Governing the academies: Sub-central secondary education policy making in France

West European Politics

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 137-156

  Cole, Alistair ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRADFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EDUCATION POLICY; GOVERNANCE APPROACH; POLICY MAKING; SECONDARY EDUCATION; SOCIAL POLICY;

FRANCE;

EID: 0030658092     PISSN: 01402382     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01402389708425195     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. See in particular the special issue of West European Politics, 'Reshaping the State in Western Europe', 17/2 (April 1994) esp. V. Wright, 'Reshaping the State: Implications for Public Administration', pp.103-34.
2. See in particular the special issue of West European Politics, 'Reshaping the State in Western Europe', 17/2 (April 1994) esp. V. Wright, 'Reshaping the State: Implications for Public Administration', pp.103-34.
3. For an accessible summary of the literature, see Malcolm Waters, Globalization (London: Routledge 1995). Also P. Hirst and G. Thompson, 'Globalization and the future of the nation state', Economy and Society 24/3 (1995) pp.408-42.
4. For an accessible summary of the literature, see Malcolm Waters, Globalization (London: Routledge 1995). Also P. Hirst and G. Thompson, 'Globalization and the future of the nation state', Economy and Society 24/3 (1995) pp.408-42.
5. See Hussein Kassim and Anand Menon (eds.) The European Union and National Industrial Policy (London: Routledge 1996) for a policy-based overview of this process. For the French case, see R. Ladrech, 'Europeanisation of Domestic Politics and Institutions: the Case of France', Journal of Common Market Studies 32/ 1 (Jan. 1994) pp.69-88.
6. See Hussein Kassim and Anand Menon (eds.) The European Union and National Industrial Policy (London: Routledge 1996) for a policy-based overview of this process. For the French case, see R. Ladrech, 'Europeanisation of Domestic Politics and Institutions: the Case of France', Journal of Common Market Studies 32/ 1 (Jan. 1994) pp.69-88.
7. R. Rhodes, The New Governance: Governing without Government', Political Studies 44/4 (Sept.1996) pp.652-67. Also J. Kooiman (ed.) Modern Governance (London: Sage 1993).
8. R. Rhodes, The New Governance: Governing without Government', Political Studies 44/4 (Sept.1996) pp.652-67. Also J. Kooiman (ed.) Modern Governance (London: Sage 1993).
9. The classic statement of policy networks theory is Rod Rhodes, Beyond Westminister and Whitehall: the Sub-National Governments of Britain (London: Unwin Hyman 1988). A telling critique is that of K. Dowding 'Model or metaphor? A critical review of the policy network approach', Political Studies 43/ 1 (1995) pp.136-5 8.
10. The classic statement of policy networks theory is Rod Rhodes, Beyond Westminister and Whitehall: the Sub-National Governments of Britain (London: Unwin Hyman 1988). A telling critique is that of K. Dowding 'Model or metaphor? A critical review of the policy network approach', Political Studies 43/ 1 (1995) pp.136-5 8.
11. On this point, see J. Richardson, 'Actor-based models of national and EU policy making', in Kassim and Menon, The European Union and National Industrial Policy (note 3) pp.27-51.
12. Also Jeremy Richardson and Grant Jordan, Governing under Pressure (Oxford, Martin Robertson 1979).
13. Seventy-one interviews were conducted with representatives of the educational 'policy communities' in 1994-96 in the academies of Lille and Rennes. Most interviews occurred within the two rectorales (Lille and Rennes) and the two regional councils (Nord/Pas-de-Calais and Brittany). Other interviews occurred within the academic inspections of the Nord and Ille-et-Vilaine; with representatives of the Nord and Ille-et-Vilaine departmental councils, the two regional prefectures, the communes of Lille and Rennes, the teaching unions (FEN, FSU, CFDT, CGT), business organisations, the Lille and Rennes chambers of commerce, parent groups (FCPE), representatives of the Catholic schools (DDEC) and schoolheads. Interviewees were guaranteed anonymity.
14. Bernard Toulemonde, Petit Histoire d'un grand ministère (Paris: Albin Michel 1992); Jean-Louis Boursin L'Administration de l'Education nationale (Paris: PUF 1981). André Legrand, Le Système E (Paris: Editions Denoël 1994)
15. Bernard Toulemonde, Petit Histoire d'un grand ministère (Paris: Albin Michel 1992); Jean-Louis Boursin L'Administration de l'Education nationale (Paris: PUF 1981). André Legrand, Le Système E (Paris: Editions Denoël 1994)
16. Bernard Toulemonde, Petit Histoire d'un grand ministère (Paris: Albin Michel 1992); Jean-Louis Boursin L'Administration de l'Education nationale (Paris: PUF 1981). André Legrand, Le Système E (Paris: Editions Denoël 1994)
17. See Gérard Marcou et al. (eds.) La Décision dans l'Education Nationale (Lille: Presses Universitaires de Lille 1992); Yves Mény (ed.), Les Politiques décentralisées de l'Education: analyse de quatre expériences régionales (Paris: ORAL-CNRS report for the French Ministry of the Interior 1990);
18. See Gérard Marcou et al. (eds.) La Décision dans l'Education Nationale (Lille: Presses Universitaires de Lille 1992); Yves Mény (ed.), Les Politiques décentralisées de l'Education: analyse de quatre expériences régionales (Paris: ORAL-CNRS report for the French Ministry of the Interior 1990);
19. R. Duclaud-Williams, 'The Governance of Education: Britain and France', in Kooiman Modern Governance (note 4) pp.235-48.
20. J. Fialiare, 'Bilan de la décentralisation dans les lycées et collèges', Savoir 4/2 (April-June 1992) pp.216-22. Also O. Schrameck, 'Education et décentralisation: l'équilibre fragile du partenariat', Actualité juridique - Droit Administratif 20 (April 1992) pp.85-94. Also J. Simon, 'La décentralisation du système éducatif - six ans après', Savoir 4/2 (April-June 1992) pp.223-37.
21. J. Fialiare, 'Bilan de la décentralisation dans les lycées et collèges', Savoir 4/2 (April-June 1992) pp.216-22. Also O. Schrameck, 'Education et décentralisation: l'équilibre fragile du partenariat', Actualité juridique - Droit Administratif 20 (April 1992) pp.85-94. Also J. Simon, 'La décentralisation du système éducatif - six ans après', Savoir 4/2 (April-June 1992) pp.223-37.
22. J. Fialiare, 'Bilan de la décentralisation dans les lycées et collèges', Savoir 4/2 (April-June 1992) pp.216-22. Also O. Schrameck, 'Education et décentralisation: l'équilibre fragile du partenariat', Actualité juridique - Droit Administratif 20 (April 1992) pp.85-94. Also J. Simon, 'La décentralisation du système éducatif - six ans après', Savoir 4/2 (April-June 1992) pp.223-37.
23. Cited in H. Hatzfeld, 'La Décentralisation du Système Educatif: les Régions à l'Epreuve' Revue Politiques et Managements Publics 9/4 (1991) pp.23-49. The proportion of the total Education budget provided by local authorities rose from 14.3 to 16.8 per cent over the same period.
24. C. Durand-Prinborgne, 'La Déconcentration'. Paper presented to the Institut Français des Sciences Administratives colloque, L'Administration de l'Education nationale, Paris, 3-4 March 1989, p.36.
25. J. Filaire, 'L'évolution récente des compétences décisionnelles du recteur d'académie', Savoir 4/1 (Jan.-March 1992) pp.57-77.
26. C. Durand-Prinborgne, 'Acteurs, processus, leurs interrelations: état des lieux', Savoir, 5/4 (Oct.-Dec. 1993) pp.593-619.
27. Interviews with seven schoolheads, 1994-95.
28. See A. Cole, 'In Search of Networks: The Politics of French sub-national Educational Policy-making in the Academy of Lille', paper presented to the ECPR joint sessions, Bordeaux (27 April - 2 May 1995) p.42.
29. For an eloquent exposition of this case, and its limits, see J. Ambler, 'Neocorporatism and the Politics of French Education', West European Politics 8/3 (July 1985) pp.23-42.
30. S. Chirache, 'L'école s'ouvre à l'entreprise', Projet 223 (autumn 1990) pp.51-9.
31. Conseil Régional de Bretagne, Contrat d'Objectifs Régional (Rennes: Brittany Regional Council 1995). Also interviews with the president of the Brittany building federation, the rector of the Rennes academy, and rectorate official charged with technical education.
32. Académie de Lille Rectorat, 1994-95 (Lille: Rectorate 1994); Academic de Lille, Inspection Académique du Nord (Lille: Academic Inspection 1994); Académie de Rennes, Annuaire, 1994/95 (Rennes: Rectorate 1995); Académie de Rennes, Inspection Académique: annuaire des services (Rennes: Academic Inspection 1995).
33. Académie de Lille Rectorat, 1994-95 (Lille: Rectorate 1994); Academic de Lille, Inspection Académique du Nord (Lille: Academic Inspection 1994); Académie de Rennes, Annuaire, 1994/95 (Rennes: Rectorate 1995); Académie de Rennes, Inspection Académique: annuaire des services (Rennes: Academic Inspection 1995).
34. Académie de Lille Rectorat, 1994-95 (Lille: Rectorate 1994); Academic de Lille, Inspection Académique du Nord (Lille: Academic Inspection 1994); Académie de Rennes, Annuaire, 1994/95 (Rennes: Rectorate 1995); Académie de Rennes, Inspection Académique: annuaire des services (Rennes: Academic Inspection 1995).
35. Académie de Lille Rectorat, 1994-95 (Lille: Rectorate 1994); Academic de Lille, Inspection Académique du Nord (Lille: Academic Inspection 1994); Académie de Rennes, Annuaire, 1994/95 (Rennes: Rectorate 1995); Académie de Rennes, Inspection Académique: annuaire des services (Rennes: Academic Inspection 1995).
36. Mény, Les Politiques décentralisées de l'Education (note 9).
37. Interview with the Ille-et-Vilaine Diocesanal Director, confirmed by sources in the rectorale, the regional council and the academic inspection.
38. See J. Fontaine, 'Une région, des lycées, un rectorat: l'incidence politique de la décentralisation en Bretagne', Savoir 4/4 (Oct.-Dec. 1992) pp.669-91.
39. Région Nord-Pas de Calais, Agenda 1995 (Lille: Nord-Pas de Calais Region 1994).
40. Figures provided by the Lille rectorate's 5th division.
41. Internal DFIS Document, Nord/Pas-de-Calais regional council.
42. Notably the lycées at Bains-de-Bretagne and Cesson-Sevigné, or the collège at Vernes-sur-Seche.
43. Correspondence of letters provided by a member of the Education Commission, Nord-Pas de Calais Regional Council.
44. Région Nord-Pas de Calais 'Schéma Régional des Formations: Document d'Orientation', Lille: mimeo document presented to the Regional Council Assembly, 16 Dec.1994.
45. The expression was used in an interview with a member of the regional president's cabinet, (Jan. 1995).
46. Interview with the rector of the Lille academy, Jan. 1996.
47. See John Loughlin and Sonia Mazey (eds.) The End of the French Unitary State? Ten Years of Regionalisation in France (London: Frank Cass 1995).
48. Economic development in the UK and in France; secondary education in the UK.
49. Michel Crozier and Erhard Friedberg, L'Acteur et le système (Paris: Seuil 1977). See also Patrick Le Gales and Mark Thatcher (eds.) Les Réseaux de Politique Publique (Paris: L'Harmattan 1995), especially the chapter by Bernard Jouve, 'Réseaux et Communautés politiques en action', pp.125-39.
50. Michel Crozier and Erhard Friedberg, L'Acteur et le système (Paris: Seuil 1977). See also Patrick Le Gales and Mark Thatcher (eds.) Les Réseaux de Politique Publique (Paris: L'Harmattan 1995), especially the chapter by Bernard Jouve, 'Réseaux et Communautés politiques en action', pp.125-39.
51. Michel Crozier and Erhard Friedberg, L'Acteur et le système (Paris: Seuil 1977). See also Patrick Le Gales and Mark Thatcher (eds.) Les Réseaux de Politique Publique (Paris: L'Harmattan 1995), especially the chapter by Bernard Jouve, 'Réseaux et Communautés politiques en action', pp.125-39.
52. Notably, François Dupuy and Jean-Claude Thoenig, Sociologie de l'Administration française (Paris: Armand Colin 1983); Michel Crozier and Jean-Claude Thoenig, 'La régulation des systèmes organisées complexes'. Revue française de Sociologie 16/1 (1975) pp.3-32.
53. Notably, François Dupuy and Jean-Claude Thoenig, Sociologie de l'Administration française (Paris: Armand Colin 1983); Michel Crozier and Jean-Claude Thoenig, 'La régulation des systèmes organisées complexes'. Revue française de Sociologie 16/1 (1975) pp.3-32.
54. James G. March and Johan P. Olsen Rediscovering Institutions: the Organisational Basis of Politics (NY: Free Press 1989).