative RNA splicing. New Biol. 2:1990;297-303.
199. Laufer R., Changeux J.-P. Calcitonin gene-related peptide and cyclic AMP stimulate phosphoinositide turnover in skeletal muscle cells. J. Biol. Chem. 264:1989;2683-2689.
200. Lawrence J.C., Zhang J.-N. Control of glycogen synthase and phosphorylase by amylin in rat skeletal muscle. J. Biol. Chem. 269:1994;11595-11600.
201. Lazar P., Reddington M., Streit W., Raivich G., Kreutzberg G.W. The action of calcitonin gene-related peptide on astrocyte morphology and cyclic AMP accumulation in astrocyte cultures from neonatal rat brain. Neurosci. Lett. 130:1991;99-102.
202. Le Greves P., Nyberg F., Terenius L., Hökfelt T. Calcitonin gene-related peptide is a potent inhibitor of substance P degradation. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 115:1985;309-311.
203. Le Greves P., Nyberg F., Hökfelt T., Terenius L. Calcitonin gene-related peptide is metabolized by an endopeptidase hydrolyzing substance P. Regul. Pept. 25:1989;277-286.
204. Leff S.E., Evans R.M., Rosenfeld M.G. Splice commitment dictates neuron-specific alternative RNA processing in calcitonin/CGRP gene expression. Cell. 48:1987;517-524.
205. Leighton B., Cooper G.J.S. Pancreatic amylin and calcitonin gene-related peptide cause resistance to insulin in skeletal muscle in vitro. Nature. 335:1988;632-635.
206. Lenz H.J., Rivier J.E., Vale W.W., Brown M.R., Mortrud M.T. Calcitonin gene related peptide acts within the central nervous system to inhibit gastric-acid secretion. Regul. Pept. 9:1984;271-277.
207. Lenz H.J., Mortrud M.T., Rivier J.E., Brown M.R. Central nervous system actions of calcitonin gene-related peptide on gastric acid secretion in the rat. Gastroenterology. 88:1985;539-544.
208. Levine J.D., Fields H.L., Basbaum A.I. Peptides and the primary afferent nociceptor. J. Neurosci. 13:1993;2273-286.
209. Li Y., Duckles S.P. Effect of endothelium on the actions of sympathetic and sensory nerves in the perfused rat mesentery. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 210:1992;23-30.
210. Lin B., Gao Y., Chang J.K., Heaton J., Hyman A., Lippton H. An adrenomedullin fragment retains the systemic vasodepressor activity of rat adrenomedullin. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 260:1994;1-4.
211. Lin H.Y., Harris T.L., Flannery M.S., Aruffo A., Kaji E.H., Gorn A., Kolakowski L.F., Lodish H.F., Goldring S.R. Expression cloning of an adenylate cyclase-coupled calcitonin receptor. Science. 254:1991;1022-1024.
212. Lips C.J., Steenbergh P.H., Hoppener J.W., Bovenberg R.A., van der Sluys-Veer J., Jansz H.S. Evolutionary pathways of the calcitonin genes. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 57:1988;1-6.
213. Longmore J., Hogg J.E., Hutson P.H., Hill R.G. Effects of two truncated forms of human calcitonin-gene related peptide: implications for receptor classification. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 265:1994;53-59.
214. Lorenzo A., Razzaboni B., Weir G.C., Yankner B.A. Pancreatic islet cell toxicity of amylin associated with type-2 diabetes mellitus. Nature. 368:1994;756-760.
215. Lu B., Fu W.-m., Greengard P., Poo M.-m. Calcitonin gene-related peptide potentiates synaptic responses at developing neuro-muscular junction. Nature. 363:1993;76-79.
216. Lundberg J.M., Franco-Cereceda A., Hua X., Hökfelt T., Fischer J.A. Co-existence of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivities in sensory nerves in relation to cardiovascular and bronchoconstrictor effects of capsaicin. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 108:1985;315-319.
217. Lynch B., Kaiser T. Biological properties of two models of calcitonin gene related peptide with idealized amphiphilic α-helices of different lengths. Biochemistry. 27:1988;7600-7607.
218. Maggi C.A., Chiba T., Giuliani S. Human alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide-(8-37) as an antagonist of exogenous and endogenous calcitonin gene-related peptide. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 192:1991;85-88.
219. Mair J., Lechleitner P., Langle T., Wiedermann C., Dienstl F., Saria A. Plasma CGRP in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet. 335:1990;168.
220. Mak J.C.W., Barnes P.J. Autoradiographic localization of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) binding sites in human and guinea pig lung. Peptides. 9:1988;957-963.
221. Manning M.C. Conformation of the alpha form of human calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in aqueous solution as determined by circular dichroism spectroscopy. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 160:1989;388-392.
222. Mao J., Coghill R.C., Kellstein D.E., Frenk H., Mayer D.J. Calcitonin gene-related peptide enhances substance P-induced behaviors via metabolic inhibition: In vivo evidence for a new mechanism of neuromodulation. Brain Res. 574:1992;157-163.
223. Marlier L., Rajaofetra N., Peretti-Renucci R., Kachidian P., Poulat P., Feuerstein C., Privat A. Calcitonin gene-related peptide staining intensity is reduced in rat lumbar motoneurons after spinal cord transection: a quantitative immunocytochemical study. Exp. Brain Res. 82:1990;40-47.
224. Marshall I., Adams M., Alkazwini S.J., Craig R.K., Roberts P.M., Shepperson N.B. Cardiovascular effects of human and rat CGRP compared in the rat and other species. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 123:1986;207-216.
225. Marshall I., Alkazwini S.J., Craig R.K., Holman J.J. Human and rat alpha-CGRP but not calcitonin cause mesenteric vasodilatation in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 123:1986;217-222.
226. Marshall I. Mechanism of vascular relaxation by the calcitonin gene-related peptide. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 657:1992;204-215.
227. Masuo Y., Giscard-Dartevelie S., Bouizar Z., Rostene W. Effects of cerebral lesions on binding sites for calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide in the rat nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 4:1991;249-257.
228. Maton P.N., Sutliff V.E., Zhou Z.-C., Collins S.M., Gardner J.D., Jensen R.T. Characterization of receptors for calcitonin gene-related peptide on gastric smooth muscle cells. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 254:1988;789-794.
229. Maton P.N., Pradhan T., Zhou Z.-C., Gardner J.D., Jensen R.T. Activities of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and related peptides at the CGRP receptor. Peptides. 11:1990;485-489.
230. May P.C., Boggs L.N., Fuson K.S. Neurotoxicity of human amylin in rat primary hippocampal cultures: similarity to Alzheimer's disease amyloid-β neurotoxicity. J. Neurochem. 61:1993;2330-2333.
231. McCulloch J., Uddman R., Kingman T., Edvinsson L. Calcitonin gene-related peptide: functional role in cerebrovascular regulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 83:1986;5731-5735.
232. McGillis J.P., Humphreys S., Rangnekar V., Ciallela J. Modulation of B lymphocyte differentiation by calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). I. Characterization of high-affinity CGRP receptors on murine 70Z/3 cells. Cell. Immunol. 150:1993;391-404.
233. McLean L.R., Balasubramaniam A. Promotion of β-structure by interaction of diabetes associated polypeptide (amylin) with phosphatidylcholine. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1122:1992;317-320.
234. Menard D.P., van Rossum D., Kar S., Jolicoeur F.B., Jhamandas K., Quirion R. Tolerance to the antinociceptive properties of morphine in the rat spinal cord: alteration of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunostaining and receptor binding sites. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 273:1995;887-894.
235. Menard D.P., van Rossum D., Kar S., Quirion R. Alteration of calcitonin gene-related peptide and its receptor binding sites during the development of tolerance to mu and delta opioids. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 73:1995;1089-1095.
236. Menard D.P., van Rossum D., Kar S., Quirion R. Chronic intrathecal treatment with nitric oxide (NO) modulators alters calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) markers in the rat spinal cord. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. (Abstract). 21:1995;377.
237. Menard D.P., van Rossum D., Kar S., St-Pierre S., Sutak M., Jhamandas J.H., Quirion R. A calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist prevents the development of tolerance to spinal morphine analgesia. J. Neurosci. 16:1996;2342-2351.
238. Miles K., Greengard P., Huganir R.L. Calcitonin gene-related peptide regulates phosphorylation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in rat myotubes. Neuron. 2:1989;1517-1524.
239. Miletic V., Tan H. Iontophoretic application of calcitonin gene-related peptide produces a slow and prolonged excitation of neurons in the cat lumbar dorsal horn. Brain Res. 446:1988;169-172.
240. Mimeault M., Fournier A., Dumont Y., St-Pierre S., Quirion R. Comparative affinities and antagonistic potencies of various human calcitonin gene-related peptide fragments on calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors in brain and periphery. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 258:1991;1084-1090.
241. Mimeault M., St-Pierre S., Fournier A. Conformational characterization by circular-dichroism spectroscopy of various fragments and analogs of calcitonin gene-related peptide. Eur. J. Biochem. 213:1993;927-934.
242. Morara S., Provini L., Rosina A. CGRP expression in the rat olivocerebellar system during postnatal development. Brain Res. 504:1989;315-319.
243. Morishita T., Yamaguchi A., Fujita T., Chiba T. Activation of adenylate cyclase by islet amyloid polypeptide with COOH-terminal amide via calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors on rat liver plasma membranes. Diabetes. 39:1990;875-877.
244. Morris H.R., Panico M., Etienne T., Tippins J., Girgis S.I., MacIntyre I. Isolation and characterization of human calcitonin gene-related peptide. Nature. 308:1984;746-748.
245. Morton C.R., Hutchison W.D. Release of sensory neuropeptides in the spinal cord: studies with calcitonin gene-related peptide and galanin. Neuroscience. 31:1989;807-815.
246. Mulder H., Lindh A.-C., Sundler F. Islet amyloid polypeptide gene expression in the endocrine pancreas of the rat: a combined in situ hybridization and immunocytochemical study. Cell Tissue Res. 274:1993;467-474.
247. Mulderry P.K., Rodrigo J., Rosenfeld M.G., Polak J.M., Allen J.M., Ghatei M.A., Bloom S.R. Calcitonin gene-related peptide in cardiovascular tissues of the rat. Neuroscience. 14:1985;947-954.
248. Mulderry P.K., Ghatel M.A., Spokes R.A., Jones P.M., Pierson A.M., Hamid Q.A., Kanse S., Amara S.G., Burrin J.M., Legon S., Polak J.M., Bloom S.R. Differential expression of alpha-CGRP and beta-CGRP by primary sensory neurons and enteric autonomic neurons of the rat. Neuroscience. 25:1988;195-205.
249. Mulle C., Benoit P., Pinset C., Roa M., Changeux J.-P. Calcitonin gene-related peptide enhances the rate of desensitization of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in cultured mouse muscle cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 85:1988;5728-5732.
250. Nagai K., Ino H., Yamamoto H., Nakagawa H., Yamano M., Tohyama M., Shiosaka S., Inagaki S., Kito S. Lesions of the lateral part of the dorsal parabrachial nucleus caused hyperglycemia and obesity. J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr. 3:1987;103-112.
251. Nagamatsu S., Carroll R.J., Grodsky G.M., Steiner D.F. Lack of islet amyloid polypeptide regulation of insulin biosynthesis or secretion in normal rat islets. Diabetes. 39:1990;871-874.
252. Nakamuta H., Fukuda Y., Koida M., Fujii N., Otaka A., Funakoshi S., Yajima H., Mitsuyasu N., Orlowski R.C. Binding sites of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP): abundant occurrence in visceral organs. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 42:1986;175-180.
253. 2+-channel current of isolated smooth muscle cells from rat vas deferens. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 346:1992;515-522.
254. + channels. Nature. 344:1990;770-773.
255. New H.V., Mudge A.W. Calcitonin gene-related peptide regulates muscle acetylcholine receptor synthesis. Nature. 323:1986;809-811.
256. Nguyen K.Q., Jacobowitz D.M., Sills M.A. Cardiovascular effects produced by microinjection of calcitonin gene-related peptide into the rat central amygdaloid nucleus. Peptides. 7:1986;337-339.
257. Nishi M., Chan S.J., Nagamatsu S., Bell G.I., Steiner D.F. Conservation of the sequence of islet amyloid polypeptide in five mammals is consistent with its putative role as an islet hormone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 86:1989;5738-5742.
258. Njuki F., Nicholl C.G., Howard A., Mak J.C.W., Barnes P.J., Girgis S.I., Legon S. A new calcitonin-receptor-like sequence in rat pulmonary blood vessels. Clin. Sci. 85:1993;385-388.
259. Odar-Cederloef I., Theodorsson E., Ericsson F., Kjellstrand C.M. Plasma concentrations of calcitonin gene-related peptide in fluid overload. Lancet. 338:1991;411-412.
260. Ohmura T., Nishio M., Kigoshi S., Muramatsu I. Electrophysiological and mechanical effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide on guinea-pig atria. Br. J. Pharmacol. 100:1990;27-30.
261. Ohno K., Takeda N., Yamano M., Matsunaga T., Tohyama M. Coexistence of acetylcholine and calcitonin gene-related peptide in the vestibular efferent neurons in the rat. Brain Res. 566:1991;103-107.
262. Ohno K., Takeda N., Tanaka-Tsuji M., Matsunaga T. Calcitonin gene-related peptide in the efferent system of the inner ear. A review. Acta Otolaryngol. (Stockh.). 501:1993;16-20.
263. Oku R., Satoh M., Fujii N., Otaka A., Yajima H., Takagi H. Calcitonin gene-related peptide promotes mechanical nociception by potentiating release of substance P from the spinal dorsal horn in rats. Brain Res. 403:1987;350-354.
264. Ono K., Giles W.R. Electrophysiological effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide in bull-frog and guinea-pig atrial myocytes. J. Physiol. 436:1991;195-217.
265. Orazzo C., Pieribone V.A., Ceccatelli S., Terenius L., Hökfelt T. CGRP-like immunoreactivity in A11 dopamine neurons projecting to the spinal cord and a note on CGRP-CCK cross-reactivity. Brain Res. 600:1993;39-48.
266. Owji A.A., Smith D.M., Coppock H.A., Morgan D.G.A., Bhogal R., Ghatei M.A., Bloom S.R. An abundant and specific binding site for the novel vasodialtor adrenomedullin in the rat. Endocrinology. 136:1995;2127-2134.
267. Pecile A., Guidobono F., Netti C., Sibilia V., Biella G., Braga P.C. Calcitonin gene-related peptide: antinociceptive activity in rats, comparison with calcitonin. Regul. Pept. 18:1987;189-199.
268. Peskar B.M., Wong H.C., Walsh J.H., Holzer P. A monoclonal antibody to calcitonin gene-related peptide abolishes capsaicin-induced gastroprotection. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 250:1993;201-203.
269. Petrov T., Jhamandas J.H., Krukoff T.L. Characterization of peptidergic efferents from the lateral parabrachial nucleus to identified neurons in the rat dorsal raphe nucleus. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 5:1992;367-373.
270. Piehl F., Arvidsson U., Johnson H., Culheim S., Dagerlind A., Ulfhake B., Cao Y., Elde R., Pettersson R.F., Terenius L., Hökfelt T. GAP-43, αFGF, CCK and α- and β-CGRP in rat spinal motoneurons subjected to axotomy and/or dorsal root severance. Eur. J. Neurosci. 5:1993;1321-1333.
271. Pittner R.A., Albrandt K., Beaumont K., Gaeta L.S.L., Koda J.E., Moore C.X., Rittenhouse J., Rink T.J. Molecular physiology of amylin. J. Cell. Biochem. 55S:1994;19-28.
272. Pohl M., Lombard M.C., Bourgoin S., Carayon A., Benoliel J.J., Mauborgne A., Besson J.M., Hamon M., Cesselin F. Opioid control of the in vitro release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) from primary afferent fibres projecting in the rat cervical cord. Neuropeptides. 14:1989;151-159.
273. 5-enkephalin-, and dynorphin A (1-8)-like materials in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia of adult rats: effects of dorsal rhizotomy and neonatal capsaicin. J. Neurochem. 55:1990;1122-1130.
274. Popper P., Micevych P.E. Localization of calcitonin gene-related peptide and its receptors in a striated muscle. Brain Res. 496:1989;180-186.
275. Poyner D.R. Pharmacology of receptors for calcitonin gene-related peptide and amylin. TIPS. 16:1995;424-428.
276. Poyner D.R., Andrew D.P., Brown D., Bose C., Hanley M.R. Pharmacological characterization of a receptor for calcitonin gene-related peptide on rat, L6 myocytes. Br. J. Pharmacol. 105:1992;441-447.
277. Provini L., Morara S., Rosina A., Forloni G. Expression of CGRP binding sites in the developing rat cerebellum. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 657:1992;423-425.
278. Quartu M., Diaz G., Floris A., Lai M.L., Priestley J.V., Del Fiacco M. Calcitonin gene-related peptide in the human trigeminal sensory system at developmental and adult life stages: Immunohistochemistry, neuronal morphometry and coexistence with substance P. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 5:1992;143-157.
279. + currents in rabbit arterial smooth muscle via protein kinase A. J. Physiol. 475:1994;9-13.
280. 2 receptor subtypes. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 657:1992;88-105.
281. Ralevic V., Khalil Z., Dusting G.J., Helme R.D. Nitric oxide and sensory nerves are involved in the vasodilator response to acetylcholine but not calcitonin gene-related peptide in rat skin microvasculature. Br. J. Pharmacol. 106:1992;650-655.
282. Raybould H.E., Kolve E., Tache Y. Central nervous system action of calcitonin gene-related peptide to inhibit gastric emptying in the conscious rat. Peptides. 9:1988;735-737.
283. Raybould H.E., Holzer P., Reddy S.N., Yang H., Tache Y. Capsaicin-sensitive vagal afferents contribute to gastric acid and vascular responses to intracisternal TRH analog. Peptides. 11:1990;789-795.
284. Raybould H.E. Inhibitory effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide on gastrointestinal motility. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 657:1992;248-257.
285. Ren J., Young R.L., Lassiter D.C., Rings M.C., Harty R.F. Calcitonin gene-related peptide: Mechanisms of modulation of antral endocrine cells and cholinergic neurons. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 262:1992;732-G739.
286. Rethelyi M., Metz C.B., Lund P.K. Distribution of neurons expressing calcitonin gene-related peptide mRNAS in the brain stem, spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia of rat and guinea-pig. Neuroscience. 29:1989;225-239.
287. Rethelyi M., Mohapatra N.K., Metz C.B., Petrusz P., Lund P.K. Colchicine enhances mRNAs encoding the precursor of calcitonin gene-related peptide in brainstem motoneurons. Neuroscience. 42:1991;531-539.
288. Ribeiro da Silva A. Ultrastructural features of the co-localization of CGRP with substance P or somatostatin in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 73:1995;940-944.
289. Richter J., Andersson R., Edvinsson L., Gullberg U. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) activates human neutrophils-Inhibition by chemotactic peptide antagonist BOC-MLP. Immunology. 77:1992;416-421.
290. Roa M., Changeux J.-P. Characterization and developmental evolution of a high-affinity binding site for calcitonin gene-related peptide on chick skeletal muscle membrane. Neuroscience. 41:1991;563-570.
291. Robberecht P., De Neef P., Woussen-Colle M.-C., Vertongen P., De Witte O., Brotchi J. Presence of calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors coupled to adenylate cyclase in human gliomas. Regul. Pept. 52:1994;53-60.
292. Roberts A.N., Leighton B., Todd J.A., Cockburn D., Schofield O.N., Sutton R., Holt S., Boyd Y., Day A.J., Foot E.A., Willis A.C., Reid K.B.M., Cooper G.J.S. Molecular and functional characterization of amylin, a peptide associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 86:1989;9662-9666.
293. Rosenfeld M.G., Mermod J.-J., Amara S.G., Swanson L.W., Sawchenko P.E., Rivier J., Vale W.W., Evans R.M. Production of a novel neuropeptide encoded by the calcitonin gene via tissue-specific RNA processing. Nature. 304:1983;129-135.
294. Rosenfeld M.G., Amara S.G., Evans R.M. Alternative RNA processing: determining neuronal phenotype. Science. 225:1984;1315-1320.
295. Rosenfeld M.G., Emeson R.B., Yeakley J.M., Merillat N., Hedjran F., Lenz J., Delsert C. Calcitonin gene-related peptide: A neuropeptide generated as a consequence of tissue-specific, developmentally regulated alternative RNA processing events. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 657:1992;1-17.
296. Rossler W., Gerstberger R., Sann H., Pierau F.-K. Distribution and binding sites of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide and their capsaicin-sensitivity in the spinal cord of rats and chicken: a comparative study. Neuropeptides. 25:1993;241-253.
297. Rovero P., Giuliani S., Maggi C.A. CGRP antagonist activity of short C-terminal fragments of human aCGRP, CGRP(19-37), CGRP(23-37). Peptides. 13:1992;1025-1027.
298. Ryu P.D., Gerber G., Murase K., Randic M. Actions of calcitonin gene-related peptide on rat spinal dorsal horn neurons. Brain Res. 441:1988;357-361.
299. Saika T., Senba E., Noguchi K., Sato M., Kubo T., Matsunaga T., Tohyama M. Changes in expression of peptides in rat facial motoneurons after facial nerve crushing and resection. Mol. Brain Res. 11:1991;187-196.
300. Saldanha J., Mahadevan D. Molecular model-building of amylin and a-calcitonin gene-related polypeptide hormones using a combination of knowledge sources. Protein Engineering. 4:1991;539-544.
301. Sano Y., Hiroshima O., Yuzuriha T., Yamato C., Saito A., Kimura S., Hirabayashi T., Goto K. Calcitonin gene-related peptide binding sites of porcine cardiac muscles and coronary arteries: solubilization and characterization. J. Neurochem. 52:1989;1919-1924.
302. Schifter S., Krusell L.R., Sehested J. Normal serum levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in mild to moderate essential hypertension. Am. J. Hypertens. 4:1991;565-569.
303. Schwörer H., Schmidt W.E., Katsoulis S., Creutzfeldt W. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) modulates cholinergic neurotransmission in the small intestine of man, pig and guinea-pig via presynaptic CGRP receptors. Regul. Pept. 36:1991;345-358.
304. Sewell W.F., Starr P.A. Effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide and efferent nerve stimulation on afferent transmission in the lateral line organ. J. Neurophysiol. 65:1991;1158-1169.
305. Sexton P.M., McKenzie J.S., Mendelsohn F.A.O. Evidence for a new subclass of calcitonin/calcitonin gene-related peptide binding site in rat brain. Neurochem. Int. 12:1988;323-335.
306. Sexton P.M., Houssami S., Hilton J.M., O'Keeffe L.M., Center R.J., Gillespie M.T., Darcy P., Findlay D.M. Identification of brain isoforms of the rat calcitonin receptor. Mol. Endocrinol. 7:1993;815-821.
307. Sexton P.M., Houssami S., Brady C.L., Myers D.E., Findlay D.M. Amylin is an agonist of the renal porcine calcitonin receptor. Endocrinology. 134:1994;2103-2107.
308. Sexton P.M., Paxinos G., Kenney M.A., Wookey P.J., Beaumont K. In vitro autoradiographic localization of amylin binding sites in rat brain. Neuroscience. 62:1994;553-567.
309. Shekhar Y.C., Anand I.S., Sarma R., Ferrari R., Wahi P.L., Poole Wilson P.A. Effects of prolonged infusion of human alpha calcitonin gene-related peptide on hemodynamics, renal blood flow and hormone levels in congestive heart failure. Am. J. Cardiol. 67:1991;732-736.
310. Sheriff S., Fischer J.E., Balasubramaniam A. Characterization of amylin binding sites in a human hepatoblastoma cell line. Peptides. 13:1992;1193-1199.
311. 2+ mobilization, in bovine aortic endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 270:1995;4412-4417.
312. Shinohara Y., Yamano M., Matsuzaki T., Tohyama M. Evidence for the coexistence of substance P, neurotensin and calcitonin gene-related peptide in single neurons of the external subdivision of the lateral parabrachial nucleus of the rat. Brain Res. Bull. 20:1988;257-260.
313. Sigrist S., Franco-Cereceda A., Muff R., Henke H., Lundberg J.M., Fischer J.A. Specific receptor and cardiovascular effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide. Endocrinology. 119:1986;381-389.
314. Silverman J.D., Kruger L. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive innervation of the rat head with emphasis on specialized sensory structures. J. Comp. Neurol. 280:1989;303-330.
315. Silvestre R.A., Salas M., Degano P., Peiro E., Marco J. Reversal of the inhibitory effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and amylin on insulin secretion by the 8-37 fragment of human CGRP. Biochem. Pharmacol. 45:1993;2343-2347.
316. Silvestre R.A., Salas M., Garcia-Hermida O., Fontela T., Degano P., Marco J. Amylin (islet amyloid polypeptide) inhibition of insulin release in the perfused rat pancreas: implication of the adenylate cyclase/cAMP system. Regl. Pept. 50:1994;193-199.
317. Simmons D.D., Raji-Kubba J. Postnatal calcitonin gene-related peptide in the superior olivary complex. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 6:1993;407-418.
318. Skofitsch G., Jacobowitz D.M. Calcitonin gene-related peptide: detailed immunohistochemical distribution in the central nervous system. Peptides. 6:1985;721-745.
319. Skofitsch G., Jacobowitz D.M. Quantitative distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the rat central nervous system. Peptides. 6:1985;1069-1073.
320. Skofitsch, G.; Jacobowitz, D.M., Calcitonin- and calcitonin gene-related peptide: receptor binding sites in the central nervous system. In: Bjorklund, A.; Hökfelt T.; Kuhar, M.J. eds. Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy, Vol.11: Neuropeptide Receptors in the CNS., Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B. V.; 97-144; 1992.
321. Skofitsch G., Wimalawansa S.J., Gubisch W. Comparative immunohistochemical distribution of amylin-like and calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity in the rat central nervous system. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 73:1995;945-956.
322. Stangl D., Born W., Fischer J.A. Characterization and photo-affinity labeling of a calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor solubilized from human cerebellum. Biochemistry. 30:1991;8605-8611.
323. Stangl D., Muff R., Schmolck C., Fischer J.A. Photoaffinity labeling of rat calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors and adenylate cyclase activation: Identification of receptor subtypes. Endocrinology. 132:744;750-1993.
324. Steenbergh P.H., Hoppener J.W.M., Zandberg J., Visser A., Lips C.J.M., Jansz H.S. Structure and expression of the human calcitonin/CGRP genes. FEBS Lett. 209:1986;97-103.
325. Sternini C., Reeve J.R. Jr., Brecha N. Distribution and characterization of calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity in the digestive system of normal and capsaicin-treated rats. Gastroenterology. 93:1987;852-862.
326. Sternini C., Anderson K. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-containing neurons supplying the rat digestive system: differential distribution and expression pattern. Somatosens. Mot. Res. 9:1992;45-59.
327. Stevenson J.C., Booker M.W., Macdonald D.W.R., Warren R.C., Whitehead M.I. Increased concentration of circulating calcitonin gene related peptide during normal human-pregnancy. Br. Med. J. 293:1986;1329-1330.
328. Struthers A.D., Beacham J.L., Brown M.J., Macdonald D.W.R., MacIntyre I., Morris H.R., Stevenson J.C. Human calcitonin gene related reptide - a potent endogenous vasodilator in man. Clin. Sci. 70:1986;389-393.
329. Su H.C., Ballesta J., Bloom S.R., Ghatei M.A., Gibson S.J., Morrison J.F.B., Mulderry P.K., Polak J.M., Terenghi G., Wharton J. Calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity in afferent neurons supplying the urinary tract: combined retrograde tracing and immunohistochemistry. Neuroscience. 18:1986;727-747.
330. Su H.C., Bishop A.E., Power R.F., Hamada Y., Polak J.M. Dual intrinsic and extrinsic origins of CGRP- and NPY-immunoreactive nerves of rat gut and pancreas. J. Neurosci. 7:1987;2674-2687.
331. Sugimoto T., Itoh K., Mizuno N. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity in neuronal elements of the cat cerebellum. Brain Res. 439:1988;147-154.
332. Swanson, L.W. The hypothalamus. In: Bjorklund, A., Hökfelt, T. and Swanson, L.W., eds. Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy, Vol.5: Integrated Systems of the CNS, Part 1. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B. V.; 1-124: 1987.
333. Sykes R.M., Spyer K.M., Izzo P.N. Central distribution of substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide and 5-hydroxytryptamine in vagal sensory afferents in the rat dorsal medulla. Neuroscience. 59:1994;195-210.
334. Tabata H., Hirayama J., Sowa R., Furuta H., Negoro T., Sanke T., Nanjo K. Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP/amylin) causes insulin resistance in perfused rat hindlimb muscle. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 15:1992;57-62.
335. Tache Y., Goto Y., Gunion M., Lauffenberger M. Inhibition of gastric-acid secretion by intracerebral injection of calcitonin gene-related peptide in rats. Life Sci. 35:1984;871-878.
336. Tache Y., Pappas M., Lauffenburger M., Goto Y., Walsh J.H., Debas H. Calcitonin gene-related peptide: potent peripheral inhibitor of gastric acid secretion in rats and dogs. Gastroenterology. 87:1984;344-349.
337. Tache Y., Raybould H., Wei J.Y. Central and peripheral actions of calcitonin gene-related peptide on gastric secretory and motor function. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 298:1991;183-198.
338. Tache, Y.; Holzer, P.M.; Rosenfeld, G., Calcitonin gene-related peptide. The first decade of a novel pleiotropic neuropeptide. New York: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol 657; 1992.
339. Takahashi H., Watanabe T.X., Nishimura M., Nakanishi T., Sakamoto M., Yoshimura M., Komiyama Y., Masuda M., Murakami T. Centrally induced vasopressor and sympathetic responses to a novel endogenous peptide, adrenomedullin, in anesthetized rats. Am. J. Hypertens. 7:1994;478-482.
340. Takami K., Tohyama M., Uchida S., Yoshida H., Shiotani Y., Emson P.C., Girgis S., MacIntyre I., Hillyard C.J., Kawai Y. Effect of calcitonin gene-related peptide on contraction of striated-muscle in the mouse. Neurosci. Lett. 60:1985;227-230.
341. Takamori M., Yoshikawa H. Effect of calcitonin gene-related peptide on skeletal muscle via specific binding site and G protein. J. Neurol. Sci. 90:1989;99-109.
342. Tannenbaum G.S., Goltzman D. Calcitonin gene-related peptide mimics calcitonin actions in brain on growth hormone release and feeding. Endocrinology. 116:1985;2685-2687.
343. Taquet H., Uzan S. Plasma calcitonin gene-related peptide during gestation. Lancet. 340:1992;1170.
344. Tiller-Borcich J.K., Capili H., Gordan G.S. Human brain calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is concentrated in the locus coeruleus. Neuropeptides. 11:1988;55-61.
345. Tippins J.R., Morris H.R., Panico M., Etienne T., Bevis P., Girgis S., MacIntyre I., Azria M., Attinger M. The myotropic and plasma-calcium modulating effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Neuropeptides. 4:1984;425-434.
346. Torrealba F. Calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius and the carotid receptors of the cat originates from peripheral afferents. Neuroscience. 47:1992;165-173.
347. Tran Dinh Y.R., Debdi M., Couraud J.-Y., Creminon C., Seylaz J., Sercombe R. Time course of variations in rabbit cerebrospinal fluid levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide- and substance P-like immunoreactivity in experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 25:1994;160-164.
348. Traub R.J., Allen B., Humphrey E., Ruda M.A. Analysis of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity in the cat dorsal spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia provide evidence for a multisegmental projection of nociceptive C-fiber primary afferents. J. Comp. Neurol. 302:1990;562-574.
349. Tschopp F.A., Henke H., Petermann J.B., Tobler P.H., Janzer R., Hökfelt T., Lundberg J.M., Cuello C., Fischer J.A. Calcitonin gene-related peptide and its binding sites in the human central nervous system and pituitary. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 82:1985;248-252.
350. Tsuda K., Tsuda S., Goldstein M., Nishio I., Masuyama Y. Calcitonin gene-related peptide in noradrenergic transmission in rat hypothalamus. Hypertension. 19:1992;639-642.
351. Tverberg L.A., Russo A.F. Cell-specific glucocorticoid repression of calcitonin/calcitonin gene-related peptide transcription. Localization to an 18-base pair basal enhancer element. J. Biol. Chem. 267:1992;17567-17573.
352. Twery M.J., Moss R.L. Calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide alter the excitability of neurons in rat forebrain. Peptides. 6:1985;373-378.
353. Uchida S., Yamamoto H., Ilio S., Matsumoto N., Wang X.B., Yonehara N., Imai Y., Inoki R., Yoshida H. Release of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactive substance from neuromuscular junction by nerve excitation and its action on striated muscle. J. Neurochem. 54:1990;1000-1003.
354. Umeda Y., Arisawa M. Characterization of the calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor in mouse T lymphocytes. Neuropeptides. 14:1989;237-242.
355. Umeda Y., Arisawa M. Characterization of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptors in guinea pig lung. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 51:1989;377-384.
356. Unger J.W., Lange W. Immunohistochemical mapping of neurophysins and calcitonin gene-related peptide in the human brainstem and cervical spinal cord. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 4:1991;299-309.
357. van Rossum D., Menard D.P., Quirion R. Effect of guanine nucleotides and temperature on calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor binding sites in brain and peripheral tissues. Brain Res. 617:1993;249-257.
358. 125I]BH-rat amylin binding sites in the rat brain. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 270:1994;779-787.
359. 8-37, in rat brain and peripheral tissues. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 269:1994;846-853.
360. 125I]BH-amylin specific binding sites in the rat brain. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 73:1995;1084-1088.
361. Van Valen F., Piechot G., Jurgens H. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptors are linked to cyclic adenosine monophosphate production in SK-N-MC human neuroblastoma cells. Neurosci. Lett. 119:1990;195-198.
362. Varro A., Green T., Holmes S., Dockray G.J. Calcitonin gene-related peptide in visceral afferent nerve fibres: quantification by radioimmunoassay and determination of axonal transport rates. Neuroscience. 26:1988;927-932.
363. Veale P.R., Bhogal R., Morgan D.G., Smith D.M., Bloom S.R. The presence of islet amyloid polypeptide/calcitonin gene-related peptide/salmon calcitonin binding sites in the rat nucleus accumbens. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 262:1994;133-141.
364. Verchere C.B., D'Alessio D.A., Palmiter R.D., Kahn S.E. Transgenic mice overproducing islet amyloid polypeptide have increased insulin storage and secretion in vitro. Diabetologia. 37:1994;725-728.
365. Vignery A., Wang F., Ganz M.B. Macrophages express functional receptors for calcitonin gene-related peptide. J. Cell. Physiol. 149:1991;301-306.
366. Villar M.J., Roa M., Huchet M., Hökfelt T., Changeux J.-P., Fahrenkrug J., Brown J.C., Epstein M., Hersh L. Immunoreactive calcitonin gene-related peptide, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, and somatostatin in developing chicken spinal cord motoneurons: distribution and role in regulation of cAMP in cultured muscle cells. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1:1989;269-287.
367. Villar M.J., Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z., Xu X.-J., Theodorsson E., Emson P.C., Hökfelt T. Further studies on galanin-,substance P-, and CGRP-like immunoreactivities in primary sensory neurons and spinal cord: effects of dorsal rhizotomies and sciatic nerve lesions. Exp. Neurol. 112:1991;29-39.
368. Wahl M., Schilling L., Parsons A.A., Kaumann A. Involvement of calctionin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and nitric oxide (NO) in the pial artery dilatation elicited by cortical spreading depression. Brain Res. 637:1994;204-210.
369. Wang F., Millet I., Bottomly K., Vignery A. Calcitonin gene-related peptide inhibits interleukin 2 production by murine T lymphocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 267:1992;21052-21057.
370. 8-37h-CGRP antagonizes actions of amylin on carbohydrate metabolism in vitro and in vivo. FEBS Lett. 291:1991;195-198.
371. Wang X., Fiscus R.R. Calcitonin gene-related peptide increases cAMP, tension, and rate in rat atria. Am. J. Physiol. Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 256:1989;421-R428.
372. Wang X., Han C., Fiscus R.R. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) causes endothelium-dependent cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP and vasorelaxant responses in rat abdominal aorta. Neuropeptides. 20:1991;115-124.
373. Wang X., Yue T.-L., Barone F.C., White R.F., Clark R.K., Willette R.N., Sulpizio A.C., Aiyar N.V., Ruffolo R.R., Feuerstein G.Z. Discovery of adrenomedullin in rat ischemic cortex and evidence for its role in exacerbating focal brain ischemic damage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92:1995;11480-11484.
374. Wang Z.L., Bennet W.M., Ghatei M.A., Byfield P.G.h., Smith D.M., Bloom S.R. Influence of islet amyloid polypeptide and the 8-37 fragment of islet amyloid polypeptide on insulin release from perifused rat islets. Diabetes. 42:1993;330-335.
375. ++ uptake by synaptosomes. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 244:1988;28-33.
376. 5]enkephalin after intrathecal administration of calcitonin gene-related peptide in mice. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 251:1989;1-8.
377. Westermark P., Wernstedt C., Wilander E., Sletten K. A novel peptide in the calcitonin gene-related peptide family as an amyloid fibril protein in the endocrine pancreas. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 140:1986;827-831.
378. Westermark P., Wernstedt C., Wilander E., Hayden D.W., O'Brien T.D., Johnson K.H. Amyloid fibrils in human insulinoma and islets of Langerhans of the diabetic cat are derived from a neuropeptide-like protein also present in normal islet cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 84:1987;3881-3885.
379. Westermark P., Engstrom U., Johnson K.H., Westermark G.T., Betsholtz C. Islet amyloid polypeptide: Pinpointing amino acid residues linked to amyloid fibril formation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 87:1990;5036-5040.
380. Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z., Hökfelt T., Lundberg J.M., Forssmann W.G., Reinecke M., Tschopp F.A., Fischer J.A. Immunoreactive calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P coexist in sensory neurons to the spinal cord and interact in spinal behavioral responses of the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 52:1984;199-204.
381. Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z. Somatostatin and calcitonin gene-related peptide synergistically modulate spinal sensory and reflex mechanisms in the rat: behavioral and electrophysiological studies. Neurosci. Lett. 67:1986;319-323.
382. 2+ current in rat nodose neurons via a pertussis toxin-sensitive pathway. J. Physiol. (Lond.). 455:1992;367-381.
383. Wimalawansa S.J., El-Kholy A.A. Comparative study of distribution and biochemical characterization of brain calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors in five different species. Neuroscience. 54:1993;513-519.
384. Wind J.C., Born W., Rijnsent A., Boer P., Fischer J.A. Stimulation of calcitonin/CGRP-I and CGRP-II gene expression by dibutyryl cAMP in a hyman medullary thyroid carcinoma (TT) cell line. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 92:1993;25-31.
385. Xu X.-J., Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z., Villar M.J., Fahrenkrug J., Hökfelt T. On the role of galanin, substance P and other neuropeptides in primary sensory neurons of the rat: studies on spinal reflex excitability and peripheral axotomy. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2:1990;733-743.
386. Yamaguchi A., Chiba T., Yamatani T., Inui T., Morishita T., Nakamura A., Kadowaki S., Fukase M., Fujita T. Calcitonin gene-related peptide stimulates adenylate cyclase activation via a guanine nucleotide-dependent process in rat liver plasma membranes. Endocrinology. 123:1988;2591-2596.
387. Yamin M., Gorn A.H., Flannery M.R., Jenkins N.A., Gilbert D.J., Copeland N.G., Tapp D.R., Krane S.M., Goldring S.R. Cloning and characterization of a mouse brain calcitonin receptor complementary deoxyribonucleic acid and mapping of the calcitonin receptor gene. Endocrinology. 135:1994;2635-2643.
388. Yashpal K., Kar S., Dennis T., Quirion R. Quantitative autoradiographic distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide (hCGRPα) binding sites in the rat and monkey spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 322:1992;224-232.
389. Yasui Y., Saper C.B., Cechetto D.F. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactive projections from the thalamus to the striatum and amygdala in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 308:1991;293-310.
390. 125I]-human calcitonin gene-related peptide in rat brain and heart. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 146:1987;443-451.
391. Young A.A., Carlo P., Smith P., Wolfe-Lopez D., Pittner R., Wang M.-W., Rink T. Evidence for release of free glucose from muscle during amylin-induced glycogenolysis in rats. FEBS Lett. 334:1993;317-321.
392. Young A.A., Cooper G.J.S., Carlo P., Rink T.J., Wang M.-W. Response to intravenous injections of amylin and glucagon in fasted, fed, and hypoglycemic rats. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 264:1993;943-950.
393. Zhang X., Nicholas A.P., Hökfelt T. Ultrastructural studies on peptides in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord-I., Co-existence of galanin with other peptides in primary afferents in normal rats. Neuroscience. 57:1993;365-384.
394. Zhang Y.Q., Vacca-Galloway L.L. Decreased immunoreactive (IR) calcitonin gene-related peptide correlates with sprouting of IR-peptidergic and serotonergic neuronal processes in spinal cord and brain nuclei from the Wobbler mouse during motoneuron disease. Brain Res. 587:1992;169-177.
395. Zhu G., Dudley D.T., Saltiel A.R. Amylin increases cyclic AMP formation in L6 myocytes through calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 177:1991;771-776.
396. Zona C., Farini D., Palma E., Eusebi F. Modulation of voltage-activated channels by calcitonin gene-related peptide in cultured rat neurones. J. Physiol. 433:1991;631-643.