Ukraine, Russia, and the West: An insecure security triangle

Problems of Post-Communism

Volumn 44, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 27-34

  Bilinsky, Yaroslav ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0030637958     PISSN: 10758216     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10758216.1997.11655712     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Deklaratsiia pro derzhavnyi suverenitet Ukraïny: Pryniata Verkhovnoiu Radoiu Ukraïns'koï RSR 16 lypnia 1990 roku (Declaration on the State Sovereignty of Ukraine, Adopted by the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR, July 16, 1990) (Kyiv: Ukraine's Political Literature Publishers, 1990). See also Vyacheslav Chornovil's comment in Marta Kolomayets, "Euphoria, Trepidation, Mixed Emotions Are Reaction to Ukraine's Proclamation," Ukrainian Weekly [Jersey City, NJ] (July 22, 1990): 11. Russian declaration printed in Argumenty i fakty (June 16-22, 1990).
2. Deklaratsiia pro derzhavnyi suverenitet Ukraïny: Pryniata Verkhovnoiu Radoiu Ukraïns'koï RSR 16 lypnia 1990 roku (Declaration on the State Sovereignty of Ukraine, Adopted by the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR, July 16, 1990) (Kyiv: Ukraine's Political Literature Publishers, 1990). See also Vyacheslav Chornovil's comment in Marta Kolomayets, "Euphoria, Trepidation, Mixed Emotions Are Reaction to Ukraine's Proclamation," Ukrainian Weekly [Jersey City, NJ] (July 22, 1990): 11. Russian declaration printed in Argumenty i fakty (June 16-22, 1990).
3. Deklaratsiia pro derzhavnyi suverenitet Ukraïny: Pryniata Verkhovnoiu Radoiu Ukraïns'koï RSR 16 lypnia 1990 roku (Declaration on the State Sovereignty of Ukraine, Adopted by the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR, July 16, 1990) (Kyiv: Ukraine's Political Literature Publishers, 1990). See also Vyacheslav Chornovil's comment in Marta Kolomayets, "Euphoria, Trepidation, Mixed Emotions Are Reaction to Ukraine's Proclamation," Ukrainian Weekly [Jersey City, NJ] (July 22, 1990): 11. Russian declaration printed in Argumenty i fakty (June 16-22, 1990).
4. Washington Post (October 23, 1991).
5. The political shocktroops for Ukrainian independence came predominantly from western Ukraine, and, therefore, it stood to reason that many of the military volunteers would have as well. Western Ukrainians, however, including veterans of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), were not very popular in eastern Ukraine, where the majority of the Ukrainians live, and would immediately have been anathema to the Soviet command in Moscow.
6. Bohdan Pyskir, "The Silent Coup: The Building of Ukraine's Military, European Security 2, no. 1 (spring 1993): 140-44 and 156 (for text of Ukraine's military oath of allegiance); and Stephen D. Olynyk, "Emerging Post-Soviet Armies: The Case of Ukraine," Military Review 74, no. 3 (March 1994): 6-8.
7. Bohdan Pyskir, "The Silent Coup: The Building of Ukraine's Military, European Security 2, no. 1 (spring 1993): 140-44 and 156 (for text of Ukraine's military oath of allegiance); and Stephen D. Olynyk, "Emerging Post-Soviet Armies: The Case of Ukraine," Military Review 74, no. 3 (March 1994): 6-8.
8. Call-up figures by Mykhailo Horyn, president of the Ukrainian Republican Party (lecture at Abington, PA, March 13, 1995). For a brief treatment and extensive documentation of Ukraine's "Socio-Psychological Service," see Olynyk, "Emerging Post-Soviet Armies," p. 14.
9. Olynyk, "Emerging Post-Soviet Armies," pp. 8 and 14. It should, however, be pointed out that in an interview in Cambridge, MA, December 21, 1994, General Morozov questioned the high figure of ethnic Russians among the generals.
10. Ibid., p. 5.
11. Svoboda [Jersey City, NJ] (July 10, 1996).
12. Olynyk, "Emerging Post-Soviet Armies," p. 10.
13. The poll was originally published in the Kyiv weekly Zerkalo nedeli (June 15-21, 1996) and was then more widely disseminated through the Open Media Research Institute (OMRI) Daily Digest (June 25, 1996). I owe this reference to one of the anonymous referees.
14. The poll was originally published in the Kyiv weekly Zerkalo nedeli (June 15-21, 1996) and was then more widely disseminated through the Open Media Research Institute (OMRI) Daily Digest (June 25, 1996). I owe this reference to one of the anonymous referees.
15. Ukrainian Weekly (July 21, 1996).
16. See Izvestiia (August 29, 1991), as referred to by Serhii M. Plokhy, "Historical Debates and Territorial Claims: Cossack Mythology in the Russian-Ukrainian Border Dispute," in The Legacy of History in Russia and the New States of Eurasia, ed. S. Frederick Starr (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1994), p. 148. The borders had been guaranteed in a treaty that the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic had concluded with the Ukrainian SSR in November 1990.
17. See Izvestiia (August 29, 1991), as referred to by Serhii M. Plokhy, "Historical Debates and Territorial Claims: Cossack Mythology in the Russian-Ukrainian Border Dispute," in The Legacy of History in Russia and the New States of Eurasia, ed. S. Frederick Starr (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1994), p. 148. The borders had been guaranteed in a treaty that the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic had concluded with the Ukrainian SSR in November 1990.
18. In the fall of 1991, Gorbachev's last defense minister, Evgenii Shaposhnikov, tried this without success. See Washington Post (October 23, 1991). On the Lukin doctrine, see Komsomolskaia pravda [Moscow] (January 22, 1992).
19. In the fall of 1991, Gorbachev's last defense minister, Evgenii Shaposhnikov, tried this without success. See Washington Post (October 23, 1991). On the Lukin doctrine, see Komsomolskaia pravda [Moscow] (January 22, 1992).
20. On the U.S. response, see the rather ambiguous and lukewarm testimony by Strobe Talbott, then ambassador at large and special adviser on the new independent states to the secretary of state (Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Policy on Ukrainian Security, hearing before the Subcommittee on European Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations, 103rd Congress, 1st session, June 24, 1993, p. 4).
21. Taras Kuzio, Ukrainian Security Policy (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1995), p. 128.
22. Plokhy, "Historical Debates and Territorial Claims," p. 166.
23. For more information on Ukraine's human rights record, see Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1995, report submitted to the House of Representatives Committee on International Relations and the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, 104th Congress, 2nd session; also Washington Post (March 28, 1995).
24. For more information on Ukraine's human rights record, see Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1995, report submitted to the House of Representatives Committee on International Relations and the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, 104th Congress, 2nd session; also Washington Post (March 28, 1995).
25. Interview and lecture given by then deputy prime minister of Ukraine Ihor R. Yukhnovsky, New York City, April 30, 1993. Yukhnovsky is a nuclear physicist by training.
26. Der Spiegel (February 3, 1992). Kravchuk did not use the term genocide. This is an extrapolation based on the large number of victims involved and on Stalin's coordinated offensive against both the Ukrainian peasants and the nationally conscious Ukrainian intelligentsia.
27. Komsomolskaia pravda [Moscow] (January 22, 1992).
28. Svoboda (July 24, 1996).
29. See Konstantyn Morozov, "Shchil'ni shary nezalezhnosty. Polit pid krylom Prezydenta" (Tightly fitting spheres of independence. Flight under the wing of the president), reprint, for electoral purposes, from Ukraïns'ka hazeta 1, no. 4 (1994): 1-19 passim. Morozov does not indicate whether or not Kravchuk anticipated the Russian proposal.
30. Kravchuk, "Complete Pre-Election Program," in IFES Presidential Election Guide Book (Kyiv: International Foundation for Electoral Systems, May 1994), unpaged.
31. Mizhnarodnia fundatsiia vyborchykh system (International Foundation for Electoral Systems), Vybory v Ukraïni 1994 roku (Kyiv: International Foundation for Electoral Systems, 1994), pp. 142-43.
32. In his speech to the Supreme Council on May 20, 1993, Kravchuk said, "We are in favor of the existence of CIS. We are in favor of economic relations developing within the framework of CIS. But we cannot support political integration, military-political integration and all the institutions that will be created, because it threatens, and you know it well, the sovereignty, or it is a surrender of sovereignty" (monitored text of radio address obtained through the U.S. Department of State).
33. U.S. Department of State Dispatch (November 21, 1994): 773-76.
34. On the CIS summit meeting in Almaty, February 10, 1995, see the New York Times (February 11, 1995) and Ukraïns'ka hazeta (March 16, 1995).
35. On the CIS summit meeting in Almaty, February 10, 1995, see the New York Times (February 11, 1995) and Ukraïns'ka hazeta (March 16, 1995).
36. See "Kuchma Comments on Reform, Chechnya in Lvov [sic]," Moloda halychyna (February 16, 1995): 2, in Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Daily Report: Central Eurasia (hereafter FBIS: SOV) (February 27, 1995): 51. Original statement is somewhat elliptical and has been expanded upon by writer.
37. See "Kuchma Comments on Reform, Chechnya in Lvov [sic]," Moloda halychyna (February 16, 1995): 2, in Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Daily Report: Central Eurasia (hereafter FBIS: SOV) (February 27, 1995): 51. Original statement is somewhat elliptical and has been expanded upon by writer.
38. The Military Balance 1992-93 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies), p. 93. General Morozov's statement was made during his public lecture at St. Sophia's Ukrainian Catholic Cultural Center, Washington, DC, March 30, 1995. Original text of air defense agreement has not yet been made public. See, however, the following secondary materials: Interfax, February 8, 1995, in FBIS: SOV (February 9, 1995): 1; ITAR-TASS and Interfax, February 17, 1995, in FBIS: SOV (February 21, 1995): 1; Ukrainian National Information Agency [Kyiv], February 20, 1995, in FBIS: SOV (February 21, 1995): 46-47; Interfax, February 23, 1995, in FBIS: SOV (February 24, 1995): 2; Nezavisimaia gazeta (February 21, 1995): 2, in FBIS: SOV (February 23, 1995): 2-3; and Panorama (February 11, 1995): 4, in FBIS: SOV (February 14, 1995): 1.
39. The Military Balance 1992-93 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies), p. 93. General Morozov's statement was made during his public lecture at St. Sophia's Ukrainian Catholic Cultural Center, Washington, DC, March 30, 1995. Original text of air defense agreement has not yet been made public. See, however, the following secondary materials: Interfax, February 8, 1995, in FBIS: SOV (February 9, 1995): 1; ITAR-TASS and Interfax, February 17, 1995, in FBIS: SOV (February 21, 1995): 1; Ukrainian National Information Agency [Kyiv], February 20, 1995, in FBIS: SOV (February 21, 1995): 46-47; Interfax, February 23, 1995, in FBIS: SOV (February 24, 1995): 2; Nezavisimaia gazeta (February 21, 1995): 2, in FBIS: SOV (February 23, 1995): 2-3; and Panorama (February 11, 1995): 4, in FBIS: SOV (February 14, 1995): 1.
40. The Military Balance 1992-93 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies), p. 93. General Morozov's statement was made during his public lecture at St. Sophia's Ukrainian Catholic Cultural Center, Washington, DC, March 30, 1995. Original text of air defense agreement has not yet been made public. See, however, the following secondary materials: Interfax, February 8, 1995, in FBIS: SOV (February 9, 1995): 1; ITAR-TASS and Interfax, February 17, 1995, in FBIS: SOV (February 21, 1995): 1; Ukrainian National Information Agency [Kyiv], February 20, 1995, in FBIS: SOV (February 21, 1995): 46-47; Interfax, February 23, 1995, in FBIS: SOV (February 24, 1995): 2; Nezavisimaia gazeta (February 21, 1995): 2, in FBIS: SOV (February 23, 1995): 2-3; and Panorama (February 11, 1995): 4, in FBIS: SOV (February 14, 1995): 1.
41. The Military Balance 1992-93 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies), p. 93. General Morozov's statement was made during his public lecture at St. Sophia's Ukrainian Catholic Cultural Center, Washington, DC, March 30, 1995. Original text of air defense agreement has not yet been made public. See, however, the following secondary materials: Interfax, February 8, 1995, in FBIS: SOV (February 9, 1995): 1; ITAR-TASS and Interfax, February 17, 1995, in FBIS: SOV (February 21, 1995): 1; Ukrainian National Information Agency [Kyiv], February 20, 1995, in FBIS: SOV (February 21, 1995): 46-47; Interfax, February 23, 1995, in FBIS: SOV (February 24, 1995): 2; Nezavisimaia gazeta (February 21, 1995): 2, in FBIS: SOV (February 23, 1995): 2-3; and Panorama (February 11, 1995): 4, in FBIS: SOV (February 14, 1995): 1.
42. The Military Balance 1992-93 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies), p. 93. General Morozov's statement was made during his public lecture at St. Sophia's Ukrainian Catholic Cultural Center, Washington, DC, March 30, 1995. Original text of air defense agreement has not yet been made public. See, however, the following secondary materials: Interfax, February 8, 1995, in FBIS: SOV (February 9, 1995): 1; ITAR-TASS and Interfax, February 17, 1995, in FBIS: SOV (February 21, 1995): 1; Ukrainian National Information Agency [Kyiv], February 20, 1995, in FBIS: SOV (February 21, 1995): 46-47; Interfax, February 23, 1995, in FBIS: SOV (February 24, 1995): 2; Nezavisimaia gazeta (February 21, 1995): 2, in FBIS: SOV (February 23, 1995): 2-3; and Panorama (February 11, 1995): 4, in FBIS: SOV (February 14, 1995): 1.
43. The Military Balance 1992-93 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies), p. 93. General Morozov's statement was made during his public lecture at St. Sophia's Ukrainian Catholic Cultural Center, Washington, DC, March 30, 1995. Original text of air defense agreement has not yet been made public. See, however, the following secondary materials: Interfax, February 8, 1995, in FBIS: SOV (February 9, 1995): 1; ITAR-TASS and Interfax, February 17, 1995, in FBIS: SOV (February 21, 1995): 1; Ukrainian National Information Agency [Kyiv], February 20, 1995, in FBIS: SOV (February 21, 1995): 46-47; Interfax, February 23, 1995, in FBIS: SOV (February 24, 1995): 2; Nezavisimaia gazeta (February 21, 1995): 2, in FBIS: SOV (February 23, 1995): 2-3; and Panorama (February 11, 1995): 4, in FBIS: SOV (February 14, 1995): 1.
44. The Military Balance 1992-93 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies), p. 93. General Morozov's statement was made during his public lecture at St. Sophia's Ukrainian Catholic Cultural Center, Washington, DC, March 30, 1995. Original text of air defense agreement has not yet been made public. See, however, the following secondary materials: Interfax, February 8, 1995, in FBIS: SOV (February 9, 1995): 1; ITAR-TASS and Interfax, February 17, 1995, in FBIS: SOV (February 21, 1995): 1; Ukrainian National Information Agency [Kyiv], February 20, 1995, in FBIS: SOV (February 21, 1995): 46-47; Interfax, February 23, 1995, in FBIS: SOV (February 24, 1995): 2; Nezavisimaia gazeta (February 21, 1995): 2, in FBIS: SOV (February 23, 1995): 2-3; and Panorama (February 11, 1995): 4, in FBIS: SOV (February 14, 1995): 1.
45. The Military Balance 1992-93 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies), p. 93. General Morozov's statement was made during his public lecture at St. Sophia's Ukrainian Catholic Cultural Center, Washington, DC, March 30, 1995. Original text of air defense agreement has not yet been made public. See, however, the following secondary materials: Interfax, February 8, 1995, in FBIS: SOV (February 9, 1995): 1; ITAR-TASS and Interfax, February 17, 1995, in FBIS: SOV (February 21, 1995): 1; Ukrainian National Information Agency [Kyiv], February 20, 1995, in FBIS: SOV (February 21, 1995): 46-47; Interfax, February 23, 1995, in FBIS: SOV (February 24, 1995): 2; Nezavisimaia gazeta (February 21, 1995): 2, in FBIS: SOV (February 23, 1995): 2-3; and Panorama (February 11, 1995): 4, in FBIS: SOV (February 14, 1995): 1.
46. The Military Balance 1992-93 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies), p. 93. General Morozov's statement was made during his public lecture at St. Sophia's Ukrainian Catholic Cultural Center, Washington, DC, March 30, 1995. Original text of air defense agreement has not yet been made public. See, however, the following secondary materials: Interfax, February 8, 1995, in FBIS: SOV (February 9, 1995): 1; ITAR-TASS and Interfax, February 17, 1995, in FBIS: SOV (February 21, 1995): 1; Ukrainian National Information Agency [Kyiv], February 20, 1995, in FBIS: SOV (February 21, 1995): 46-47; Interfax, February 23, 1995, in FBIS: SOV (February 24, 1995): 2; Nezavisimaia gazeta (February 21, 1995): 2, in FBIS: SOV (February 23, 1995): 2-3; and Panorama (February 11, 1995): 4, in FBIS: SOV (February 14, 1995): 1.
47. The Military Balance 1994-95 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies), p. 112.
48. Kyiv Radio Ukraine World Service, February 20, 1995, in FBIS: SOV (February 21, 1995): 46;
49. also follow up in INTELNEWS [Kyiv], February 26, 1995, in FBIS: SOV (February 28, 1995): 39.
50. Izvestiia (February 21, 1995).
51. See the indispensable special issue "Negotiating Nuclear Disarmament," RFE/RL Research Report 2, no. 8 (February 19, 1993); and John W.R. Lepingwell, comp., "Ukraine, Russia, and Nuclear Weapons: A Chronology," RFE/RL Research Report 3, no. 4 (January 28, 1994): 1-25 See also William C. Bodie, "Ukraine and Russian-American Relations," and David T. Twining, "The New Nuclear Equation," in Russia and America: From Rivalry to Reconciliation, ed. George Ginsburgs, Alvin Z. Rubinstein, and Oles M. Smolansky (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1993); John J. Mearsheimer, "The Case for a Ukrainian Nuclear Deterrent," and Steven E. Miller, "The Case Against a Ukrainian Nuclear Deterrent," in Foreign Affairs 72, no. 3 (summer 1993): 50-66 and 67-80, respectively; and William C. Martel and William T. Pendley, Nuclear Coexistence: Rethinking U.S. Policy to Promote Stability in an Era of Proliferation, Air War College Studies in National Security no. 1 (Montgomery, AL: Air War College, Maxwell Air Force Base, April 1994), esp. pp. 49-66.
52. See the indispensable special issue "Negotiating Nuclear Disarmament," RFE/RL Research Report 2, no. 8 (February 19, 1993); and John W.R. Lepingwell, comp., "Ukraine, Russia, and Nuclear Weapons: A Chronology," RFE/RL Research Report 3, no. 4 (January 28, 1994): 1-25 See also William C. Bodie, "Ukraine and Russian-American Relations," and David T. Twining, "The New Nuclear Equation," in Russia and America: From Rivalry to Reconciliation, ed. George Ginsburgs, Alvin Z. Rubinstein, and Oles M. Smolansky (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1993); John J. Mearsheimer, "The Case for a Ukrainian Nuclear Deterrent," and Steven E. Miller, "The Case Against a Ukrainian Nuclear Deterrent," in Foreign Affairs 72, no. 3 (summer 1993): 50-66 and 67-80, respectively; and William C. Martel and William T. Pendley, Nuclear Coexistence: Rethinking U.S. Policy to Promote Stability in an Era of Proliferation, Air War College Studies in National Security no. 1 (Montgomery, AL: Air War College, Maxwell Air Force Base, April 1994), esp. pp. 49-66.
53. See the indispensable special issue "Negotiating Nuclear Disarmament," RFE/RL Research Report 2, no. 8 (February 19, 1993); and John W.R. Lepingwell, comp., "Ukraine, Russia, and Nuclear Weapons: A Chronology," RFE/RL Research Report 3, no. 4 (January 28, 1994): 1-25 See also William C. Bodie, "Ukraine and Russian-American Relations," and David T. Twining, "The New Nuclear Equation," in Russia and America: From Rivalry to Reconciliation, ed. George Ginsburgs, Alvin Z. Rubinstein, and Oles M. Smolansky (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1993); John J. Mearsheimer, "The Case for a Ukrainian Nuclear Deterrent," and Steven E. Miller, "The Case Against a Ukrainian Nuclear Deterrent," in Foreign Affairs 72, no. 3 (summer 1993): 50-66 and 67-80, respectively; and William C. Martel and William T. Pendley, Nuclear Coexistence: Rethinking U.S. Policy to Promote Stability in an Era of Proliferation, Air War College Studies in National Security no. 1 (Montgomery, AL: Air War College, Maxwell Air Force Base, April 1994), esp. pp. 49-66.
54. See the indispensable special issue "Negotiating Nuclear Disarmament," RFE/RL Research Report 2, no. 8 (February 19, 1993); and John W.R. Lepingwell, comp., "Ukraine, Russia, and Nuclear Weapons: A Chronology," RFE/RL Research Report 3, no. 4 (January 28, 1994): 1-25 See also William C. Bodie, "Ukraine and Russian-American Relations," and David T. Twining, "The New Nuclear Equation," in Russia and America: From Rivalry to Reconciliation, ed. George Ginsburgs, Alvin Z. Rubinstein, and Oles M. Smolansky (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1993); John J. Mearsheimer, "The Case for a Ukrainian Nuclear Deterrent," and Steven E. Miller, "The Case Against a Ukrainian Nuclear Deterrent," in Foreign Affairs 72, no. 3 (summer 1993): 50-66 and 67-80, respectively; and William C. Martel and William T. Pendley, Nuclear Coexistence: Rethinking U.S. Policy to Promote Stability in an Era of Proliferation, Air War College Studies in National Security no. 1 (Montgomery, AL: Air War College, Maxwell Air Force Base, April 1994), esp. pp. 49-66.
55. See the indispensable special issue "Negotiating Nuclear Disarmament," RFE/RL Research Report 2, no. 8 (February 19, 1993); and John W.R. Lepingwell, comp., "Ukraine, Russia, and Nuclear Weapons: A Chronology," RFE/RL Research Report 3, no. 4 (January 28, 1994): 1-25 See also William C. Bodie, "Ukraine and Russian-American Relations," and David T. Twining, "The New Nuclear Equation," in Russia and America: From Rivalry to Reconciliation, ed. George Ginsburgs, Alvin Z. Rubinstein, and Oles M. Smolansky (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1993); John J. Mearsheimer, "The Case for a Ukrainian Nuclear Deterrent," and Steven E. Miller, "The Case Against a Ukrainian Nuclear Deterrent," in Foreign Affairs 72, no. 3 (summer 1993): 50-66 and 67-80, respectively; and William C. Martel and William T. Pendley, Nuclear Coexistence: Rethinking U.S. Policy to Promote Stability in an Era of Proliferation, Air War College Studies in National Security no. 1 (Montgomery, AL: Air War College, Maxwell Air Force Base, April 1994), esp. pp. 49-66.
56. See the indispensable special issue "Negotiating Nuclear Disarmament," RFE/RL Research Report 2, no. 8 (February 19, 1993); and John W.R. Lepingwell, comp., "Ukraine, Russia, and Nuclear Weapons: A Chronology," RFE/RL Research Report 3, no. 4 (January 28, 1994): 1-25 See also William C. Bodie, "Ukraine and Russian-American Relations," and David T. Twining, "The New Nuclear Equation," in Russia and America: From Rivalry to Reconciliation, ed. George Ginsburgs, Alvin Z. Rubinstein, and Oles M. Smolansky (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1993); John J. Mearsheimer, "The Case for a Ukrainian Nuclear Deterrent," and Steven E. Miller, "The Case Against a Ukrainian Nuclear Deterrent," in Foreign Affairs 72, no. 3 (summer 1993): 50-66 and 67-80, respectively; and William C. Martel and William T. Pendley, Nuclear Coexistence: Rethinking U.S. Policy to Promote Stability in an Era of Proliferation, Air War College Studies in National Security no. 1 (Montgomery, AL: Air War College, Maxwell Air Force Base, April 1994), esp. pp. 49-66.
57. See the indispensable special issue "Negotiating Nuclear Disarmament," RFE/RL Research Report 2, no. 8 (February 19, 1993); and John W.R. Lepingwell, comp., "Ukraine, Russia, and Nuclear Weapons: A Chronology," RFE/RL Research Report 3, no. 4 (January 28, 1994): 1-25 See also William C. Bodie, "Ukraine and Russian-American Relations," and David T. Twining, "The New Nuclear Equation," in Russia and America: From Rivalry to Reconciliation, ed. George Ginsburgs, Alvin Z. Rubinstein, and Oles M. Smolansky (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1993); John J. Mearsheimer, "The Case for a Ukrainian Nuclear Deterrent," and Steven E. Miller, "The Case Against a Ukrainian Nuclear Deterrent," in Foreign Affairs 72, no. 3 (summer 1993): 50-66 and 67-80, respectively; and William C. Martel and William T. Pendley, Nuclear Coexistence: Rethinking U.S. Policy to Promote Stability in an Era of Proliferation, Air War College Studies in National Security no. 1 (Montgomery, AL: Air War College, Maxwell Air Force Base, April 1994), esp. pp. 49-66.
58. U.S. Department of State Dispatch 5, no. 52 (December 26, 1994): 854.
59. The most concise source, which includes quotations from Christopher's and Yeltsin's speeches, is "Russia: Parliament Annuls Soviet Union Breakup," Facts on File (March 21, 1996): 188. See also, for negative commentary and surprisingly few facts, Izvestiia (March 16 and 19, 1996); for straight coverage and analysis, see New York Times (March 16, 1996); and for the most comprehensive coverage, see Le Monde (March 17-18, 1996), especially its excellent editorial on this topic.
60. The most concise source, which includes quotations from Christopher's and Yeltsin's speeches, is "Russia: Parliament Annuls Soviet Union Breakup," Facts on File (March 21, 1996): 188. See also, for negative commentary and surprisingly few facts, Izvestiia (March 16 and 19, 1996); for straight coverage and analysis, see New York Times (March 16, 1996); and for the most comprehensive coverage, see Le Monde (March 17-18, 1996), especially its excellent editorial on this topic.
61. The most concise source, which includes quotations from Christopher's and Yeltsin's speeches, is "Russia: Parliament Annuls Soviet Union Breakup," Facts on File (March 21, 1996): 188. See also, for negative commentary and surprisingly few facts, Izvestiia (March 16 and 19, 1996); for straight coverage and analysis, see New York Times (March 16, 1996); and for the most comprehensive coverage, see Le Monde (March 17-18, 1996), especially its excellent editorial on this topic.
62. The most concise source, which includes quotations from Christopher's and Yeltsin's speeches, is "Russia: Parliament Annuls Soviet Union Breakup," Facts on File (March 21, 1996): 188. See also, for negative commentary and surprisingly few facts, Izvestiia (March 16 and 19, 1996); for straight coverage and analysis, see New York Times (March 16, 1996); and for the most comprehensive coverage, see Le Monde (March 17-18, 1996), especially its excellent editorial on this topic.
63. "Russia: Parliament Annuls Soviet Union Breakup," Facts on File (March 21, 1996): 188.
64. See coverage and editorial in Izvestiia (April 3, 1996) and Ustina Markus, "Belarus: Toothless Treaty with Russia Sparks Controversy," Transition 2, no. 9 (May 3, 1996): 46-47. See also Ukrainian Weekly (April 28, 1996).
65. See coverage and editorial in Izvestiia (April 3, 1996) and Ustina Markus, "Belarus: Toothless Treaty with Russia Sparks Controversy," Transition 2, no. 9 (May 3, 1996): 46-47. See also Ukrainian Weekly (April 28, 1996).
66. See coverage and editorial in Izvestiia (April 3, 1996) and Ustina Markus, "Belarus: Toothless Treaty with Russia Sparks Controversy," Transition 2, no. 9 (May 3, 1996): 46-47. See also Ukrainian Weekly (April 28, 1996).
67. Conversation with the author in Philadelphia, June 1, 1995.
68. General Morozov's lecture at St. Sophia's Ukrainian Catholic Cultural Center, Washington, DC, March 30, 1995. See also Ukrainian Weekly (April 16, 1995).
69. Ukrainian Weekly (April 28, 1996).
70. Ibid.
71. See analysis by former Soviet Military Intelligence Colonel Stanislav Lunev, "Future Changes in Russian Military Policy," in The Jamestown Foundation Prism (February 9, 1996). See also the more recent interview of British prime minister John Major by Argumenty i fakty (April 1996), in which Major tried to reassure readers that the changes "now taking place in NATO did not constitute a threat for Russia."
72. See analysis by former Soviet Military Intelligence Colonel Stanislav Lunev, "Future Changes in Russian Military Policy," in The Jamestown Foundation Prism (February 9, 1996). See also the more recent interview of British prime minister John Major by Argumenty i fakty (April 1996), in which Major tried to reassure readers that the changes "now taking place in NATO did not constitute a threat for Russia."
73. The Military Balance 1994-95 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies), p. 88.