Electron beam fluorescence methods in hypersonic aerothermodynamics

Progress in Aerospace Sciences

Volumn 33, Issue 7-8, 1997, Pages 431-459

  Gochberg, Lawrence A ^a  

^a NOVELLUS SYSTEMS INC   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ELECTRON BEAMS; FLUORESCENCE; LIGHT MEASUREMENT; THERMODYNAMICS;

ELECTRON BEAM FLUORESCENCE METHOD; HYPERSONIC AEROTHERMODYNAMICS;

HYPERSONIC AERODYNAMICS;

EID: 0030654251     PISSN: 03760421     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0376-0421(97)00002-X     Document Type: Review

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133. Duff, R. E. and Webster, W. M. (1959) Measurement of shock wave thickness in argon, Bull. Amer. Phys. Soc. Series 2, 4 (4), 283.
134. Duffenbach, O. S., Revans, R. W. and Roy, A. S. (1934) Temperatures indicated by intensity distributions in band spectra, Phys. Rev. 2nd Series, 45, 807.
135. Dunn, G. H. and Kieffer, L. J. (1965) Electron impact ionization cross-section data for atoms, atomic ions and diatomic molecules. 1. Experimental data, Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics, University of Colorado, Report No. JILA-51 (AD-623480).
136. Dupeyrat, G. and Giat, M. (1970) Jets libres en atmosphére raréifée (free jets in rarefied atmosphere) (in French), Laboratoire d'Aérothermique du Centre National de la Recherché Scientifique (CNRS), Report No. 70-10 (Publication No. 382).
137. Dupeyrat, G. and Giat, M. (1976) Experimental study of velocities in a free jet in a rarefied atmosphere, AIAA Journal 14 (12), 1706.
138. Eremin A. V., Kochnev, V. A. and Naboko, I. M. (1975) Study of gas jet formation during discharge into a rarefied region, J. Appl. Mech. Techn. Phys. 16 (2), 196 (translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki 16 (2), 53).
139. Eremin A. V., Kochnev, V. A. and Naboko, I. M. (1975) Study of gas jet formation during discharge into a rarefied region, J. Appl. Mech. Techn. Phys. 16 (2), 196 (translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki 16 (2), 53).
140. Erhardt, K. and Schweiger, G. (1977) Influence of electron beam-body interactions on vibrational temperature measurements, 10th Int. Symp. Rarefied Gas Dynamics, Progr. Astronaut. Aeronaut. 51 (2), 1305.
141. Erwin, D. A., Kunc, J. A. and Muntz, E. P. (1991) A new technique for temperature and specie concentration measurements in unseeded supersonic and hypersonic gas flows, Final Technical Report, Air Force Office of Scientific Research, AFOSR-TR-91-0808.
142. Erwin, D. A. (1996) Comprehensive investigation of low-and high-power arcjet operation, AFOSR-TR-96-0111.
143. Fan, C. Y. (1954) The possible role of accelerated secondary electrons in the aurora, Astrophys. J. 119 (1), 294.
144. Fan, C. Y. (1956) Emission spectra excited by electronic and ionic impact, Phys. Rev. 103 (6), 1740.
145. Farley, D. R. and Cattolica, R. J. (1995) Electron-beam fluorescence measurements of density and rotational temperature in a simulated martian atmosphere, 19th Int. Symp. on Rarefied Gas Dynamics 2, 1425.
146. Farley, D. R. (1996) Electron fluorescence of carbon dioxide with applications to the atmosphere of Mars, Ph.D. dissertation, University of California at San Diego.
147. +, J. Quantitative Spectrsc. Radiative Transfer 56, (1), 83.
148. Farley, D. R. and Cattolica, R. J. (1996) Multipole line strengths for linear hund's case (a) molecules, J. Quantitative Spectrosc. Radiative Transfer 56, (5), 7533.
149. Farley, D. R. and Cattolica, R. J. (1997) Temperature and density measurements of carbon dioxide using electron beam fluorescence, AIAA Paper 97-0603.
150. g (110-010) Renner-Teller bands in electron beam fluorescence of carbon dioxide. J. Quantitative Spectrosc. Radiative Transfer (in press).
151. Faubel, M. and Weiner, E. R. (1981) Electron beam fluorescence spectrometery of internal state populations in nozzle beams of nitrogen and nitrogen/rare gas mixtures, Chem. Phys. 75 (2), 641.
152. 2, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 13 (5), 302.
153. Fraser, R. B., Robben, F. and Talbot, L. (1971) Flow properties of a partially ionized free jet expansion, Phys. Fluids 14 (11), 2317.
154. French, J. B. and Loke, J. W. (1967) A time-of-flight velocity analyzer using metastable molecules, 5th Int. Symp. Rarefied Gas Dynamics, Adv. Appl. Mech. 2 (supplement 4), 1461.
155. French, J. B. and Locke, J. W. (1970) Critical evaluation of the metastable time-of-flight technique for obtaining molecular velocity distributions, J. Vacuum Sci. Technol. 7 (1), 46.
156. Gadamer, E. O. (1962) Measurement of the density distribution in a rarefied gas flow using the fluorescence induced by a thin electron beam, University of Toronato Institute of Aerophysics, UTIA Report No. 83 (AFOSR TN 60-500).
157. Gadamer, E. O., Muntz, E. P. and Patterson, G. N. (1961) Application of an electron gun for the measurement of density and temperature in rarefied gas flows, University of Toronto Institute of Aerophysics, UTIA Report No. 73 (AFOSR-629).
158. Giat, M. and Duppeyrat, G. (1974) Experimental study of the wake downstream of the Mach disk in a free jet, 9th Int. Symp. Rarefied Gas Dynamics, 1, B.11-1.
159. Gale, H. G., Monk, G. S. and Lee, K. O. (1928) Wave-lengths in the secondary spectrum of hydrogen, Astrophys. J. 67 (2), 89.
160. Gaucherel, Ph. (1971) Influence of the environment on the precision of the measurements made by the electronic probing of rarefied gases (in French), Ph. D. thesis, University of Paris VI.
161. Gmurczyk, A. S., Tarczynski, M. and Walenta, Z. A. (1978) Shock wave structure in the binary mixtures of gases with disparate molecular masses, 11th Int. Symp. Rarefied Gas Dynamics, 1, 333.
162. Gochberg, L. A. and Hurlbut, F. C. (1992). Electron beam rotational temperature measurements in a heated rarefied gas wind tunnel, 18th Int. Symp. Rarefied Gas Dynamics, Progr. Astronaut. Aeronaut. 158, 3.
163. Gochberg, L. A. and Hurlbut, F. C. (1993) Electron beam fluorescence measurements in low density free jets of heated nitrogen, AIAA Paper 93-0792.
164. Gochberg, L. A. (1993) Rotational nonequilibrium in low density heared free jet expansions of nitrogen, University of California at Berkeley, Ph.D. thesis.
165. Gochberg, L. A. and Haas, B. L. (1994) Rotational relaxation analysis of nitrogen in low-density freejet expansions, 19th Int. Symp. Rarefied Gas Dynamics 1, 476.
166. Gochberg, L. A. and Haas, B. L. (1995) Evaluation of rotational relaxation rate models in low-density expanding flows of nitrogen, AIAA Paper 95-2070.
167. Gorchakova, N. G., Kuznetsov, L. I. and Yarygin, V. N. (1982) Electron beam diagnostics of high temperature rarefied gas flows, 13th Int. Symp. Rarefied Gas Dynamics, 2, 825 (note that Zharkova, N. G. and Gorchakova, N. G. are the same woman).
168. Gorchakova, N. G., Skovorodko P. A. and Yarygin, V. N. (1983) Free jet expansion with a strong condensation effect, 13th Int. Symp. Rarefied Gas Dynamics 2, 895 (note that Zharkova, N. G. and Gorchakova, N. G. are the same woman).
169. Gorchakova, N. G., Skovorodko, P. A. and Yarygin, V. N. (1986) Influence of homogeneous condensation on the gasdynamics of radiation of a free carbon dioxide jet, J. Engng Phys. 49 (1), 753 (translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal 49 (1), 5 (note that Zharkova, N. G. and Gorchakova, N. G. are the same woman).
170. Gorchakova, N. G., Skovorodko, P. A. and Yarygin, V. N. (1986) Influence of homogeneous condensation on the gasdynamics of radiation of a free carbon dioxide jet, J. Engng Phys. 49 (1), 753 (translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal 49 (1), 5 (note that Zharkova, N. G. and Gorchakova, N. G. are the same woman).
171. Grandal, R., Thrane, E. V. and Troim, J. (1980) Polar 5 - an electron accelerometer experiment within an aurora, 4. Measurements of the 391.4 nm light produced by an artificial electron beam in the upper atmosphere, Planet. Space Sci. 28 (3), 309.
172. Grün A. E., Schopper, E. and Schumacher, B. (1953) Electron shadowgrahs and afterflow pictures of gas jets at low densities, J. Appl. Phys. 24 (12), 1527.
173. Grün, A. E. (1954) Einige gasdynamiche und spektroskopische Beobachtungen an angeregten Gasstrahlen (some gas dynamic and spectroscopic observations on excited gas jets) (in German), Zeitschrift für Naturforschung Section A, 9 (10), 833.
174. Grün, A. E. and Schopper, E. (1954) Die Untersuchung von Energieaustausch- und Löschprozessen, in Gasen durch Anregung mit schnellen Tielchen (in German), Zeitschrift für Naturforschung Section A, 9 (2), 134.
175. Grün, A. E., Schopper, E. and Schumacher, B. (1954) Anwendung intensiver Korpuskularbündel zur Anregung von Gasen (application of intense corpuscular beams for excitation of gases) (in German), Zeitschrift für angewandte Physik 6 (5), 198.
176. Grün, A. E. (1957) Measurement of air density by electron absorption. Air Force Office of Scientific Research Technical Note 57-58.
177. Grün, A. E. (1957) Measurements of the energy absorption in radiation fields of electron sources. Air Force Office of Scientific Research Technical Note 57-118.
178. 1, and upper atmospheric diagnostics with electron beam fluorescence probes, University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies, Report No. 194 (AFOSR-74-141TR).
179. 1, J. geophys. Res. 81 (22), 4031.
180. 2 concentration measurements with rocket-borne electron beam fluorescence proves, J. geophys. Res. 81 (13), 2383.
181. Hagena, O. F. and Varma, A. K. (1967) Time-of-flight velocity analysis of atomic and molecular beams, Rev. Scientific Instr. 39 (1), 47 and Von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics, AGARD-VKI Lecture Series on Gas-Surface Interactions, Part 2, p. B-13 (N79-22929).
182. Hagena, O. F. and Varma, A. K. (1967) Time-of-flight velocity analysis of atomic and molecular beams, Rev. Scientific Instr. 39 (1), 47 and Von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics, AGARD-VKI Lecture Series on Gas-Surface Interactions, Part 2, p. B-13 (N79-22929).
183. Harbour, P. J. and Lewis, J. H. (1967) Preliminary measurements of the hypersonic rarefied flow field on a sharp flat plate using an electron beam probe, 5th Int. Symp. Rarefied Gas Dynamics, Adv. Appl. Mech. 2 (supplement 4), 1031.
184. Harnett, L. N. (1969) An experimental investigation of normal shock wave velocity distribution functions in mixtures of argon and helium, University of California at Berkeley College of Engineering Report No. AS-69-5.
185. Harnett, L. M. and Muntz, E. P. (1972) Experimental investigation of normal shock wave velocity distribution functions in mixtures of argon and helium, Phys. Fluids 15 (4), 565.
186. Harvey, J. K., Celenligil, M. C. and Gilmore, M. R. (1989) A flat-ended circular cylinder in hypersonic rarefied flow, AIAA Paper 89-1709.
187. Harvey, J., Bergman, R. C. and Holden, M. S. (1989) An experimental study of hypersonic turbulence on a sharp cone, AIAA Paper 89-1866.
188. +) in a pulsed supersonic beam: rotational distributions, Chem. Phys. 90 (1,2), 175.
189. 2, J. Chem. Phys. 77 (12), 6021.
190. Herzberg, G. (1989) Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure - Volume 1 - Spectra of Diatomic Molecules, 2nd Edn, Krieger, Malabar, Florida, p. 71.
191. Hettel, H. J., Monnin, C. F. and Prok, G. M. (1967) Estimation of electron impact excitation cross-sections of molecular hydrogen, NASA TN-D-4004.
192. Hickman, R. S. (1966) Rotational temperature measurements in nitrogen using an electron beam, University of Southern California Aerospace Engineering Report No. 104 (AFOSR 66-2509).
193. Hillard, M. E., Ocheltree, S. L. and Storey, R. W. (1970) Spectroscopic analysis of electron-beam induced fluorescence in hypersonic helium flow, NASA-TN-D-6005.
194. Hillard, M. E., Harvey, W. D. and Emory, M. L. (1971) Measurements of shock wave location in hypersonic nitrogen flow, J. Spacecraft Rockets 8 (9), 1004.
195. Hirai, E., Bütefisch, K. A. and Dankert, C. (1993) Velocity and density determination by the electron beam technique, new trends in instrumentation for hypersonic research, Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Workshop on New Trends in Instrumentation for Hypersonic Research, NATO ASI Series E. Appl. Sci. 24, 361.
196. Ho, W. C. and Schweiger, G. (1972) Evaluation of rotational temperature at high vibrational temperature in electron beam fluorescence technique, Phys. Fluids 15 (8), 1447.
197. Holden, M. S., Bergman, R. C., Harvey, J., Duryea, G. and Moselle, J. (1989) Studies of the structure of attached and separated regions of viscous/inviscid interaction and the effects of combined surface roughness and blowing in high reynolds number hypersonic flows, CALSPAN, University of Buffalo Research Center, CUBRC-88682 (AFOSR-89-033TR).
198. Holden, M. S. (1993) Ground test facilities and instrumentation for aerothermal and aero-optical evaluation of hypersonic interceptors, new trends in instrumentation for hypersonic research, Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Workshop on New Trends in Instrumentation for Hypersonic Research, NATO ASI Series E, Appl. Sci. 24, 65.
199. Holden, M. S., Harvey, J. K. and Boyd, I. D. (1997) Experimental studies of real gas effects over a blunted cone/flare configuration in hypersonic airflows, AIAA Paper 97-0855.
200. Holtz, T. and Muntz, E. P. (1983) Molecular velocity distribution functions in an argon normal shock wave at mach number 7, Phys. Fluid 26 (9), 2425.
201. Honaker, W. C., Hunter, W. W. and Woods, W. C. (1979) A study of density measurements in hypersonic helium tunnels using an electron beam fluorescence technique, AIAA Paper 79-1085.
202. Hookstra, C. R., Hoppe, J. C. and Hunter, W. W. Jr (1970) Dual-channel spectrometer for rotational-temperature measurements, NASA TM X-2135.
203. Hoppe, J. C. (1968) Rotational and vibrational temperature measurements in the 12-inch hypersonic ceramic heated tunnel, NASA TN D-4892.
204. + first negative bands, J. Quantitative Spectrosc. Radiative Transfer 10 (7), 823.
205. Hoppe, J. C. (1974) Electron beam fluorescence system to measure gas density in impulse facilities, Proceedings of the 20th International Symposium in Instrumentation in the Aerospace Industry, Vol. 20, Adv. Test Measurement 11, 409.
206. Hoppe, J. C. (1974) Electron beam fluorescence system to measure gas density in impulse facilities, Proceedings of the 20th International Symposium in Instrumentation in the Aerospace Industry, Vol. 20, Adv. Test Measurement 11, 409.
207. +B (ν) states excited by electron beam impingement upon helium and nitrogen gas mixtures, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Ph.D. thesis, NASA TM-74798.
208. Hostettler, H. U. and Bernstein, R. B. (1960) Improved slotted disk type velocity selector for molecular beams. Rev. Scientific Instr. 31 (8), 872.
209. Hunter, W. W., Jr. (1968) Investigation of temperature measurements in 300-1100 K low-density air using an electron beam, NASA TN D-4500.
210. Hunter, W. W. Jr (1970) Electron beam measurements of rotational temperatures with vibrational temperatures greater than 800 K, AIAA J. 8 (5), 959.
211. 1P excitation transfer cross-section of helium, J. Chem. Phys. 58 (3), 941.
212. Hurlbut, F. C. (1994) Private communication.
213. Imami, I. (1975) Excitation of atmospheric gases by electron impact (nitrogen and nitic oxide). Ph.D. thesis, University of Southern Illinois, Carbondale.
214. Isrealson, G. and Winckler, J. R. (1975) Measurements of 3914-Å light production and electron scattering from electron beams artificially injected into the ionosphere, J. geophys. Res. 80 (25), 3709.
215. Ivanov, A. V. (1965) Density near the forward critical point of a blunt body in a supersonic rarefied gas flow, Sov. Phys. Dokl. 10 (3), 191 (translated from Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 161 (2), 315).
216. Ivanov, A. V. (1965) Density near the forward critical point of a blunt body in a supersonic rarefied gas flow, Sov. Phys. Dokl. 10 (3), 191 (translated from Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 161 (2), 315).
217. +, J. Phys. B (Atom. Molec. Phys.), Series 2, 5 (2), 199.
218. 2 for electron excitation of the second positive system, J. Opt. Soc. Amer. 57 (1), 106.
219. Juillerat, R. (1970) Application de la sonde a faisceau d'électrons aux visualisations d'écoulements en soufflerie à gaz raréfiés (application of the electron beam probe to flow visualizations in rarefied-gas wind tunnels) (in French), La Recherché Aérospatiale, No. 1970-1, p. 53.
220. Kaegi, E. M. and Muntz, E. P. (1964) Driver-driven gas mixing and its effect on shock tunnel test time, 3rd Hypervelocity Techniques Symp., p. 88.
221. Karelov, N. V., Rebrov, A. K. and Sharafutdinov, R. G. (1978) Population of the rotational levels of nitrogen molecules during nonequilibrium condensation in the freely expanding phase, J. Appl. Mech. Tech. Phys. 19 (3), 281.
222. Karelov, N. V., Rebrov, A. K. and Sharafutdinov, R. G. (1978) Population of rotational levels of nitrogen molecules at nonequilibrium condensation in a free jet, 11th Int. Symp. Rarefied Gas Dynamics, 2, 1131.
223. Kassem, A. E. and Hickman, R. S. (1974) Determination of rotational temperature in nitrogen using electron beam fluorescence, Phys. Fluids 17 (11), 1976.
224. Kassem, A. E. and Hickman, R. S. (1975) Composing model describing the excitation and de-excitation of nitrogen by an electron beam, AIAA J. 13 (6), 770.
225. Kieffer, L. J. (1965) A compilation of critically evaluated electron impact ionization cross-section data for atoms and diatomic molecules, Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics, University of Colorado, Report No. JILA-30 (AD-463781).
226. Kieffer, L. J. (1969) Compilation of low energy critically collision cross-section data. part 1 - ionization, dissociative processes and vibrational and rotational excitation, Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics, University of Colorado, Report No. JILA-6-PT-1.
227. Kislyakov, N. I., Rebrov, A. K. and Sharafutdinov, R. G. (1975) Structure of high-pressure low-density jets beyond a supersonic nozzle, J. Appl. Mech. Tech. Phys. 16 (2), 187 (translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki 16 (2), 42).
228. Kislyakov, N. I., Rebrov, A. K. and Sharafutdinov, R. G. (1975) Structure of high-pressure low-density jets beyond a supersonic nozzle, J. Appl. Mech. Tech. Phys. 16 (2), 187 (translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki 16 (2), 42).
229. Komar, J. J. and Petrie, S. L. (1976) Investigation of fluid dynamic interactions within multiple nozzle arrays, AIAA Paper 76-342.
230. Korejwo, H. A. and Holden, M. S. (1992) Ground test facilities for aerothermal and aero-optical evaluation of hypersonic interceptors, AIAA Paper 92-1074.
231. 2O with the electron beam (in Russian), Problems of Hydrodynamics and Heat Exchange, Institute of Thermophysics, Novosibirsk.
232. Kosinov, V. A. and Skovorodko, P. A. (1973) Calculation of the Franck-Condon factors for the process involved in the excitation of the molecular bands of the first negative system of nitrogen and carbon monoxide, Opt. Spectrosc. 34 (1), 344 (translated from Optik i Spekstroskopii 34 (1), 587).
233. Kosinov, V. A. and Skovorodko, P. A. (1973) Calculation of the Franck-Condon factors for the process involved in the excitation of the molecular bands of the first negative system of nitrogen and carbon monoxide, Opt. Spectrosc. 34 (1), 344 (translated from Optik i Spekstroskopii 34 (1), 587).
234. Kosinov, V. A. (1974) Determination of the vibrational temperature of carbon monoxide using the electron beam, J. Appl. Mech. Techl. Phys. 15 (5), 125.
235. Koval, A. G., Koppe, V. T. and Fogel, Ya. M. (1966) Emission spectra of rarefied molecular gases excited by fast electrons, Cosmic Res. 4 (1), 64.
236. 2 and NO emission spectra excited by 13-keV electrons. Sov. Astron. AJ 10 (1), 165 (translated from Astronomicheskii Zhurnal 43 (1), 209).
237. 2 and NO emission spectra excited by 13-keV electrons. Sov. Astron. AJ 10 (1), 165 (translated from Astronomicheskii Zhurnal 43 (1), 209).
238. Krupenie, P. H. (1966) The band spectrum of carbon monoxide, National Bureau of Standards Reference Data Series, NSRDS-NBS5.
239. Kukolich, S. G., Oates, D. E. and Wang, J. H. S. (1974) Rotational energy distribution in a nozzle beam, J. Chem. Phys. 61 (11), 4686.
240. 2 molecular populations by an electron beam method used in a free jet, Nonequilibrium Processes in Rarefied Gas Flows, Institute of Thermophysics, Novosibirsk (translated from Neravnovesnyve protsessy v potokakh razrezhennogo gaza, p. 87.)
241. 2 molecular populations by an electron beam method used in a free jet, Nonequilibrium Processes in Rarefied Gas Flows, Institute of Thermophysics, Novosibirsk (translated from Neravnovesnyve protsessy v potokakh razrezhennogo gaza, p. 87.)
242. Kuznetsov, L. I., Rebrov, A. K. and Yarygin, V. N. (1973) Diagnostics of ionized gas by electron beam in the X-ray spectrum range, 11th Int. Conf. Phenomena in Ionized Gases. Vol. 1, p. 466.
243. Kuznetsov, L. I. and Yarygin, V. N. (1974) The use of X-ray characteristics of breaking radiation produced by an electron beam for the measurement of local density of a rarefied gas and a plasma (in Russian), Experimental Methods in Rarefied Gas Dynamics, Institute of Thermophysics, Novosibirski.
244. Kuznetsov, L. I., Rebrov, A. K. and Yarygin, V. N. (1975) High-temperature jets of low-density argon beyond a sonic nozzle, J. Appl. Mech. Tech. Phys. 16 (3), 378 (translated from Zhurnal Prinkladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki 16 (3), 82).
245. Kuznetsov, L. I., Rebrov, A. K. and Yarygin, V. N. (1975) High-temperature jets of low-density argon beyond a sonic nozzle, J. Appl. Mech. Tech. Phys. 16 (3), 378 (translated from Zhurnal Prinkladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki 16 (3), 82).
246. Lampson, A. I. (1977) A plasma diode electron-beam for low-density flow visualization, AIAA Paper 77-322.
247. Langstroth, G. O. (1934) The excitation of band systems by electron-impact, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A, 146, 166.
248. Lashov, A. I. (1965) Study of the zone behind a reflected shock wave using an electron gun, Sov. Engng J. 5 (6), 800 (translated from Inzhenernyi Zhurnal 5 (6), 1114).
249. Lashov, A. I. (1965) Study of the zone behind a reflected shock wave using an electron gun, Sov. Engng J. 5 (6), 800 (translated from Inzhenernyi Zhurnal 5 (6), 1114).
250. Lazdinis, S. S. and Petrie, S. L. (1972) The coupling of free electron and vibrational nonequilibrium in nitrogen expansions, AIAA Paper 72-683.
251. Lazdinis, S. S. and Petrie, S. L. (1974) Free electron and vibrationai nonequilibrium in high temperature nitrogen, Phys. Fluids 17 (8), 1539.
252. Lee, H. F. and Petrie, S. L. (1973) Electron beam visualization in hypersonic airflows, AIAA Paper 72-1017 (1972) and J. Aircr. 10 (4), 239.
253. Lee, H. F. and Petrie, S. L. (1974) Development and application of the electron beam fluorescence technique for visualizing hypersonic high temperature airflows, Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory, AFFDL-TR-74-24.
254. 2- air reactions in shock tunnel nozzle, AIAA Paper 90-1751.
255. Lee, E. P. and Cooper, R. K. (1976) General envelope equation for cylindrically symmetric charged-particle beams, Particle Accelerators 7 (2), 83.
256. Lees, J. H. and Skinner, H. W. B. (1932) Notes on the excitation processes in helimum, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A137 (1831), 186.
257. deLeeuw, J. H. and Davies, W. E. R. (1969) Simultaneous measurements of temperature and density by an electron beam luminescence technique, Small Rocket Instr. Techniques, p. 144.
258. deLeeuw, J. H. and Davies, W. E. R. (1972) Measurement of temperature and density in the upper atmosphere using an electron beam, Can. J. Phys. 50 (10), 1044.
259. deLeeuw, J. H. and McMichael, G. E. (1972) Argon partial density measurements in rarefied argon-helium supersonic flows with an electron beam, 8th Int. Symp. Rarefied Gas Dynamics, p. 287.
260. deLeeuw, J. H., Davies, W. E. R., Haasz, A. A. and Unger, J. I. (1975) Diagnostics with rocketborne electron beam fluorescence probes, University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies, Report No. 197.
261. Lengrand, J.-C. and Cloupeau, M. (1972) Mesures de temperature de rotation dans l'azote excite par faisceau electronique. Utilisation pratique du modèle de Smith (rotational temperature measurements in nitrogen excited by electron beams. Practical Applications of the Smith Model) (in French), Laboratoire d'Aérothermique du Centre National de la Recherché Scientifique (CNRS), Report No. 72-2.
262. Lengrand, J.-C. and Cloupeau, M. (1974) Application of Smith's model to rotational temperature measurements in nitrogen, AIAA J. 12 (6), 812.
263. Lengrand, J.-C. (1982) Excitation models used in the electron beam fluorescence technique, 13th Int. Symp. Rarefied Gas Dynamics 2, 833.
264. Lengrand, J.-.C. et al. (1982) Determination of local density in a gas flow by measurement of X-rays produced by an electron beam (in French), Internal Report, Laboratoire d'Aérothermique.
265. Lengrand, J.-C, Allègre, J. and Raffin, M. (1984) Electron beam fluorescence technique at relatively high pressure, 14th Int. Symp. Rarefied Gas Dynamics 1, 4233.
266. Lengrand, J.-C. (1996) Private communication.
267. Lester, M. I., Zegarski, B. R. and Miller, T. A. (1983) Laser-induced fluorescence studies of large and small molecular cations produced by using electron bombardment in a free jet expansion, J. Phys. Chem. 87 (25), 5228.
268. Lewis, J. W. L. and Williams, W. D. (1969) Vibrational temperature measurements using the electron beam, AIAA J. 7 (6), 1202.
269. Lewy, S. (1970) Visualisation d'écoulements en soufflerie à l'aiae d'un faisceau d'électrons (visualization of a flow in a wind tunnel by means of an electron beam) (in French), La Recherché Aérospatiale, No. 1970-3, p. 155 (ONERA Report No. TP-856).
270. Lewy, S. (1971) Density measurement in aerodynamic flows by an electron beam probe, ICIASF '71 Record, p. 125.
271. Lewy, S. (1972) Mesure d la température de rotation de l'azote en écoulement hypersonique par une sonde a faisceau d'électrons (rotational temperature measurements of nitrogen in hypersonic flow using an electron beam technique) (in French), J. Phys. 33 (11-12), 995.
272. Lewy, S. (1972) Mesure de la température de rotation par la sonde à faisceau électronique avec prise en compte des électrons secondaries (rotational temperature measurement by means of an electron beam probe with allowance for secondary electrons) (in French), Comptes Rendus, Académie des Sciences, Séries B - Sciences Physiques, 274 (9), 581.
273. Lewis, J. W. L. and Williams, W. D. (1972) Collisional de-excitation cross-section measurement of electronic states of atomic and molecular hydrogen by collision with molecular hydrogen, Arnold Engineering Development Center, AEDC-TR-72-132.
274. Lewy, S. (1972) Sondage de Gaz Raréfiés par Faisceau d'Électrons Appliqué aux Écoulements Aérodynamiques (Rarefied Gas Probing by Electron Beam Applied to Aerodynamic Flows) (in French), Office National d'Etudes et de Recherché Aérospatiale (ONERA), Publication No. 146.
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431. 2 and air, AIAA J. 4 (10), 1858.
432. Sebacher, D. I. (1966) Primary and afterglow emission from low temperature gaseous nitrogen excited by fast electrons, J. Chem. Phys. 44 (11), 4131.
433. Sebacher, D. I. (1968) Diffusive separation in shock waves and freejets of nitrogen-helium mixtures, AIAA J. 6 (1), 51.
434. Sebacher, D. I., Guy, R. W. and Lee, L. P. (1969) Diffusive separation in free jets of nitrogen and helium mixtures, 6th Int. Symp. Rarefied Gas Dynamics, Adv. Appl. Mech. 2 (supplement 5), 931.
435. 2 as measured by an electron beam, NASA TN-D-6455.
436. 2 and air, NASA-TM-X-71988.
437. Sharafutdinov, R. G., Sukhinin, G. I., Belikov, A. E., Karelov, N. V. and Zarvin, A. E. (1982) Electron-beam diagnostics in nitrogen multiquantum transitions, 13th Int. Symp. Rarefied Gas Dynamics 2, 839.
438. Shelton, D. P. and Cassady, P. E. (1992) Electron beam density measurement in a hypersonic shock tunnel flowfield, AIAA Paper 92-3933.
439. 2 first negative system band broadening due to electron beam, excitation, 6th Int. Symp. Rarefied Gas Dynamics, Adv. Appl. Mech. 2 (supplement 5), 1749.
440. Smith, R. B. (1972) Electron-beam investigation of a hypersonic shock wave in nitrogen, Phys. Fluids 15 (6), 1010.
441. Smith, J. A. and Driscoll, J. F. (1975) The electron beam technique for measurements in hypersonic turbulent flows, J. Fluid Mech. 75 (4), 695.
442. Smith, H. D. (1931) The emission spectrum of carbon dioxide, Phys. Rev. 2nd Series, 38 (11), 2000.
443. 2 using the electron beam fluorescence technique, Japan. Soc. Aeronautic. Space Sci. 26 (73), 41; Measurements of low density, high velocity flow by electron beam fluorescence technique, Memories of the Faculty of Engineering, Nagoya University, 33 (1), 76.
444. 2 using the electron beam fluorescence technique, Japan. Soc. Aeronautic. Space Sci. 26 (73), 41; Measurements of low density, high velocity flow by electron beam fluorescence technique, Memories of the Faculty of Engineering, Nagoya University, 33 (1), 76.
445. 2 by electron impact, Phys. Rev., 2nd Ser., 168 (1), 86.
446. St. John, R. M. and Fowler, R. G. (1962) New process of excitation transfer in helium, Phys. Rev., 2nd Series, 122 (6), 1813.
447. + (ν′, k′) of nitrogen, Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. 28 (2), 204 (translated from Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki 53 (2), 333).
448. + (ν′, k′) of nitrogen, Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. 28 (2), 204 (translated from Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki 53 (2), 333).
449. u (ν′ = 0) state by electron impact, Chem. Phys. 189 (3), 603.
450. Takayanagi, K. (1973) Behavior of low-energy electrons in gases, Gas breakdown and its fundamental processes. Proc. U.S.-Japan Seminar, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, p. 11.
451. Thomas, K. M. and Muntz, E. P. (1968) A study of base injection effects on slender body hypersonic wakes, General Electric RESD No. 68-SD677 (SAMSO TR 68-373).
452. Thomson, Sir J. J. (1933) Conduction of Electricity Through Gases, Vol 11. Cambridge University Press, London.
453. Tong, D. T. L. and deLeeuw, J. H. (1977) Molecular velocity distribution function measurements between differentially heated parallel plates, 10th Int. Symp. Rarefied Gas Dynamics, Prog. Astronaut. Aeronaut. 51 (1), 273.
454. Trokhan, A. M, (1964) Measurement of parameters of gas fluxes with the help of a beam of fast electrons, J. Appl. Mech. Techn. Phys. (N66 39079) 134-157 (translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki 5 (3), 181).
455. Trokhan, A. M, (1964) Measurement of parameters of gas fluxes with the help of a beam of fast electrons, J. Appl. Mech. Techn. Phys. (N66 39079) 134-157 (translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki 5 (3), 181).
456. Vargin, A. N., Gainian, N. A., Konyukhov, V. K., Lukovnikov, A. I. and Selyakov, V. I. (1975) Population inversion of rotational levels of diatomic molecules due to adiabatic expansion of a gas, Sov. Quantum Electron. 5 (3), 338 (translated from Kvantovaya Electronika 2 (3), 599).
457. Vargin, A. N., Gainian, N. A., Konyukhov, V. K., Lukovnikov, A. I. and Selyakov, V. I. (1975) Population inversion of rotational levels of diatomic molecules due to adiabatic expansion of a gas, Sov. Quantum Electron. 5 (3), 338 (translated from Kvantovaya Electronika 2 (3), 599).
458. Venable, D. and Kaplan, D. E. (1955) Electron beam method of determining density profiles across shock waves in gases at low densities, J. Appl. Phys. 26 (5), 639.
459. Verkhovtseva, E. T., Fogel, Ya. M. and Osyka, V. S. (1968) On the continuous spectra of inert gases in the vacuum-ultraviolet region obtained by means of a gas-jet source, Optics Spectrosc. 25 (3), 238 (translated from Optik i Spekstroskopii 25 (3), 440).
460. Verkhovtseva, E. T., Fogel, Ya. M. and Osyka, V. S. (1968) On the continuous spectra of inert gases in the vacuum-ultraviolet region obtained by means of a gas-jet source, Optics Spectrosc. 25 (3), 238 (translated from Optik i Spekstroskopii 25 (3), 440).
461. Verkhovtseva, E. T., Yaremenko, V. I., Ovechkin, A. E. and Fogel, Ya. M. (1974) Continuous spectrum in the vacuum ultraviolet region emitted by a supersonic argon jet excited by an electron beam, Optics Spectrosc. 37 (2), 126.
462. Vencov, S. (1931) Contribution a l'Etuded e la decharge par choc électronique dans l'hydrogène (in French), Annales Phys., Series, 10, 15, 131.
463. Voskoboinikov, Yu. E., Zarvin, A. E., Poltavets, A. A., Tomsons, Ya. Ya. and Sharafutdinov, R. G. (1976) Determination of the velocity distribution function of molecules and its moments from time-of-flight measurements, J. Appl. Mech. Tech. Phy. 17 (5), 32.
464. Vostrikov, A. A., Gilyova, V. P. and Dubov, D. Yu. (1990) Electron-stimulated fluorescence and ejection of excited particles from clusters, 17th Int. Symp. on Rarefied Gas Dynamics, p. 1197.
465. Vostrikov, A. A., Gileva, V. P. and Dubov, D. Yu. (1992) Electron-induced fluorescence of clusters, Sov. Phys. Technical Phys. 37 (1), 28 (translated from Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki 62 (1), 60).
466. Vostrikov, A. A., Gileva, V. P. and Dubov, D. Yu. (1992) Electron-induced fluorescence of clusters, Sov. Phys. Technical Phys. 37 (1), 28 (translated from Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki 62 (1), 60).
467. Wada, I. (1963) Studies of the flow in a low pressure hypersonic tunnel using an electron beam densitometer, National Aeronautical Laboratory of Japan, TR-37T.
468. Wada, I. (1963) Density measurements using an electron beam (in Japanese), Jpn. J. Aeronaut. Sci. 11 (117), 28.
469. Wada, I. (1960) Electron-beam densitometer (in Japanese), J. Vacuum Soc. Japan 3 (5), 165.
470. Wada, I. and Soga, K. (1963) Studies of the hypersonic flow around two-dimensional and axisymmetric bodies by using an electron beam densitometer, Proc. 5th Int. Symp. Space Technology and Science, p. 251.
471. Wada, I. (1965) Experiments of rarefied gas flow (in Japanese), Jpn. J. Aeronaut. Sci. 13, (139), 40.
472. Wada, I. (1965) Experimental study of low pressure hypersonic flow by using an electron beam densitometer, 4th Int. Symp. Rarefied Gas Dynamics, Adv. Appl. Mech. 1 (supplement 3), 535.
473. Wada, I. and Soga, K. (1965) Experimental study of low density hypersonic flow by the electron-beam techniques, Proc. 6th Int. Symp. Space Technol. Sci. p. 141.
474. Wada, I. and Soga, K. (1968) Experimental study of low density hypersonic flow using electron beam densitometry, National Aerospace Laboratory Technical Report, TR-157 (NASA Technical Translation F-12, 177).
475. + first negative band systems, J. atmos. terr. Phys. 7, 101.
476. Wallace, J. E. (1968) Hypersonic turbulent boundary layer measurements using an electron beam, Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory Report No. AN-2112-Y-1.
477. Wallace, J. E. (1969) Hypersonic turbulent boundary layer measurements using an electron beam, AIAA J. 7 (4), 757.
478. Weinstein, L. M., Wagner, R. D., Jr and Ocheltree, S. L. (1968) Electron beam flow visualization in hypersonic helium, AIAA J. 6 (8), 1623.
479. Weinstein, L. M., Wagner, R. D., Jr. Henderson, A. Jr. and Ocheltree, S. L. (1969) Electron beam flow visualization in hypersonic helium, ICIASF '69 Record, p. 72.
480. Whetsel, R. G. (1968) Determination of transient gas constituent concentrations utilizing a high energy electron beam, Arnold Engineering Development Center, AEDC-TR-68-88.
481. Whetsel, R. G. and Shofner, F. M. (1969) Concentration measurements in a transient helium-air mixture utilizing an electron beam, IEEE Trans. Aerospace Electron. Syst. AES-5 (1), 91.
482. Whitfield, D. L., Lewis, J. W. L. and Williams, W. D. (1973) Specie number density, pitot pressure and flow visualization in the near field of two supersonic nozzle banks used for chemical lasers, Arnold Engineering Development Center, AEDC-TR-73-11.
483. Williams, W. D. (1969) Laboratory verification studies of rotational and vibrational temperature measurements by the electron beam technique, Arnold Engineering Development Center, AEDC-TR-68-265.
484. Williams, W. D., Hornkohl, J. O. and Lewis, J. W. L. (1971) Electron beam probe for a low density hypersonic tunnel, Arnold Engineering Development Center, AEDC-TR-71-61.
485. Williams, W. D., Price, L. L. and Stepanek, S. A. (1992) Application of electron beam fluorescence for characterization of hypersonic facility flows, AIAA Paper 92-3898.
486. Wine, P. H. (1974) Studied of collisional excitation transfer processes in helium, Ph.D. thesis, Florida State University.
487. Willis, D. R., Hamel, B. B. and Lin, J. T. (1972) Development of the distribution function on the centerline of a free jet expansion, Phys. Fluids 15 (4), 573.
488. Wojcik, R. M., Schilling, J. H. and Erwin, D. A. (1990) Rarefied flow diagnostics using pulsed high-current electron beams, AIAA Paper 90-1515.
489. Woods, W. C. and Arrington, J. A. (1972) Electron-beam flow visualization-applications in the definition of configuration aerothermal characteristics, AIAA Paper 72-1016.
490. Wu, S. and Yuan, G. (1980) Two methods for low density flow visualization Proc. Int. Symp. Flow Visualization, p. 481 (A82-20828).
491. Yaremenko, V. I., Katrunova, E. A., Verkhovtseva, E. T. and Fogel, Ya. M. (1976) On the 1920 Å continuous spectrum of the supersonic argon jet excited by an electron beam, Optics Commun. 17 (2), 188.
492. Yarygin, V. N., Skovorodko, P. A., Gorchakova, N. G., Kharmov, G. A. and Nerushev, O. A. (1984) The effect of homogeneous condensation on gasdynamics and IR radiation of carbon dioxide and water vapour free jets, 14th Int. Symp. Rarefied Gas Dynamics 2, 951 (note that Zharkova, N. G. and Gorchakova, N. G. are the same woman).
493. +, Sov. Phys. Dokl. 5 (5), 1008 (translated from Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 134 (2), 311).
494. +, Sov. Phys. Dokl. 5 (5), 1008 (translated from Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 134 (2), 311).
495. Zarvin, A. E. and Sharafutdinov, R. G. (1977) Determination of the translational temperature from the transverse density profiles of a molecular beam, Fluid Mech. - Sov. Res. 6 (5), 83 (translated from Dinamika razrezhennykh gazov, Institute of Thermophysics, Novosibirsk, p. 38).
496. Zarvin, A. E. and Sharafutdinov, R. G. (1977) Determination of the translational temperature from the transverse density profiles of a molecular beam, Fluid Mech. - Sov. Res. 6 (5), 83 (translated from Dinamika razrezhennykh gazov, Institute of Thermophysics, Novosibirsk, p. 38).
497. Zarvin, A. E. and Sharafutdinov, R. G. (1977) A molecular beam generator for investigating rarefied gas flows, Fluid Mech. - Sov. Res. 6 (5), 69 (translated from Dinamika razrezhennykh gazov, Institute of Thermophysics, Novosibirsk, p. 19).
498. Zarvin, A. E. and Sharafutdinov, R. G. (1977) A molecular beam generator for investigating rarefied gas flows, Fluid Mech. - Sov. Res. 6 (5), 69 (translated from Dinamika razrezhennykh gazov, Institute of Thermophysics, Novosibirsk, p. 19).
499. Zarvin, A. E. (1977) Time-of-flight method of molecular velocity distribution function measurements (in Russian), Nonequilibrium Processes in Rarefied Gas Flows, Institute of Thermophysics, Novosibirsk (translated from Neravnovesyne protessy v potatakh razrezhennogo gaza, p. 51).
500. Zarvin, A. E. (1977) Time-of-flight method of molecular velocity distribution function measurements (in Russian), Nonequilibrium Processes in Rarefied Gas Flows, Institute of Thermophysics, Novosibirsk (translated from Neravnovesyne protessy v potatakh razrezhennogo gaza, p. 51).
501. Zempel, R., Mallin, J. and Muntz, E. (1963) An electron beam excitation technique for the measurement of low densities in hypersonic shock tunnel flows, General Electric Space Sciences Laboratory, GE TIS R63SD55.
502. 2 in a supersonic jet, Chem. Phys. 124 (3), 453.
503. Zharkova, N. G., Prokkoev, V. V., Rebrov, A. K. and Yarygin, V. N. (1976) Nonequilibrium expansion of carbon dioxide gas at retardation temperatures up to 1200 K, J. Appl. Mech. Tech. Phys. 17 (5), 633 (translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki 17 (5), 41) (note that Zharkova, N. G. and Gorchakova, N. G. are the same woman).
504. Zharkova, N. G., Prokkoev, V. V., Rebrov, A. K. and Yarygin, V. N. (1976) Nonequilibrium expansion of carbon dioxide gas at retardation temperatures up to 1200 K, J. Appl. Mech. Tech. Phys. 17 (5), 633 (translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki 17 (5), 41) (note that Zharkova, N. G. and Gorchakova, N. G. are the same woman).
505. Zharkova, N. G., Kuznetsov, L. I., Rebrov, A. K. and Yarygin, V. N. (1976) Measurement of the density of rarefied gas and plasma by means of an electron beam, High Temp. 14 (1), 15 (translated from Teplofizika Vysokikh Temperature 14 (1), 17) (note that Zharkova, N. G. and Gorchakova, N. G. are the same woman).
506. Zharkova, N. G., Kuznetsov, L. I., Rebrov, A. K. and Yarygin, V. N. (1976) Measurement of the density of rarefied gas and plasma by means of an electron beam, High Temp. 14 (1), 15 (translated from Teplofizika Vysokikh Temperature 14 (1), 17) (note that Zharkova, N. G. and Gorchakova, N. G. are the same woman).
507. Zharkova, N. G., Prokkoev, V. V., Rebrov, A. K., Skovorodko, P. A. and Yarygin, V. N. (1978) The effects of nonequilibrium condensation and vibrational relaxation in supersonic expansion of carbon dioxide, 11th Int. Symp. Rarefied Gas Dynamics, Vol. 2, p. 1141 (note that Zharkova, N. G. and Gorchakova, N. G. are the same woman).
508. Zhestkov, B. E. and Grachev, N. N. (1984) Time-of-flight of the velocity distribution function in a hot jet obtained by counting individual particles, Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. 29 (4), 424 (translated from Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki 56 (4), 716).
509. Zhestkov, B. E. and Grachev, N. N. (1984) Time-of-flight of the velocity distribution function in a hot jet obtained by counting individual particles, Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. 29 (4), 424 (translated from Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki 56 (4), 716).
510. Ziegler, C. A., Bird, L. L., Olson, K. H., Hull, J. A. and Morreal, J. A. (1964) Technique for determining density distribution in low pressure, high temperature gases, Rev. Scientific Instr. 35 (4), 450.