Development of a process for toughening grain-refined, high-strength steels

ASTM Special Technical Publication

Volumn 1259, Issue , 1997, Pages 160-195

  Leap, Michael J ^a   Wingert, James C ^a   Mozden, Charles A ^a  

^a TIMKEN COMPANY   (United States)

Author keywords

Brittle fracture; Ductile fracture; Grain refining precipitates; High strength steels; Impact toughness; Instrumented impact testing

Indexed keywords

BRITTLE FRACTURE; CRACK PROPAGATION; DUCTILITY; FRACTURE TOUGHNESS; IMPACT TESTING; MARTENSITE; PRECIPITATION (CHEMICAL); STRENGTH OF MATERIALS; TEMPERING;

CHARPY V NOTCH IMPACT TESTING; GRAIN REFINING PRECIPITATES; HIGH STRENGTH STEELS; STEEL 3310; STEEL 4340; STEEL 8219;

STEEL;

EID: 0030651146     PISSN: 00660558     EISSN: None     Source Type: Conference Proceeding    
DOI: 10.1520/stp16600s     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Lee, S., Majno, L., and Asaro, R. J., "Correlation of Microstructure and Fracture Toughness in Two 4340 Steels," Metallurgical Transactions, Vol. 16A, 1985, pp. 1633-1648.
2. Roesch, L. and Henry, G., "Relationship Between Precipitation and Dimple Fracture in an 18 Percent Nickel Maraging Steel," ASTM STP 453: Electron Microfractography (Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials, 1969), pp. 3-32.
3. Cox, T. B. and Low, Jr., J. R., "An Investigation of the Plastic Fracture of AISI 4340 and 18 Nickel-200 Grade Maraging Steels," Metallurgical Transactions. Vol. 5, 1974, pp. 1457-1470.
4. Garrison, Jr., W. M., "The Effects of Silicon and Nickel Additions on the Mechanical Properties of a 0.4 Carbon Low Alloy Steel," Scripta Metallurgica. Vol. 16, 1982, pp. 877-880.
5. Pandey, R. K. and Banerjee, S., "Strain Induced Fracture in Low Strength Steels," Engineering Fracture Mechanics. Vol. 10, 1978, pp. 817-829.
6. Ritchie, R. O. and Horn, R. M., "Further Considerations on the Inconsistency in Toughness Evaluation of AISI4340 Steel Austenitized at Increasing Temperatures," Metallurgical Transactions, Vol. 9A, 1978, pp. 331-341.
7. Garrison, Jr., W. M., "A Microstructural Interpretation of the Fracture Strain and Characteristic Fracture Distance," Scripta Metallurgica, Vol. 18, 1984, pp. 583-586.
8. Rice, J. R. and Johnson, M. A., "The Role of Large Crack Tip Geometry Changes in Plane Strain Fracture," Inelastic Behavior of Solids (New York, NY: McGraw Hill Book Company, 1970), pp. 641-672.
9. Garrison, Jr., W. M., "The Effect of Silicon and Nickel Additions on the Sulfide Spacing and Fracture Toughness of a 0.4 Carbon Low Alloy Steel," Metallurgical Transactions, Vol. 17A, 1986, pp. 669-678.
10. Speich, G. R., Dabkowski, D. S., and Porter, L. F., "Strength and Toughness of Fe-10Ni Alloys Containing C, Cr, Mo, and Co," Metallurgical Transactions, Vol. 4, 1973, pp. 303-315.
11. Garrison, Jr., W. M. and Moody, N. R., "The Influence of Inclusion Spacing and Microstructure on the Fracture Toughness of the Secondary Hardening Steel AF1410," Metallurgical Transactions, Vol. 18A, 1987, pp. 1257-1263.
12. Rao, B. V. Narasimha and Thomas, G., "Structure-Property Relations and the Design of Fe-4Cr-C Base Structural Steels for High Strength and Toughness," Metallurgical Transactions, Vol. 11A, 1980, pp. 441-457.
13. Sarikaya, M., Steinberg, B. G., and Thomas, G., "Optimization of Fe/Cr/C Base Structural Steels for Improved Strength and Toughness," Metallurgical Transactions, Vol. 13A, 1982, pp. 2227-2237.
14. Youngblood, J. L. and Raghavan, M., "Correlation of Microstructure with Mechanical Properties of 300M Steel," Metallurgical Transactions, Vol. 8A, 1977, pp. 1439-1448.
15. Leap, M. J. and Wingert, J. C., "Recent Advances in the Technology of Toughening Grain-Refined, High-Strength Steels" (Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, Paper No. 961749, 1996).
16. th Mechanical Working and Steel Processing Conference Proceedings, 1996.
17. Leap, M. J., "Prevention of Particle Embrittlement in Grain-Refined, High-Strength Steels," United States Patent 5,409,554, April 25, 1995.
18. Fundamentals of Microalloying Forging Steels, Krauss, G. and Banerji, S. K., Eds. (Warrendale, PA: The Metallurgical Society, 1987).
19. Zhou, W. and Knott, J. F., "Observations of the Initiation of Transgranular Cleavage from Prior Austenite Grain Boundaries," Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia, Vol. 24, 1990, pp. 2247-2252.
20. DeLoach, Jr., J. J. and Franke, G. L., "Microstructural Features Controlling Transition Behavior in Martensitic, High Strength Steel Weld Metals," Welding 90 (Gournay-Sur-Marne, France: Institute for Industrial Technology Transfer, 1990), pp. 99-107.
21. th Mechanical Working and Steel Processing Conference Proceedings (Warrendale, PA: Iron and Steel Society, Inc., 1995), pp. 483-494.
22. Linaza, M. A., Romero, J. L., Rodriguez-Ibabe, J. M., and Urcola, J. J., "Cleavage Fracture of Microalloyed Forging Steels," Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia, Vol. 32, 1995, pp. 395-400.
23. Ritchie, R. O., Knott, J. F., and Rice, J. R., "On the Relationship Between Critical Tensile Stress and Fracture Toughness in Mild Steel," Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Vol. 21, 1973, pp. 395-410.
24. Ritchie, R. O., Francis, B., and Server, W. L., "Evaluation of Toughness in AISI 4340 Alloy Steel Austenitized at Low and High Temperatures," Metallurgical Transactions, Vol. 7A, 1976, pp. 831-838.
25. Chang, E., Chang, C. Y., and Liu, C. D., "The Effects of Double Austenitization on the Mechanical Properties of a 0.34C Containing Low-Alloy Ni-Cr-Mo-V Steel," Metallurgical Transactions, Vol. 25A, 1994, pp. 545-555.
26. Ireland, D. R., "Procedures and Problems Associated with Reliable Control of the Instrumented Impact Test," ASTM STP 563: Instrumented Impact Testing (Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials, 1974), pp. 3-29.
27. Saxton, H. J., Ireland, D. R., and Server, W. L., "Analysis and Control of Inertial Effects During Instrumented Impact Testing," ASTM STP 563: Instrumented Impact Testing (Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials, 1974), pp. 50-73.
28. Ireland, D. R., "Critical Review of Instrumented Impact Testing," Dynamic Fracture Toughness, An International Conference (Cambridge, England: The Welding Institute, 1977), pp. 47-62.
29. Server, W. L., Wullaert, R. A., and Scheckherd, J. W., "Evaluation Procedures for Dynamic Fracture-Toughness Testing," ASTM STP 631: Flaw Growth and Fracture (Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials, 1977), pp. 446-461.
30. Hoover, W. R., "Effect of Test System Response Time on Instrumented Charpy Impact Data," ASTM STP 563: Instrumented Impact Testing (Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials, 1974), pp. 203-214.
31. Leap, M. J., The Effects of Forging on the Microstructural Development, Strength, and Dynamic Fracture Behavior of Microalloyed Ferrite-Pearlite Steels (Golden, CO: Colorado School of Mines, M. S. Thesis, 1987).
32. Hillert, M. and Staffansson, L. I., "The Regular Solution Model for Stoichiometric Phases and Ionic Melts," Acta Chemica Scandinavica, Vol. 24, 1970, pp. 3618-3626.
33. Tetelman, A. S., Wilshaw, T. R., and Rau, Jr., C. A., "The Critical Tensile Stress Criterion for Cleavage," The International Journal of Fracture Mechanics, Vol. 4, 1968, pp. 147-157.
34. Ic and Microscopic Strength for Low Alloy Steels," Engineering Fracture Mechanics, Vol. 3, 1971, pp. 151-167.
35. Wilshaw, T. R. and Pratt, P. L., "On the Plastic Deformation of Charpy Specimens Prior to General Yield," Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Vol. 14, 1966, pp. 7-19.
36. Turner, C. E., "Measurement of Fracture Toughness by Instrumented Impact Test," ASTM STP 466: Impact Testing of Metals (Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials, 1970), pp. 93-114.
37. Wullaert, R. A., "Applications of the Instrumented Charpy Impact Test," ASTM STP 466: Impact Testing of Metals (Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials, 1970), pp. 148-164.
38. f in Notch Specimens of C-Mn Steel," Metallurgical Transactions, Vol. 24A, 1993, pp. 1381-1389.
39. Ewing, D. J. F. and Griffiths, J. R., "The Applicability of Slip-Line Field Theory to Contained Elastic-Plastic Flow Around a Notch," Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Vol. 19, 1971, pp. 389-394.
40. Griffiths, J. R. and Owen, D. R. J., "An Elastic-Plastic Stress Analysis for a Notched Bar in Plane Strain Bending," Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Vol. 19, 1971, pp. 419-431.
41. Wilshaw, T. R., "Deformation and Fracture of Mild Steel Charpy Specimens," Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, Vol. 204, 1966, pp. 936-942.
42. Lequear, H. A. and Lubahn, J. D., "Root Conditions in a V-Notch Charpy Impact Specimen," Welding Research Supplement, December, 1954, pp. 585s-588s.
43. Evans, A. G., "Statistical Aspects of Cleavage Fracture in Steel," Metallurgical Transactions, Vol. 14A, 1983, pp. 1349-1355.
44. Lin, T., Evans, A. G., and Ritchie, R. O., "Statistical Analysis of Cleavage Fracture Ahead of Sharp Cracks and Rounded Notches," Acta Metallurgica, Vol. 34, 1986, pp. 2205-2216.
45. Lin, T., Evans, A. G., and Ritchie, R. O., "Stochastic Modeling of the Independent Roles of Particle Size and Grain Size in Transgranular Cleavage Fracture," Metallurgical Transactions, Vol. 18A, 1987, pp. 641-651.
46. Weibull, W., "A Statistical Distribution Function of Wide Applicability," Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (Journal of Applied Mechanics), September, 1951, pp. 293-297.
47. Landes, J. D., The Effect of Size, Thickness and Geometry on Fracture Toughness in the Transition (Geesthacht, Germany: GKSS Research Center, Report 92/E/43, 1992).
48. Landes, J. D., "A Two Criteria Statistical Model for Transition Fracture Toughness," Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures, Vol. 16, 1993, pp. 1161-1174.
49. Lereim, J. and Embury, J. D., "Some Aspects of the Process Zone Associated with the Fracture of Notched Bars," What Does the Charpy Test Really Tell Us? (Metals Park, OH: American Society for Metals, 1978), pp. 33-53.
50. Zia-Ebrahimi, F., Matlock, D. K., and Krauss, G., "On Ductile Crack Initiation in Notched Bend Specimens," Scripta Metallurgica, Vol. 16, 1982, pp. 987-992.
51. Green, A. P., "The Plastic Yielding of Shallow Notched Bars Due to Bending," Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Vol. 4, 1956, pp. 259-268.
52. Green, A. P. and Hundy, B. B., "Initial Plastic Yielding in Notch Bend Tests," Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Vol. 4, 1956, pp. 128-144.
53. Alexander, J. M. and Komoly, T. J., "On the Yielding of a Rigid/Plastic Bar with an Izod Notch," Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Vol. 10, 1962, pp. 265-275.
54. Hendrickson, J. A., Wood, D. S., and Clark, D. S., "The Initiation of Brittle Fracture in Mild Steel," Transactions of the American Society for Metals, Vol. 50, 1958, pp. 656-676.
55. Griffiths, J. R. and Cottrell, A. H., "Elastic Failure at Notches in Silicon-Steel," Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Vol. 13, 1965, pp. 135-140.
56. Knott, J. F. and Cottrell, A. H., "Notch Brittleness in Mild Steel," Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, Vol. 201, 1963, pp. 249-260.
57. Li, D. M. and Yao, M., "Effect of Notch Depth on Low-Temperature Fracture Behavior of Mild Steel," Scripta Metallurgica, Vol. 21, 1987, pp. 593-596.
58. Huang, Z. and Yao, M., "An Approach to Cleavage Microcrack Propagation," Scripta Metallurgica, Vol. 23, 1989, pp. 1335-1340.
59. Yan, X. and Lei, W., "Research into Fracture Behavior of Mild Steel in Crack-Like Notch Impact Test," Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia, Vol. 29, 1993, pp. 797-800.
60. Rosenfield, A. R. and Shetty, D. K., "Lower-Bound Fracture Toughness of a Reactor-Pressure-Vessel Steel," Engineering Fracture Mechanics, Vol. 14, 1981, pp. 833-842.
61. Rosenfield, A. R. and Shetty, D. K., "Cleavage Fracture of Steel in the Upper Ductile-Brittle Transition Region," Engineering Fracture Mechanics, Vol. 17, 1983, pp. 461-470.
62. Ic-Values in the Range of Elastic-Plastic Material Behavior," Engineering Fracture Mechanics, Vol. 12, 1979, pp. 581-597.
63. Fearnehough, G. D. and Hoy, C. J., "Mechanism of Deformation and Fracture in the Charpy Test as Revealed by Dynamic Recording of Impact Loads," Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, Vol. 202, 1964, pp. 912-920.
64. Server, W. L., Norris, Jr., D. M., and Prado, M. E., "Ductile Crack Initiation in the Charpy V-Notch Test," What Does the Charpy Test Really Tell Us? (Metals Park, OH: American Society for Metals, 1978), pp. 187-200.
65. Norris, Jr., D. M., "Computer Simulation of the Charpy V-Notch Toughness Test," Engineering Fracture Mechanics, Vol. 11, 1979, pp. 261-274.
66. Leap, M. J., unpublished research, The Timken Company, 1996.