Clinical uses of intravenous immunoglobulin in pregnancy

American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Volumn 176, Issue 1 I, 1997, Pages 241-253

  Clark, Ann L ^a,b   Gall, Stanley A ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LOUISVILLE   (United States)

^b University of Louisville School of Medicine   (United States)

Author keywords

Immunoglobulin; Pregnancy; Spontaneous abortion

Indexed keywords

IMMUNOGLOBULIN;

ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; FEMALE; FETUS DISEASE; HUMAN; IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA; NEWBORN; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATION; REVIEW; THROMBOCYTOPENIA;

ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; FEMALE; FETAL DISEASES; HUMANS; IMMUNOGLOBULINS, INTRAVENOUS; INFANT, NEWBORN; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS; PURPURA, THROMBOCYTOPENIC, IDIOPATHIC; THROMBOCYTOPENIA;

EID: 0030638633     PISSN: 00029378     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9378(97)80043-9     Document Type: Article

References (156)

1. Bruton OC. Agammaglobulinemias. Pediatrics 1952;9: 722-7.
2. Ratko T, Burnett D, Foulke G, Matuszewski K, Sacher R. Recommendations for off-label use of intravenously administered immunoglobulin preparations. JAMA 1995;273:1865-70.
3. Stiehm R, Ashida E, Kim K, Winston D, Haas A, Gayle R. Intravenous immunoglobulins as therapeutic agents. Ann Intern Med 1987;107:367-82.
4. Use of approved drugs for unlabeled indications. PDA Drug Bull 1982;12(Apr):4-5.
5. Berkman S, Lee M, Gale R. Clinical uses of intravenous immunoglobulins. Ann Intern Med 1990;112:278-92.
6. Dwyer J. Manipulating the immune system with immune globulin. N Engl J Med 1992;326:107-16.
7. 2-globulin based on differences in the heavy polypeptide chains. Science 1964;146:400.
8. Yount WJ, Dorner MM, Kunkel HG, Kabat EE. Studies on human antibodies. VI. Selective variations in subgroup composition and genetic markers. J Exp Med 1968;127:633-46.
9. ASHP Commission on Therapeutics. ASHP therapeutic guidelines for intravenous immune globulin. Clin Pharmacokinet 1992;11:117-36.
10. Friedli H. Methodology and safety considerations in the production of an intravenous immunoglobulin preparation. Pharmacotherapy 1987;7:36S-40S.
11. Immunodeficiency: Report of a WHO scientific group. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1978:3-80. WHO Technical Report Series No.: 630.
12. Steele R, Burks W, Williams L. Intravenous immunoglobulin: new clinical applications. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1988;60:89-95.
13. Barandun S, Kistler P, Jeunet F, Isliker H. Intravenous administration of human gamma-globulin. Vox Sang 1962;7:157-74.
14. Kistler P, Steiger G. Human immunoglobulins for intravenous administration: preparation and properties. Progr Immunobiol 1970;4:92-4.
15. Ochs HD, Morell A, Skvail F, Fischer SH, Wedgwood RJ. Survival of IgG subclasses following administration of intravenous gammaglobulin in patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases. In: Morell A, Nydegger UE, editors. Clinical uses of intravenous immunoglobulins. London: Academic Press, 1986:77-85.
16. Pirofsky B. Safety and toxicity of a new serum immunoglobulin G intravenous preparation, IGIV pH 4.25. Rev Infect Dis 1986;8:S457-63.
17. Smith EL, Hill RL, Lehman IR, Lefkowitz RJ, Handler P, White A. In: Principles of biochemistry: mammalian biochemistry. 7th ed. Tokyo: McGraw Hill, 1983:40.
18. Nolte MT, Pirofsky B, Gerritz GA, Golding B. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for antibody deficiency. Clin Exp Immunol 1979;36:237-43.
19. Pirofsky B. Intravenous immune globulin therapy in hypogammaglobulinema: a review. Am J Med 1984;76:53-60.
20. Ochs HD, Fischer SH, Wedgwood RJ, et al. Comparison of high-dose and low-dose intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases. Am J Med 1984;76:S78-82.
21. Schiff RI. Half-life and clearance of pH 6.8 and pH 4.25 immunoglobulin G intravenous preparations in patients with primary disorders of humoral immunity. Rev Infect Dis 1986;8:S456-63.
22. Pirofsky B, Kinzey DM. Intravenous immune globulins. A review of their uses in selected immunodeficiency and autoimmune diseases. Drugs 1992;43:6-14.
23. Fehr J, Hofmann V, Kappeler U. Transient reversal of thrombocytopenia in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura by high-dose intravenous gamma globulin. N Engl J Med 1982;306:1254-8.
24. Kimberly RP, Salmon JE, Bussel JB, Crow MK, Hilgartner MW. Modulation of mononuclear phagocyte function by intravenous gamma-globulin. J Immunol 1984;132:745-50.
25. Newland AC. The use and mechanisms of action of intravenous immunoglobulin: an update. Br J Haematol 1989;72:301-5.
26. Bussel J, Pahwa S, Porges A, et al. Correlation of in vitro antibody synthesis with the outcome of intravenous gamma-globulin treatment of chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. J Clin Immunol 1986;6:50-6.
27. Spinnato JA, Clark AC, Pierangeli SS, Harris EN. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for the antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;172:690-4.
28. Sultan Y, Kazatchkine MD, Maisonneuve P, Nydegger UE. Anti-idiotypic suppression of autoantibodies to factor VIII by high-dose intravenous gammaglobulin. Lancet 1984;2:765-8.
29. Delfraissy JF, Tchernia G, Laurian Y, Wallon C, Galanaud P, Dormont J. Suppressor cell function after intravenous gammaglobulin treatment in adult chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Br J Haematol 1985;60:315-22.
30. Abdou NI, Wall H, Lindsley HB, Hasley JF, Susuki T. Network theory in autoimmunity: in vitro suppression of serum anti-DNA antibody binding to DNA by anti-idiotypic antibody in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Invest 1981;67:1297-304.
31. Anderson CL. Human IgG Fc receptors. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1989;53:S63-71.
32. Rossi F, Sultan Y, Kazatchkine MD. Anti-idiotypes against autoantibodies and alloantibodies to VIII:C (anti-haemophilic factor) are present in therapeutic polyspecific normal immunoglobulins. Clin Exp Immunol 1988;74:311-6.
33. Rossi F, Kazatchkine MD. Antiidiotypes against autoantibodies in pooled normal human polyspecific Ig. J Immunol 1989;143:4104-9.
34. Zanetti M, Bigazzi PE. Anti-idiotypic immunity and auto-immunity. I. In vitro and in vivo effects of anti-idiotypic antibodies to spontaneously occurring autoantibodies to rat thvroglobulin. Fur J Immunol 1981;11:187-95.
35. Calder FA, In-ine WJ, Davidson NM, Wu F. T, B, and K cells in autoimmune thyroid disease. Olin Exp Immunol 1970;25:17.
36. Amino N, Mori H, Iwatani Y, Asari S, Izumiguchi Y, Miyai K. Peripheral K lymphocytes in autoimmune, thyroid disease: decrease in graves' disease and increase in hashimoto's disease, J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1982;54:587.
37. Engelhard D, Waner JL, Kapoor N, Good RA. Effect of intravenous immune globulin on natural killer cell activity: possible association with autoimmune neutropenia and idiopathic thrombocytopenia. J Pediatr 1986;108:77-81.
38. Abe T, Matsuda J, Kawasugr K. Functional effects of immnunoglobulin on platelets. In: Morell A, Nydegger UE, editors. Clinical use of intravenous immunoglobulins. London: Academic Press, 1986:187-202.
39. Duhem C, Dicato MA, Ries F. Side effects of intravenous immune globulins. Clin Exp Immunol 1994;97:79-83.
40. Ochs HD, Bucklev RH, Pirofskv B, et al. Safety and patient acceptability of intravenous immune globulin in 10% maltose. Lancet 1980;2:1158-9.
41. Copelan EA, Strohm PL, Kennedy MS, Tutschka PJ. Hemolysis following intravenous immune globulin therapy. Transfusion 1986;26:410-2.
42. Woodruff RK, Grigg AP, Firkin FC, Smith IL. Fatal thrombolic events during treatment of autoimmune thrombocytopenia with intravenous immunoglobulin in elderly patients [letterl. Lancet 1986;2:217-8.
43. Frame WD, Crawford RJ. Thrombotic events after intravenous immnunoglobulin [letter]. Lancet 1986;2:468.
44. Sekul EA, Cupler EJ, Dalakas MC. Aseptic meningitis associated with high-dose intravenous immnunoglobulin therapy: frequency and risk factors. Ann Intern Med 1994;121:259-62.
45. Nayak AS, Knifer WT, Infante AJ. Miscarriage induced during IV immunoglobulin infusion. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987;79:228.
46. Centers for Disease Control. Safety of therapeutic immuneglobulin preparations with respect to transmission of human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus infection. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1986;35:231-3.
47. Wells MA, Wittek AE, Fpstein JS, et al. Inactivation and partition of human T-cell lymphotropic virus, type III. during ethanol fractionation of plasma. Transfusion 1986;26:210-3.
48. Zuck TF, Preston MS, Tankersley DL, et al. More on partitioning and inactivation of AIDS virus in immune globulin preparations [letter]. N Engl J Med 1986;314:1454-5.
49. Wood CC, Williams AE, McNamara JC, Annunziata JA, Feorino PM, Conway CO. Antibody against the human immunodeficiency virus in commercial gammaglobulin preparations. Ann Intern Med 1986;105:536-8.
50. Gocke DJ, Raska K, Pollack W, Schwartzer T. HTLV-III antibody in commercial immunoglobulin [letter]. Lancet 1986;1:37-8.
51. White WB, Ryan RW, Staley DD, Ballow M. Passive transfer of antibodies to human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III in patients receiving high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin. JAMA 1986;255:2602-3.
52. Schiff RI. Transmission of viral infections through intravenous immune globulin. N Engl J Med 1994;331:1649-50.
53. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Outbreak of hepatitis C associated with intravenous immunoglobulin administration - United States, October 1993-June 1994. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1994;43:505-9.
54. Hein RH, McCue JP, Hink J. Non-A, non-B hepatitis and intravenous immuuoglobulin [letter], Lancet 1985;1:404-5.
55. Barnes R. A case of fever in a pregnant woman by extensive purpuric effusion in the skin. BMJ 1867;2:375.
56. McMillan R, Tani P, MilUird F, Berchtold P, Renshaw L, Woods VL. Platelet-associated and plasma anti-glycoprotein autoantibodics in chronic IIP. Blood 1987;70:1040-5.
57. Tani P, Berchtold P, McMillan R. Autoantibodies in chronic ITP. Blut 1989;59:44-6.
58. Karpatkin S. Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 1980:56:329.
59. McMillan R. Chronic idiopathic thrombocylopenic purpura. N Engl J Med 1981;304:1135-47.
60. Kelton JG, Inwood MJ, Barr RM, et al. The prenatal prediction of thrombocytopenia in infants of mothers with clinically diagnosed immune thrombocvtopenia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982;144:449-54.
61. Creasy R, Resnick R, editors. Maternal-fetal medicine: principles and practice. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1994.
62. Cines D, Dusak B, Tomaski B, Mennuti M, Schreiber A. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura and pregnancy. N Engl J Med 1982;306:826-31.
63. Silver RM, Branch DW, Scott JR. Maternal thrombocytopenia in pregnancy: time for a reassessment. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;173:479-82.
64. Imbach P, d'Apuzzo V, Hirt A, Rossi E, et al. High-dose intravenous gammaglobulin for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in childhood. Lancet 1981;1:1228.
65. Bussel JB, Kimberly RP, Inman RD, et al. Intravenous gammaglobulin treatment of chronic idiopathic thrombo cytopenic purpura. Blood 1983;62:480-6.
66. Newland AC, Treleavin JG, Minchinton RM, Waters AH. High-dose intravenous IgG in adults with autoimmune thrombocytopenia. Lancet 1983;1:84-7.
67. Imholz B, Imbach P, Baumgartner C, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin for previously treated acute or for chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in childhood: a prospective multicenter study. Blut 1988;56:63-8.
68. Carroll RR, Noyes WD, Kitchens CS. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura. JAMA 1983;249:1748-50.
69. Tchernia G, Dreyfus M, Laurian Y, Derycke M, Mirica C, Kerbat G. Management of immune thrombocytopenia in pregnancy: response to infusions of immunoglobulins. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984;148:225-6.
70. Newland AC, Boots MA, Patterson KG. Intravenous IgG for autoimmune thrombocytopenia in pregnancy. N Engl J Med 1984;310:261-2.
71. Wenske G, Gaedicke G, Heyes H. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in pregnancy and neonatal period. Blut 1984;48:377-82.
72. Besa EC, MacNab MW, Solan AJ, Lapes MJ, Marfatia U. High-dose intravenous IgG in the management of pregnancy in women with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Am J Hematol 1985;18:373-9.
73. Adderley RJ, Rogers PC, Shaw D, Wadsworth LD. High-dose intravenous therapy with immune globulin before delivery for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Can Med Assoc J 1984;130:894-6.
74. Mizunuma H, Takahashi Y, Taguchi H, et al. A new approach to idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura during pregnancy by high-dose immunoglobulin G infusion. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984;148:218-9.
75. Morgenstern GR, Measday B, Hegde UM. Autoimmune thrombocytopenia in pregnancy: a new approach to management. BMJ 1983;287:584-5.
76. Barton JC, Saleh MN, Stedman CM, Lobuglio AF. Case report: immune thrombocytopenia: effects of maternal gamma globulin infusion on maternal and fetal serum, platelet, and monocyte IgG. Am J Med Sci 1987;293:112-8.
77. Gounder M, Baker FJ, Saletan S, et al. Intravenous gamma-globulin therapy in the management of a patient with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and a warm erythrocyte panagglutinin during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1986;67:741-5.
78. Lavery JP, Koontz WL, Liu YK, Howell R. Immunologic thrombocytopenia in pregnancy; use of antenatal immunoglobulin therapy: case report and review. Obstet Gynecol 1985;66:41s.
79. Davidson BN, Rayburn WF, Bishop RC, Fleming WP, Beer AE. Immunoglobulin therapy for autoimmune thrombocytopenia purpura during pregnancy. J Reprod Med 1987; 32:107-9.
80. Bussel JB, Pham LC. Intravenous treatment with gammaglobulin in adults with immune thrombocytopenic purpura: review of the literature. Vox Sang 1987;52:206-11.
81. Ballem PJ, Segal CM, Stratton JR, Gernsheimer T, Adamson JW, Slichter SJ. Mechanisms of thrombocytopenia in chronic autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura: evidence of both impaired platelet production and increased platelet clearance. J Clin Invest 1987;80:33-40.
82. Karpatkin S, Strick N, Siskind G. Detection of splenic anti-platelet antibody synthesis in idiopathic autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura. Br J Haematol 1972;23:167-76.
83. Imbach P, Jungi TW. Possible mechanisms of intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blut 1983;46:117-24.
84. Blanchette VS, Kirby MA, Turner C. Role of intravenous immunoglobulin G in autoimmune hematologix disorders. Semin Hematol 1992;29:72-82.
85. Clarkson SB, Bussel JB, Kimberly RP, Valinsky JE, Nachman RL, Unkeless JC. Treatment of refractory immune thrombocytopenic purpura with an anti-Fc-receptor antibody. N EnglJ Med 1986;314:1236-9.
86. Bussel J, Kimberly R, Clarkson S, Nachman R, Valinsky J, Unkeless J. Infusion of monoclonal anti-FcRIII in patients with refractory ITP. Neo-Adjuvant Chemother 1988;169:883-7.
87. McMillan R, Mason D, Tani P. Suppressor cells in immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 1979;54:113A.
88. Berchtold P, McMillan R. Intravenous immunoglobulin: new aspects of mechanism of action in chronic ITP. In: Imbach P, editor. Immunotherapy with intravenous immunoglobulins. London: Academic Press, 1991:245-52.
89. Schmidt B, Forester J. Increased platelet associated IgG in a child on high dose gammaglobulin for idiopathic autoimmune thrombocytopenia purpura. Lancet 1981;2:475.
90. Christiaens GCML, Nieuwenhuis HK, Von Dem Borne AEGK, et al. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in pregnancy: a randomized trial on the effect of low dose corticosteroids on neonatal platelet count. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1990;97:893-8.
91. Karpatkin M, Porges RF, Karpatkin S. Platelet counts in infants of women with autoimmune thrombocytopenia: effect of steroid administration to the mother. N Engl J Med 1981;305:936-9.
92. Kaplan C, Daffos F, Forestier F, et al. Fetal platelet counts in thrombocytopenic pregnancy. Lancet 1990;336:979-82.
93. Cook RL, Miller RC, Katz VL, Cefalo RC. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura in pregnancy: a reappraisal of management. Obstet Gynecol 1991;78:578-83.
94. Harris EN. Syndrome of the black swan. Br J Rheumatol 1987;26:324-6.
95. Feinstein DI. Lupus anticoagulant, thrombosis and fetal loss. N Engl J Med 1985;313:1348-50.
96. Branch DW, Scott JR, Kochenour NK, Hershgold E. Obstetric complications associated with the lupus anticoagulant. N Engl J Med 1985;313:1322-6.
97. De Wolf F, Carreras LO, Moerman P, Vermylen J, Van Assche A, Renaer M. Decidual vasculopathy and extensive placental infarction in a patient with repeated thromboembolic accidents, recurrent fetal loss and a lupus anticoagulant. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982;142:829-34.
98. Lockshin MD, Qamar T, Druzin ML, Goei S. Antibody to cardiolipin, lupus anticoagulant, and fetal death. J Rheumatol 1987;14:259-62.
99. Harris EN, Chan JK, Asherson RA, Aber VR, Gharavi AE, Hughes GR. Thrombosis, recurrent fetal loss, and thrombocytopenia. Arch Intern Med 1986;146:2153-6.
100. Branch DW, Silver RM, BlackwellJL, ReadingJC, Scott JR. Outcome of treated pregnancies in women with antiphospholipid syndrome: an update of the Utah experience. Obstet Gynecol 1992;80:614-20.
101. Cowchock FS, Reece EA, Balaban D, Branch DW, Plouffe L. Repeated fetal losses associated with antiphospholipid antibodies: a collaborative randomized trial comparing prednisone with low-dose heparin treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 166:1318-23.
102. Lockshin MD, Druzin ML, Goei S, et al. Antibody to cardiolipin as a predictor of fetal distress or death in pregnant patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. N EnglJ Med 1985;313:152-6.
103. Lubbe WF, Palmer SJ, Butler WS, Liggins GC. Fetal survival after prednisone suppression of maternal lupus-anticoagulant. Lancet 1983;l:1361-3.
104. Sanchez-Guerrero J, Alarcon-Segovia D. Course of antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome before, during and after pregnancy treated with low dose aspirin, relationship of antibody levels to outcome in 7 patients. J Rheumatol 1992;19:1083-8.
105. Silveira LH, Hubble CL, Jara LJ, et al. Prevention of anticardiolipin antibody-related pregnancy losses with prednisone and aspirin. AmJ Med 1992;93:403-11.
106. Lubbe WF, Butler WS, Palmer SJ, Liggins GC. Lupus anticoagulant in pregnancy. BrJ Obstet Gynaecol 1984;91: 357-63.
107. Dahlman TC. Osteoporotic fractures and the recurrence of thromboembolism during pregnancy and the puerperium in 184 women undergoing thromboprophylaxis with heparin. AmJ Obstet Gynecol 1993;168:1265-70.
108. McVerry BA, Spearing R, Smith A. SLE anticoagulant: transient inhibition by high dose immunoglobulin infusions. BrJ Haematol 1985;61:579-80.
109. Barbui T, Finazzi G, Falanga A, Cortelazzo S. Intravenous gammaglobulin, antiphospholipid antibodies, and thrombocytopenia. Lancet 1988; 1:969.
110. Carreras LO, Perez GN, Vega HR, Casavilla F. Lupus anticoagulant and recurrent fetal loss: successful treatment with gammaglobulin. Lancet 1988;2:393-4.
111. Francois A, Freund M, Daffos F, Remy P, Aiach M,Jacquot C. Repeated fetal losses and the lupus anticoagulant. Ann Intern Med 1988; 109:993-4.
112. ScottJR, Branch DW, Kochenour NK, Ward K. Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment of pregnant patients with recurrent pregnancy loss caused by antiphospholipid antibodies and Rh immunization. AmJ Obstet Gynecol 1988; 159:1055-6.
113. Parke A, Maier D, Wilson D, AndreoliJ, Ballow M. Intravenous gamma-globulin, antiphospholipid antibodies, and pregnancy. Ann Intern Med 1989:110:495-6.
114. Wapner RJ, Cowchock FS, Shapiro SS. Successful treatment in two women with antiphospholipid antibodies and refractory pregnancy losses with intravenous immunoglobulin infusions. AmJ Obstet Gynecol 1989;161:1271-2.
115. Kaaja R, Julkunen H, Ammala P, Palusuo T, Kurki P. Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment of pregnant patients with recurrent pregnancy losses associated with antiphospholipid antibodies. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1993;72:63-6.
116. Arnout J, Spitz B, Wittevrongel C, Vanrusselt M, Van Assche A, Vermylen J. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin treatment of a pregnant patient with antiphospholipid syndrome: immunological changes associated with a successful outcome. Thromb Haemost 1994;71: 741-7.
117. Valensise H, Vaquero F, De Carolis C, et al. Normal fetal growth in women with antiphospholipid syndrome treated with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin. Prenat Diagn 1995;15:509-17.
118. Branch DW, Dudley DJ, Mitchell MD, et al. Immunoglobulin G fractions from patients with antiphospholipid anti-bodies cause fetal death in balb/c mice: a model for autoimmune fetal loss. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;163: 210-6.
119. Blank M, Cohen J, Toder V, Shoenfeld Y. Induction of anti-phospholipid syndrome in naive mice with mouse lupus monoclonal and human polyclonal anti-cardiolipin antibodies. Proc Nad Acad Sci USA 1991;88:3069-73.
120. Bakimer R, Guilburd B, Zurgil N, Shoenfeld Y. The effect of intravenous gammaglobulin on the induction of experimental antiphospholipid syndrome. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1993;69:97-102.
121. Pierangeli SS, Barker JH, Stikovac D, et al. Effect of human IgG antiphospholipid antibodies on an in vivo thrombosis model in mice. Thromb Haemost 1994;71:670-4.
122. Ishii Y, Nagasawa K, Mayumi T, Niho Y. Clinical importance of persistence of anticardiolipin antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheum Dis 1990;49:387-90.
123. Blachette VS, Chen L, Salomon de Friedberg Z, Hogan VA, Trudel E, Decary F. Alloimmunization to the PLA, platelet antigen: results of a prospective study. Br J Haematol 1990:74:209-15.
124. Mueller-Eckhardt C, Kiefel V, Grubert A, et al. 348 cases of suspected neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. Lancet 1989; 1:363-6.
125. Reznikoff-Etivant MF. Management of alloimmune neonatal and antenatal thrombocytopenia. Vox Sang 1988;55: 193-201.
126. Schulmari NR, Marder VJ, Miller MC, Collier EM. Platelet and leukocyte isoantigens and their antibodies: sérologie, physiologic, and clinical studies. In: Moore CV, Brown EB, editors. Progress in hematology. New York: Grime & Stratton, 1964:222-304.
127. Pearson HA, Schulman NR, Marder VJ, Cone TE Jr. Isoimmune neonatal thrombocytopcnic purpura: clinical and therapeutic considerations. Blood 1964;23:154-77.
128. Bussel JB. Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: a prospective case accumulation study [abstract]. Pediatr Res 1988;23:337A.
129. Herman JH, Jumbelic MI, Ancona RJ, Kickler TS. In utero cerebral hemorrhage in alloimmune thrombocytopenia. AmJ Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1986:8:312-7.
130. Nicolini U, Tannirandorn Y, Gonzalez P, et al. Continuing controversy in alloimmune thrombocytopenia: fetal hyperimmunoglobulinemia fails to prevent thrombocytopenia. AmJ Obstet Gynecol 1990; 163:1144-6.
131. Shulman NR, JordanJVJr. Platelet immunology. In: Colman RW, Hirsh J, Marder VJ, Salzman EW, editors. Hemostasis and thrombosis: basic principles and clinical practice. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1982:274-342.
132. Muller JY, Patereau C. Reznikoff-Etievant ME, Kaplan C, Simonnev N. Les thrombopenies neonatules alloimmunes. Rev Fr Trans Immunohematol 1985:28:625-41.
133. Bussel JB, Berkowitz RL, McFarlandJG, Lynch L, Chitkara U. Antenatal treatment of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med 1988;319:1374-8.
134. Daffos F, Forestier F, Kaplan C. Prenatal treatment of fetal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. J Pediatr 1980;97:695-6.
135. Kaplan C'., Daffos F, Forestier F, et al. Management of alloimmune thrombocvtopenia: antenatal diagnosis and in utero transfusion of maternal platelets. Blood 1988;72: 340-3.
136. Murphy MF, Pullon HWH, Metcalfe P, et al. Management of fetal alloimmune thrombocytopenia by weekly in utero platelet transfusions. Vox Sang 1990:58:45.
137. Bussel JB, McFarlandJG, Berkowitz RL. Antenatal management of letal alloimmune and autoimmune thrombocytopenia. Trans Med Rev 1990;4:149-62.
138. Lynch L, Bussel JB, McFarlandJG, Chitkara U, Berkowitz RL. Antenatal treatment of alloimmune thrombocytopenia. Obstet Gynecol 1992;80:67-71.
139. Wenstrom KD, Weiner CP, Williamson RA. Antenatal treatment of fetal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. Obstet Gynecol 1992;80:433-5.
140. Mir N, Samson D, House MJ, Kovar IZ. Failure of antenatal high dose immunoglobulin to improve fetal platelet count in neonatal allo-immune thrombocytopenia. Vox Sang 1988;55:188-9.
141. Marzuseh K, Schnaidt M, Dietl J, Weist E, Hofstaetter C, Golz R. High-dose immunoglobulin in the antenatal treatment of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: a case report and review. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1992;99:260-2.
142. Bussel JB, Berkowitz RL, Lynch L, Lesser ML, Paidas MJ, Huang CL, et al. Antenatal management of alloimmune thrombocytopenia with intravenous gamma globulin: a randomized trial of the addition of low-dose steroid to intraenous gamma globulin. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 174:1414-23.
143. Giovangrandi Y, Daffos F, Kaplan C. Very early intracranial hemorrhage in alloimmune thrombocytopenia [letter]. Lancet 1990;2:310.
144. Burrows RF, Kelton JG. Perinatal thrombocytopenia. In: Biafano EM, Ehrenkranz RA, editors. Volume 22: clinics in perinatology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1995:797-8.
145. Berlin G, Selbing A, Ryden G. Rhesus haemolytic disease treated with high dose intravenous immunoglobulin. Lancet 1985;1:1153.
146. De La Camara C, Arrieta R, Gonzalez A, Iglesias E, Omenara F. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin as the sole prenatal treatment for severe Rh immunization. N EnglJ Med 1988;318:519-20.
147. Chitkara V, Bussel J, Alvarez M, Lynch L, Meisel R, Berkowitz R. High-dose intravenous gamma globulin: does it have a role in the treatment of severe erythroblastosis fetalis. Obstet Gynecol 1990:76:703.
148. Margulies M, Voto LS, Mathet E, Margulies M. High-dose intravenous IgG for the treatment of severe rhesus alloimmunization. Vox Sang 1991:61:181-9.
149. Intravenous immunoglobulin: prevention and treatment of disease. NIH Gonsensus Conference. JAMA 1990;264: 3189-93.
150. Haque KN, Zaidi MH, Haque SK, Bahakim H, El-Hazmi H, El-Swailam M. Intravenous immunoglobulin for prevention of sepsis in preterm and low birthweight infants. Pediatr Infect Dis 1986;5:622-5.
151. Clapp DW, Kliegman RM, Baley JE, et al. Use of intravenously administered immune globulin to prevent nosocomial sepsis in low birth weight infants: report of a pilot study. J Pediatr 1989;! 15:973-8.
152. Bussel JB, La Gamma EF, Giuliano M. Intravenous gammaglobulin prophylaxis of late sepsis in very low birth weight infants: a randomized placebo controlled trial. Pediatr Res 1989;29:471.
153. Morell A, Sidiroupoulos D, Hermann U, et al. IgG subclasses and antibodies to group B streptococci in preterm neonates after intravenous infusion of immunoglobulin to the mothers. Pediatr Infect Dis 1986;5:5195-7.
154. Von Muralt G, Sidiroupoulous D. Prenatal and postnatal prophylaxis of infections in preterm neonates. Pediatr Infect Dis 1988:7:572-8.
155. Kaaja R, Julkunen H, Ammala P, Teppo A, Kurki P. Congenital heart block: successful prophylactic treatment with intravenous gamma globulin and corticosteroid therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;165:1333-4.
156. Finazzi G, Bellavita P, Falanga A, Viero P, Barbui T. Inefficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin in patients with low-risk thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura/hemolytic urémie syndrome. AmJ Hematol 1992:41:165-9.