Extrahepatic manifestations of chronic viral hepatitis

American Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 92, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 4-17

  Willson, Richard A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPHA INTERFERON; AMINOTRANSFERASE; AUTOANTIBODY; CHLORAMBUCIL; COMPLEMENT; CORTICOSTEROID; CREATININE; CRYOGLOBULIN; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; HEPATITIS B ANTIBODY; HEPATITIS B CORE ANTIGEN; HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN; HEPATITIS B(E) ANTIBODY; HEPATITIS B(E) ANTIGEN; HEPATITIS C ANTIBODY; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; PARAPROTEIN; PREDNISONE; PROTEIN; RHEUMATOID FACTOR; RIBAVIRIN; UNINDEXED DRUG; UROPORPHYRINOGEN DECARBOXYLASE; VIDARABINE; VIRUS ANTIGEN; VIRUS DNA; VIRUS RNA; ANTIVIRUS AGENT;

APLASTIC ANEMIA; BIOPSY; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORNEA RODENT ULCER; CRYOGLOBULINEMIA; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; GLOMERULONEPHRITIS; HEMODIALYSIS; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; HUMAN; IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; LUNG FIBROSIS; LYMPHOMA; MEMBRANOPROLIFERATIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS; MEMBRANOUS GLOMERULONEPHRITIS; NEPHROTIC SYNDROME; PLASMAPHERESIS; POLYARTERITIS NODOSA; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; REVIEW; SJOEGREN SYNDROME; SKIN DISEASE; THYROID DISEASE; CHRONIC DISEASE; PATHOLOGY;

ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; CHRONIC DISEASE; CRYOGLOBULINEMIA; GLOMERULONEPHRITIS; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; HUMANS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS; INTERFERON-ALPHA; POLYARTERITIS NODOSA;

EID: 0030640854     PISSN: 00029270     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (170)

1. Seeff LB. Diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of viral hepatitis. In: Zakim D, Boyer TK, eds. Hepatology: A textbook of liver disease, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co., 1990, pp 981-4.
2. Koff RS. Immunologically mediated extrahepatic manifestations of viral hepatitis, In: Krawitt EL, Wiesner RH, eds. Autoimmune liver diseases. New York: Raven Press, 1991, pp 233-45.
3. Koff RS. Viral hepatitis. In: Schiff L, Schiff ER, eds: Diseases of the liver, 7th ed. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co., 1993, pp 535-45.
4. Czaja AJ, Carpenter HA, Santrach PJ, et al: Immunologic features and HLA associations in chronic viral hepatitis. Gastroenterology 1995;108:157-64.
5. Sergent JS, Lockshin ML, Christian CL, et al: Vasculitis with hepatitis B antigenemia. Medicine 1976;55:1-18.
6. Duffy J, Lidksy MD, Sharp JT, et al. Polyarthritis, polyarteritis and hepatitis B. Medicine 1976;55:19-37.
7. Shusterman N, London WT. Hepatitis B and immune complex disease. N Engl J Med 1984;310:43-6.
8. Scott DGI, Bacon PA, Elliot PJ, et al. Systemic vasculitis in a district general hospital 1972-1980: Clinical and laboratory features, clarification and prognosis in 80 cases. Q J Med 1982;203:292-311.
9. Guillevin L, Lhote F, Gayraud M, et al. Prognostic factors in polyarteritis nodosa and Churg-Strauss syndrome. Medicine 1996;75:17-28.
10. Guillevin L, Jarrousse B, Lok C, et al. Long-term follow-up after treatment of periaarteritis nodosa and Churg-Strauss angitis with comparison of steroids, plasma exchange and cyclophophamide to steroids and plasma exchange. A prospective randomized trial of 71 patients. J Rheumatol 1991;18:567-74.
11. Lam KC, Lai CL, Trepo C, et al. Deleterious effect of prednisolone in HBsAg-positive chronic active hepatitis. N Engl J Med 1981;304: 380-86.
12. Pinto PC, Hu E, Bernstein-Singer M, et al. Acute hepatic injury after withdrawl of immunosuppressive chemotherapy in patients with hepatitis B. Cancer 1990;65:878-84.
13. Yoshiba M, Sekiyama K, Iwabuchi S, et al. Recurrent fulminant hepatic failure in an hepatitis B carrier after intensive chemotherapy. Dig Dis Sci 1993;38:1751-5.
14. McMahon BJ, Heyward WL, Templin DW, et al. Hepatitis B associated polyarteritis nodosa in Alaskan eskimos: Clinical and epidemiologic features and long-term follow-up. Hepatology 1989;9:97-101.
15. Guillerin L, Lhote F, Cohen P, et al. Polyarteritis nodosa related to hepatitis B virus. A prospective study with long-term observation of 41 patients. Medicine 1995;74:238-53.
16. Lisker-Melman M, Webb D, Di Bisceglie AM, et al. Glomerulonephritis casused by chronic hepatitis B virus infection: Treatment with recombinant human alpha-interferon. Ann Intern Med 1989;111: 479-83.
17. Scully LJ, Karayiannis P, Thomas HC. Interferon therapy is effective in treatment of hepatitis B-induced polyarthritis. Dig Dis Sci 1992; 37:1757-60.
18. Combes B, Shorey J, Barrera A, et al. Glomerulonephritis with deposition of Australia antigen-antibody complexes in glomerular basement membrane. Lancet 1971;2:234-7.
19. Brzosko WJ, Krawczynski K, Nazarewicz T, et al. Glomerulonephritis associated with hepatitis B surface antigen immune complexes in children. Lancet 1974;2:477-81.
20. Takekoshi Y, Tanaka M, Shida N, et al. Strong association between membranous nephropathy and hepatitis B surface antigenemia in Japanese children. Lancet 1987;2:1065-8.
21. Johnson RJ, Gouser WG. Hepatitis B infection and renal disease: Clinical, immunopathogenetic and therapeutic considerations. Kidney Int 1990;37:663-76.
22. Venkataseshan VS, Liberman K, Kim DU, et al. Hepatitis-B-associated glomerulonephritis: Pathology, pathogenesis, and clinical course. Medicine 1990;69:200-16.
23. Lai KN, Lai FM, Chan KW, et al. The clinico-pathologic features of hepatitis B virus-associated glomerulonephritis. Q J Med 1987;63: 323-33.
24. Lai KN, Li PK, Lui SF, et al. Membranous nephropathy related to hepatitis B virus in adults. N Engl J Med 1991;324:1457-63.
25. Dienstag JL. Hepatitis B as an immune complex disease. Semin Liver Dis 1981;1:45-57.
26. Eknoyan G, Gyorkey F, Dichoso C, et al. Renal morphological and immunological changes associated with acute viral hepatitis. Kidney Int 1972;1:413-19.
27. Morzycka M, Slusarczyk J. Kidney glomerular pathology in various forms of acute and chronic hepatitis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1979; 103:38-41.
28. Lai KN, Tam JS, Lin HJ, et al. The therapeutic dilemma of the usage of corticosteroid in patients with membranous nephropathy and persistent hepatitis B virus surface antigenemia. Nephron 1990;54: 112-7.
29. Knecht GI, Chisari FV. Reversibility of hepatitis B virus-induced glomerulonephritis and chronic acute hepatitis after spontaneous clearance of serum hepatitis B surface antigen. Gastroenterology 1978;75:1152-6.
30. Garcia G, Scullard G, Smith C, et al. Preliminary observation of hepatitis B-associated membranous glomerulonephritis treated with leukocyte interferon. Hepatology 1985;5:317-20.
31. Mizushima N, Kanai K, Matsuda H, et al. Improvement of proteinuria in a case of hepatitis B-associated glomerulonephritis after treatment with interferon. Gastroenterology 1987;92:524-6.
32. de Man RA, Schalm SW, van der Heijden AJ, et al. Improvement of hepatitis B-associated glomerulonephritis after antiviral combination therapy. J Hepatol 1989;8:367-72.
33. Conjeevaran HS, Hoofnagle JH, Austin HA, et al. Long-term outcome of hepatitis B virus-related glomerulonephritis after therapy with interferon alfa. Gastroenterology 1995;109:540-6.
34. Lin CY. Treatment of hepatitis B virus-associated membranous nephropathy with recombinant alpha-interferon. Kidney Int 1995;47: 225-30.
35. Lok ASF. Antiviral therapy of the Asian patient with chronic hepatitis B, Semin Liver Dis 1993;13:360-6.
36. Gorevic PD, Kassab HJ, Levo Y, et al. Mixed cryoglobulinemia: Clinical aspects and long-term follow-up of 40 patients. Am J Med 1980;69:287-308.
37. Monti C, Galli M, Invernizzi F, et al. Cryoglobulinemias: A multicenter study of the early clinical and laboratory manifestations of primary and secondary disease. Q J Med 1995;88:115-26.
38. Levo Y, Gorevic PD, Kassab HJ, et al. Association between hepatitis B virus and essential mixed cryoglobulinemia. N Engl J Med 1977; 296:1501-4.
39. Popp JW Jr, Dienstag JL, Wands JR, et al. Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia without evidence for hepatitis B virus infection. Ann Int Med 1980;92:379-83.
40. Jori GP, Buonanno G, D'Onofiro F, et al. Incidence and immunochemical features of serum cryoglobulin in chronic liver disease. Gut 1977;18:245-9.
41. Lunel F, Musset L, Cacoub P, et al. Cryoglobulinemia in chronic liver diseaes: Role of hepatitis C virus and liver damage. Gastroenterology 1994;106:1291-1300.
42. McMahon BJ, Alberts SR, Wainwright RB, et al. Hepatitis B-related Sequelae: Prospective study in 1400 hepatitis B surface antigen-positive Alaska native carriers. Arch Intern Med 1990;150:1051-4.
43. Lohr H, Goergen B, Welser W, et al. Mixed cryoglobulinemia type II in chronic hepatitis B associated with HBe-virus HBV mutant: Cellular immune reactions and response to interferon treatment. J Med Virol 1995;44:330-5.
44. Abuaf N, Lunel F, Giral P, et al. Non-organ specific autoantibodies associated with chronic Hepatitis C virus hepatitis. J Hepatol 1993; 18:359-64.
45. Pawlotsky JM, Benyahia M, Andre C, et al. Immunological disorders in C virus chronic active Hepatis: A prospective case-control study. Hepatology 1994;19:841-8.
46. Clifford BD, Donahue D, Smith L, et al. High prevalence of serologic markers of autoimmunity in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 1995;21:613-9.
47. Lunel F. Hepatitis C and autoimmunity: Fortuitous association or reality? Gastroenterology 1994;107:1550-5.
48. Czaja AJ. Autoimmune hepatitis and viral infection. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1994;23:547-66.
49. Bellary S, Schiano T, Hartment G, et al. Chronic hepatitis with combined features of autoimmune chronic hepatitis and chronic hepatitis C: Favorable response to prednisone and azathioprine. Ann Int Med 1995;123:32-34.
50. Garcia-Buey L, Garcia-Monzon C, Rodriguez S, et al. Latent autoimmune hepatitis triggered during interferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 1995;108:1770-7.
51. Thiele DL, DuCharme L, Cunningham MR, et al. Steroid therapy of chronic hepatitis: Characteristics associated with response in antihepatitis C virus-positive and -negaive patients. Am J Gastroenterol 1996;91:300-8.
52. Margin S, Craxi A, Fabiano C, et al. Hepatitis C viremia in chronic liver disease: Relationship to interferon alfa or corticosteroid treatment. Hepatology 1994;19:273-9.
53. Fong TL, Valin Luck B, Govindarajan S, et al: Short-term prednisone therapy affects aminotransferase activity and hepatitis C virus RNA levels in chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 1994;107:196-9.
54. Calleja JC, Albillos A, Cacho G, et al. Interferon and prednisone therapy in chronic hepatitis C with non-organ-specific antibodies. J Hepatol 1996;24:308-12.
55. Pascual M, Perrin L, Giostra E, et al. Hepatitis C virus in patients with cryoglobulinemia type II. J Infect Dis 1990;162:569-70.
56. Misiani R, Bellavita P, Fenili D, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection in patients with essential mixed cryoglobulinemia. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:573-7.
57. Johnson RJ, Gretch DR, Yambe H, et al. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis associated with hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 1993;328:467-70.
58. Ferri C, Greco F, Longombardo G, et al. Antibodies to hepatitis C virus in patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia. Arthritis Rheum 1991; 34:1606-10.
59. Agnello V, Chung RT, Kaplan LM. A role for hepatitis C virus infection in type II cryoglobulinemia. N Engl J Med 1992;327: 1490-5.
60. Levy JM, Bjornsson B, Banner B, et al. Mixed cryoglobulinemia in chronic hepatitis C infection. A clinico-pathologic analysis of 10 cases and review of recent literature. Medicine 1994;73:53-67.
61. Pol S, Romeo R, Zins B, et al. Hepatitis C virus RNA in anti-HCV positive hemodialyzed patients: Significance and therapeutic implications. Kidney Int 1993;44:1097-100.
62. Bukh J, Wantzin P, Krogsgaard K, et al. High prevalence of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in dialysis patients: Failure of commercially available anitbody tests to identify a significant number of patients with HCV infection. J Infect Dis 1993;168:1343-8.
63. Chan TM, Lok ASF, Cheng IKP, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in hemodialysis patients: A longitudinal study comparing results of RNA and antibody assays. Hepatology 1993;17:5-8.
64. Simon N, Courounce AM, LeMarrec N, et al. A twelve year natural history of hepatitis C virus infection in hemodialyzed patients. Kidney Int 1994;46:504-11.
65. Stuyver L, Claeys H, Wyseru A, et al. Hepatitis C virus in a hemodialysis unit: Molecular evidence for nosocomical transmission. Kidney Int 1996;49:889-95.
66. Rollino C, Roccatello D, Giachino O, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection and membranous glomerulonephritis. Nephron 1991;59:319-20.
67. Davada R, Peterson J, Weiner R, et al. Membranous glomerulonephritis in association with hepatitis C infection. Am J Kidney Dis 1993;22:452-5.
68. Yamabe H, Johnson RJ, Gretch DR, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in Japan. J Am Soc Nephrol 1995;6:220-3.
69. Garcia-Valdescasas J, Cerezo J, Bernai C, et al. Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection in patients with renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 1994;5:186-92.
70. Brunkhorst R, Kliem V, Koch KM. Recurrence of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis after renal transplantation in a patient with chronic hepatitis C. Nephron 1996;72:465-7.
71. D'Amico GD, Colasanti G, Ferrario F, et al. Renal involvement in essential mixed cryoglobulinemia. Kidney Int 1989;35:1004-14.
72. Cacoub P, Falsiani FL, Musset L, et al. Mixed cryoglobulinemia and hepatitis C. Am J Med 1994;96:124-32.
73. Tanaka K, Aiyama T, Imai J, et al. Serum cryoglobulin and chronic hepatitis C virus disease among Japanese patients. Am J Gastroenterol 1995;90:1847-52.
74. Bichard P, Ounanian A, Girard M, et al. High prevalence of hepatitis C virus RNA in the supernatant and the cryoprecipitate of patients with essential and secondary type II mixed cryoglobulinemia. J Hepatol 1994;21:58-63.
75. Misiani R, Bellavita P, Domenico F, et al. Interferon alfa-2a therapy in cryoglobulinemia associated with hepatitis C virus. N Engl J Med 1994;330:751-6.
76. Johnson RJ, Gretch DR, Couser WG, et al. Hepatitis C virus-associated glomenilonephritis: Effect of alpha interferon therapy. Kidney Int 1994;46:1700-4.
77. Dammacco F, Sansonno D, Han JH, et al. Natural interferon alfa versus its combination with 6-methyl-prednisolone in therapy of type II mixed cryoglobulinemia: A long-term, randomized, controlled study. Blood 1994;84:3336-43.
78. Johnson JR, Willson R, Yamabe H, et al. Renal manifestations of hepatitis C virus infection. Kidney Int 1994;46:1255-63.
79. Sansonno D, Gesualdo L, Manno C, et al. Localization of HCV antigens in renal tissue of HCV-infected patients with cryoglobulinemic mesangiocapillary glomenilonephritis: An immunohistochemical study. J Am Soc Nephrol 1995;6:431 (abstract).
80. Yamabe H, Imuma H, Osawa H, et al. Glomerular deposition of hepatitis C virus in membranoproliferative glomeulonephritis. Nephron 1996;72:741 (letter).
81. Pawlotsky JM, Roudot-Thoraval F, Simmonds P, et al. Extra-hepatic immunologic manifestations in chronic hepatitis C and hepatitis C virus serotypes. Ann Intern Med 1995;122:169-73.
82. Willems M, Sheng L, Roskams T, et al. Hepatitis C virus and its genotypes in patients suffering from chronic hepatitis C with or without a cryoglobulinemia-related syndrome. J Med Virol 1995;44: 266-71.
83. Bonomo L, Casato M, Afeltra A, et al. Treatment of idiopathic mixed cryoglobulinemia with alpha interferon. Am J Med 1987;83:726-30.
84. Casato M, Lagana B, Antonelli G, et al. Long-term results of therapy with interferon-alpha for type H essential mixed cryoglobulinemia. Blood 1991;78:3142-7.
85. Ferri C, Marzo E, Longombardo G, et al. Interferon-a in a mixed cryoglobulinemia patients. A randomized, crossover-controlled trial. Blood 1993;81:1131-6.
86. Shindo M, DiBisceglie AM, Hoofnagle JH. Long-term follow-up of patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with alfa interferon. Hepatology 1992;15:1013-6.
87. Davis GL, Balart LA, Schiff ER, et al. Treatment of chronic hepatitis C with recombinant interferon alfa. N Engl J Med 1989;321:1501-6.
88. Di Bisceglie AM, Martin P, Kassianides C, et al. Recombinant interferon alfa therapy for chronic hepatitis C. N Engl J Med 1989; 321:1506-10.
89. Lisker-Melman M, DiBisceglie A, Usala S, et al. Development of thyroid disease during therapy of chronic viral hepatitis with interferon alfa. Gastroenterology 1992;102:2155-60.
90. Papo T, Marcellin P, Bernuau J, et al. Autoimmune chronic hepatitis exacerbated by alpha-interferon. Ann Intern Med 1992;116:51-3.
91. Averbuch S, Austin H, Sherwin S, et al. Acute interstitial nephritis with the nephrotic syndrome following recombinant leukocyte interferon therapy for mycosis fungiodes. N Engl J Med 1984;310:32-5.
92. Selby P, Kohn J, Raymond J. et al. Nephrotic syndrome during treatment with interferon. Br Med J 1985;290:1180.
93. Lindsay KL, Davis GL, Schiff ER, et al. Long-term response to higher doses of interferon alfa 2b treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C: A randomized controlled multicenter trial. Hepatology 1993;18:106A (Abstract).
94. Marcellin P, Pouteau M, Marinot-Peignoux, et al. Lack of benefit of escalating dosage of interferon alfa in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 1995;109:156-65.
95. Poynard T, Bedossa P, Chevallier M, et al. A comparison of three interferon alfa-2b regimens for the long-term treatment of chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis. N Engl J Med 1995;332:1457-62.
96. Saez-Royuela F, Pares JC, Moreno A, et al. High doses of recombinant alfa interferon or gamma interferon for chronic hepatitis C: A randomized controlled trial. Hepatology 1991;13:327-31.
97. Terrault N, Wright T. Interferon and hepatitis C. N Engl J Med 1995;332:1509-11 (Editorial).
98. Perrillo R, Regenstein F, Peters M, et al. Prednisone withdrawal followed by recombinant alpha interferon in the treatment of chronic type B hepatitis: A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1988;109:95-100.
99. Liaw YF, Sheen IS, Lin SM, et al. Effects of prednisolone pretreatment in interferon alfa therapy for patients with chronic non-A, non-B (C) hepatitis. Liver 1993;13:46-50.
100. DiBisceglie AM, Conjeerasam HS, Fried M, et al. Ribavirin as therapy for chronic hepatitis C. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1995;123:897-903.
101. Lai MY, Yang PM, Kao JH, et al. Combination therapy of alfa interferon and Ribavirin in patients with chronic Hepatitis C: An interim report. Hepatology 1993;18:93A (Abstract).
102. Brillanti S, Garson J, Foli M, et al. A pilot study of combination therapy with Ribavirin plus interferon alfa for interferon alfa resistent chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 1994;107:812-7.
103. DeVecchi A, Montagnino G, Pozzi C, et al. Intravenous methylprednisone pulse therapy in essential mixed cryoglobulinemia nephropathy. Clin Nephrol 1983;19:221-7.
104. Geltner D. Therapeutic approaches to mixed cryoglobulinemia. Springer Semin Immunopathol 1988;10:103-13.
105. Cattrean DC, Cardilla CJ, Roscoe JM, et al. Results of a controlled drug trial in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 1985;27:436-41.
106. Faedda R, Satta A, Tanda F, et al. Immunosuppressive treatment of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Nephron 1994;67: 59-65.
107. Stehman-Breen C, Alpers CE, Couser WG, et al. Hepatitis C virus associated membrano glomerulonephritis. Clin Nephrol 1995;44: 141-7.
108. Okada K, Takishita Y, Shimomura H, et al. Detection of hepatitis C virus core protein in the glomeruli of patients with membranous glomerulonephritis. Clin Nephrol 1996;45:71-6.
109. Sawada T, Hirohata S, Inoue T, et al. Development of rheumatoid arthritis after hepatitis C infection. Arthritis Rheum 1991;34:1620-1.
110. Hirohata S, Inoue T, Ito K. Development of rheumatoid arthritis after chronic hepatitis caused by hepatitis C virus infection. J Intern Med 1992;31:493-5.
111. Ueno Y, Kinoshita R, Kishimoto I, et al. Polyarthritis associated with hepatitis C virus infection. Br J Rheumatol 1994;33:289-91.
112. Lovy Mr, Starkebaum G, Uberoi S. Hepatitis C infection presenting with rheumatic manifestations: A mimic of rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1996;23:979-83.
113. Siegal LB, Cohn L, Nashel D. Rheumatic manifestations of hepatitis C infection. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1993;23:149-54.
114. Weidensaul D, Imam T, Holyst MM, et al. Polymyositis, pulmonary fibrosis and hepatitis C. Arthritis Rheum 1995;38:437-9.
115. Hobmans Y, Geubel AP. Symptomatic myopathy in hepatitis C infection without interferon therapy. Lancet 1995;345:1236 (letter).
116. Ueno Y, et al. Hepatitis C infection and polymyositis. Lancet 1995; 346:319-20.
117. Harada M, Sata M, Yoshida H, et al. Inflammatory myopathy associated with hepatitis C virus infection: A report of four cases. Int Hepatol Commun 1995;4:195-200.
118. Udea T, Ohta K, Suzuki N, et al. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and high prevalence of serum antibodies to hepatitis C virus. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;146:266-8.
119. Irving WL, Day S, Johnston IDA. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and hepatitis C virus infection. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;148:1683-4.
120. Roithinger FX, Allinger S, Kirchgatterer A, et al. A lethal course of chronic hepatiits C, glomerulonephritis and pulmonary vasculitis unresponsive to interferon treatment. Am J Gastroenterol 1995;90: 1006-8.
121. Wilson SE, Lee WM, Murakami C, et al. Mooren-type hepatitis C virus-associated corneal ulceration. Ophthamology 1994;101:736-45.
122. Wilson SE, Lee WM, Murakami C, et al. Mooren's corneal ulcers and hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 1993;329:62.
123. Haddad J, Deny P, Munz-Gotheil C, et al. Lymphocytic sialadenitis of Sjogren's syndrome associated with chronic hepatitis C virus liver disease. Lancet 1992;339:321-3.
124. Pawlotsky JM, Voisin MC, Krawczynski K, et al. Salivary gland lesions in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 1994;10: 248A.
125. Marrone A, DiBisceglie AM, Fox P. Absence of hepatitis C viral infection among patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome. J Hepatol 1995;22:599.
126. King PD, McMurray RW, Becherer PR. Sjogren's syndrome without mixed cryoglobulinemia is not associated with hepatitis C virus infection. Am J Gastroenterol 1994;89:1047-50.
127. Daoud MS, Gibson LE, Daoud S, et al. Chronic hepatitis C and skin diseases: A review. Mayo Clin Proc 1995;70:559-64.
128. Pakula AS, Garden JM, Roth SI. Cryoglobulinemia and cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis associated with hepatitis C virus infection. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;28:850-3.
129. Daoud MS, el-Azhary RA, Gibson LE, et al. Chronic hepatitis C, cryoglobulinemia and cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis: Clinical, pathologic, and immunologic study in 12 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;34:219-23.
130. Sansonno D, Cornacchiulo V, Lacobelli AR, et al. Localization of hepatitis C virus antigens in liver and skin tissues of chronic hepatitis C virus infected patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia. Hepatology 1995;21:305-12.
131. Jubert C, Pawlotsky JM, Pouget F, et al. Lichen planus and hepatitis C virus-related chronic active hepatitis. Arch Dermatol 1994;130: 73-6.
132. Gandolfo S, Carbone M, Carrozzo M, et al. Oral lichen planus and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection: Is there a relationship? A report of 10 cases. J Oral Pathol 1994;23:119-22.
133. Frider B, Sookoian S, Castano G, et al. Lichen planus, chronic hepatitis C, and interferon. Hepatology 1995;21:1764-5.
134. Navas S, Bosch O, Castillo I, et al. Porphyria cutanea tarda and hepatitis C and B viruses infection: A retrospective study. Hepatology 1995;21:279-84.
135. DeCastro M, Sanchez J, Herrera JF, et al. Hepatitis C virus antibodies and liver disease in patients with porphyria cutanea tarda. Hepatology 1993;17:551-7.
136. Andreone P, Cursaro C, Gramanizi A, et al. Detection of hepatitis C virus by polymerase chain reaction and recombinant immunoblot assay 3.0 in porphyria cutanea tarda. Hepatology 1995;21:1754-5.
137. Stolzel U, Kostler E, Koszka C, et al. Low prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in porphyria cutanea tarda in Germany. Hepatology 1995;21:1500-3.
138. Willson RA, Kirby P, Hart J. Association of chronic hepatitis C and porphyria cutanea tarda. Hepatology 1992;16:225A.
139. Domingo P, Ris J, Martinez E, et al. Erythema nodosum and hepatitis C. Lancet 1990;336:1377.
140. Antinori S, Esposito R, Aliprandi CA, et al. Erythema multiforme and hepatitis C. Lancet 1993;337:428.
141. Reichel M, Mauro TM. Urticaria and hepatitis C. Lancet 1990;336: 822-3.
142. Munke H, Stockmann F, Ramadori G. Possible association between Behcet's syndrome and chronic Hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 1995;332:400-1.
143. Hamuryudan V, et al. More on hepatitis C virus and Bechet's syndrome. N Engl J Med 1995;333:322-3.
144. Bernstein D, Reddy KR, Jeffers L, et al. Canities and vitiligo complicating interferon therapy of hepatitis C. Am J Gastroenterol 1995; 90:1176-7.
145. Cacoub P, Lunel-Fabiani F, Du LTH. Polyarteritis nodosa and hepatitis C virus infection. Ann Intern Med 1992;116:605-6.
146. Deny P, Bonacorsi S, Guillevin L, et al. Association between hepatitis C virus and polyarteritis nodosa. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1992;10:319.
147. Carson CW, Conn DL, Czaja AJ, et al. Frequency and significance of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in polyarteritis nodosa. J Rheumatol 1993;20:304-9.
148. Young N, Mortimer P. Viruses and bone marrow failure. Blood 1984;63:729-37.
149. Perrillo RP, Pohl D, Roodman ST, et al. Acute non-A, non-B hepatitis with serum sickness-like and aplastic anemia. JAMA 1981;245: 494-6.
150. Zeldis JB, Dienstag JL, Gale RP. Aplastic anemia and non-A, non-B hepatitis. Am J Med 1983;74:64-8.
151. Hibbs J, Frickhofen N, Rosenfeld SJ, et al. Aplastic anemia and viral hepatitis: Non-A, non-B, non-C? JAMA 1992;267:2051-4.
152. Gruber A, Grillner L, Norder H, et al. Severe aplastic anemia associated with seronegative community-acquired hepatitis C virus infection. Ann Hematol 1993;66:157-9.
153. Pol S, Theirs V, Driss F, et al. Lack of evidence for a role of HCV in hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia. Br J Haematol 1993;85:808-10.
154. Galli M, Zhender G, Morti G, et al. Hepatitis C virus RNA in the bone marrow of patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia and in subjects with noncryoglobulinemic chronic hepatitis type C. J Infect Dis 1995;171: 672-5.
155. Ferri C, Monti M, LaCivita L, et al. Infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells by hepatitis C virus in mixed cryoglobulinemia. Blood 1993;82:3701-4.
156. Tabor E. Guillan-Barre Syndrome and other neurologic syndromes in hepatitis A, B, and non-A, non-B. J Med Virol 1987;21:207-16.
157. Petty GW, Duffy J, Huston J III. Cerebral ischemia in patients with hepatitis C virus infection and mixed cryoglobulinemia. Mayo Clin Proc 1996;71:671-8.
158. Serena M, Biscaro R, Moretto G, et al. Peripheral and central nervous system involvement in essential mixed cryoglobulinemia: A case report. Clin Neuropathol 1991;10:177-80.
159. Khella SL, Frost S, Hermann GA, et al: Hepatitis C infection, cryoglobulinemia, and vasculitis neuropathy. Treatment with interferon alfa. Case report and review of the literature. Neurology 1995;45: 407-11.
160. Duclos-Vallee JC, Johanet C, Trinchet JC, et al. High prevalence of serum antibodies to hepatitis C virus in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Br Med J 1994;309:846-7.
161. Biscot-Locard S, Bornet H, Rousset H, et al. Low prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in patients with hashimoto's thyroiditis. J Hepatol 1995;23:233-4.
162. Tran A, Quaranta JF, Benzaken S, et al. High prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies in a prospective series of patients with chronic hepatitis C before interferon therapy. Hepatology 1993;18:253-7.
163. Pateron D, Hartmann DJ, Duclos-Vallee JC, et al. Latent autoimmune thyroid disease in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol 1992; 16:244-5.
164. Boadas J, Rodriguez-Espinosa J, Enriquez J, et al. Prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies is not incrased in blood donors with hepatitis C infection. J Hepatol 1995;22:611-5.
165. Watanabe U, Hashimoto E, Hisamitsu T, et al. The risk factor for develoment of thyroid disease during interferon-alpha therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Am J Gastroenterol 1994;89:399-403.
166. Marcellin P, Pouteau U, Benhamou JP. Hepatitis C virus infection, alfa interferon therapy and thyroid dysfunction. J Hepatol 1995;22:364-9.
167. Baudin E, Marcellin P, Pouteau M, et al. Reversibility of thyroid dysfunction induced by recombinant alpha interferon in chronic hepatitis C. Clin Endocrinol 1993;39:657-61.
168. Ferri C, LaCivita L, Monti M, et al. Chronic hepatitiis C and B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Q J Med 1996;89:117-22.
169. Pozzato G, Mazzaro C, Crovatto M, et al. Low-grade malignant lymphoma, hepatitis C virus infection and mixed cryoglobulinemia. Blood 1994;84:3047-53.
170. DeVita S, Sansonno D, Dolcetti R, et al. Hepatitis C virus within a malignant lymphoma lesion in the course of type II mixed cryoglobulinemia. Blood 1995;86:1887-92.